Heroes of Science: Physicists

by William Garnett

INDEX.

• A.
• Abbott, Faraday's letters to, [241], [246].
• Aberdeen University, Maxwell appointed professor in, [284];
• Young's report on, [203].
• Absorption, Rumford's experiments on, [185];
• of sun's rays by cloth of different colours, [99].
• Academy of Sciences, Franklin nominated Foreign Associate of, [111].
• Adjustment of the eye, Young's paper on the, [200].
• Æpinus's completion of Franklin's theory, [77].
• Air, Boyle's conception of the constitution of, [19].
• Air-pump, Boyle's experiments with, [19];
• constructed by Boyle, [27].
• American Independence, Declaration of, [113].
• American Philosophical Society, foundation of, [61].
• Ampère's theory, Faraday's views on, [257].
• Anchor-ring experiment, Faraday's, [260].
• Arago's experiment, [264].
• Argand lamp, efficiency of, [188].
• Armstrong gun, principle of the, [180].
• Atmospheric electricity, Faraday's experiments on, [254];
• obtained by a pointed rod, [84].
• Autobiography of Franklin, [39].
• Availability of energy, [326].
• B.
• Baily, Francis, repetition of the Cavendish experiment by, [146].
• Beats in music, explanation of, [209].
• Beggary in Bavaria banished by Rumford, [164].
• Bernoulli's, Daniel, molecular theory of gases, [299].
• Boston, blockade of, [110].
• Boyle, Hon. Robert, birth, [8];
• conversion, [11];
• first air-pump, [17];
• conception of the constitution of the air, [19];
• experiments with the air-pump, [19], et seq.;
• argument on the cause of a vacuum, [23];
• experiments establishing his law, [25];
• statement of his law, [29];
• observations on cold, [32],
• and on the expansion of water in freezing, [33];
• experiments on induced magnetism, [34];
• the province of experimental science, [37].
• Boyle's law, [29].
• Brocklesby, Dr., death of, [208].
• Brougham's criticisms of Thomas Young, [218].
• Bumper, electrical, [80].
• C.
• Camera obscura, invention of, [2].
• Canada balsam, stresses in, [298].
• Candle-flame, effect of, in discharging electricity, [75].
• Capacity, electrical, [137];
• Franklin's experiments on, [81], [89];
• Cavendish's unit of, [138];
• Cavendish's measures of, [134], [138];
• of disc, measured by Cavendish, [134].
• Capillarity, [228].
• Cascade method of charging Leyden jars, [77].
• Cavendish, Hon. Henry, F.R.S., birth and parentage, [126];
• social habits, [127];
• appointed member of the R.S. Committee on Lightning-Conductors, [131];
• elected Foreign Associate of the French Institute, [132];
• death, [133];
• proof of the law of inverse squares, [135];
• experiment with the spheres repeated by MacAlister, [137];
• experiments on the torpedo, [140];
• experiments on the resistance of conductors, [142];
• discovery of Ohm's law, [143];
• view of latent heat, [144];
• apparatus for determining the melting point of mercury, [145];
• the Cavendish experiment, [146].
• Cavendish experiment, [146];
• Laboratory, [288];
• Manuscripts, [134];
• Maxwell's work on the Manuscripts, [293].
• City Philosophical Society, joined by Faraday, [245];
• Faraday's lectures to, [251].
• Cold, Boyle's observations on, [32].
• Collinson, Peter, present of, to the Library Company, [72].
• Colour-blindness, Maxwell's experiments on, [296].
• Colour-box, Maxwell's, [297].
• Colours, effect of, on absorption of sun's rays, [99], [186].
• Colours of the spectrum mixed by Boyle, [31].
• Colour-top, Maxwell's, [284], [295];
• Young's, [215].
• Colour-vision, Maxwell's theory of, [294];
• Young's theory of, [214].
• Commonplace-book, Faraday's, [253].
• Compound-interest principle, [316].
• Condenser, use of, in induction coils, [321].
• Conduction of heat, Rumford's experiments on, [186].
• Conductors, multiple, flow of electricity through, [141].
• Conductors necessarily opaque, [307].
• Conservation of energy, Maxwell's statement of the principle of, [325].
• Copley Medal awarded to Franklin, [66], [74].
• Cork, Earl of, autobiography of, [5].
• Creeping of electricity on glass, [139].
• Crystalline lens, fibrous structure of, [200];
• mode of adjustment of, [201].
• Cuneus's discovery of the Leyden jar, [4].
• D.
• Davy, Sir Humphry, appointed professor at the Royal Institution, [174];
• letter of, to Faraday, [244].
• Declaration of American Independence signed, [113].
• Defence of the American Colonies against France and Spain, [62].
• Degree of electrification, [137].
• De la Rive's invitation to Faraday, [249].
• Density of the earth, determinations of the mean, [146].
• Desaguliers on electrics and non-electrics, [4].
• Diagram of colour, Young's, [215];
• Maxwell's, [295].
• Diamagnetism discovered by Faraday, [274].
• Diamonds burned by Davy, [250].
• Dichroism of Lignum nephriticum, [30].
• Discharge, electrical, difference between positive and negative, [87].
• Dissipation of energy, principle of, [326].
• Distilled water, resistance of, [142].
• Double refraction explained by Huyghens, [219].
• Dufay showed that all bodies could be electrified, [4].
• Dynamical nature of heat, suggested by Bacon, [2], [32];
• maintained by Boyle, [32];
• investigated by Rumford, [189];
• established by Joule, [193], [324].
• Dynamical top, Maxwell's, [285].
• Dynamo, constructed by Wheatstone, [318];
• action of, [319];
• essential feature of, [319].
• E.
• Effect of points in discharging electricity, [74].
• Electrical picnic, [80].
• Electrical Standards Committee, [287].
• Electric intensity, [137];
• potential, [137].
• Electricity, first obtained from clouds, [74];
• velocity of, [93].
• Electrics and non-electrics, [3].
• Electrolysis, Faraday's laws of, [266].
• Electro-magnetic induction, discovered by Faraday, [259];
• Maxwell's statement of the laws of, [301].
• Electro-magnetic theory of light, [306].
• Electro-motors, [313].
• Electro-tonic state, conceived by Faraday, [264];
• explained by Maxwell, [302].
• Energy of Leyden jar resident in the glass, [79].
• Eriometer, Young's, [223].
• Ether, Maxwell's illustration of the possible constitution of, [302].
• Expansion of water on freezing, [33].
• Extra current, [268].
• F.
• Faraday, Michael, birth, [238];
• life in Jacob's Well Mews, [238];
• becomes an errand-boy, [239];
• apprenticeship, [239];
• attends lectures at Tatum's, [240];
• constructs a voltaic pile, [241];
• letters to Abbott, [241], [246];
• starts as a journeyman, [243];
• application to Davy, [243];
• appointed assistant at the Royal Institution, [245];
• joins the City Philosophical Society, [245];
• opinions respecting lectures, [246], [247];
• journey with Davy, [248];
• acquaintance with De la Rive, [249];
• crosses the Alps, [249];
• at the Academia del Cimento, [250];
• returns from the Continent, [251];
• lectures to the City Philosophical Society, [251];
• commonplace-book, [253];
• atmospheric electricity apparatus, [254];
• marriage, [255];
• discovery of electro-magnetic rotation, [255];
• of the earth's action on a current, [256];
• letter to E. de la Rive, [256];
• views on Ampère's theory, [257];
• elected F.R.S., [258];
• appointed director of the laboratory at the Royal Institution, [258];
• work on optical glass, [259];
• discovery of induced currents, [259];
• institutes Friday evening lectures, [259];
• anchor-ring experiment, [260];
• magneto-electric machine, [262];
• obtains induced current by action of the earth, [262];
• obtains "magnetic spark," [262];
• explanation of Arago's experiment, [264];
• laws of electrolysis, [266];
• proves the identity of frictional and voltaic electricity, [266];
• experiments on self-induction, [268];
• diagrams of lines of magnetic force, [269];
• conception of lines of electric force, [270];
• ice-pail experiment, [270];
• butterfly-net, [270];
• experiments on specific inductive capacity, [272];
• appointed scientific adviser to Trinity House, [273];
• appointed member of the Senate of the University of London, [273];
• discovery of the electro-magnetic rotation of the plane of polarization, [273];
• investigations in diamagnetism, [274];
• joins the Sandemanian Church, [275];
• lectures before the Prince Consort, [275];
• retirement to Hampton Court, [277];
• death, [277];
• lines of force investigated by Thomson and Maxwell, [300].
• Forbes's, Principal, opinion of Young, [194].
• Foucault's measurement of the velocity of light, [220].
• Fovea centralis, insensibility of, to blue light, [298].
• Franciscus Linus, funicular hypothesis of, [25].
• Franklin, Benjamin, autobiography of, [39];
• birth, [40];
• on the disputatious temper, [42];
• method of learning prose composition, [43];
• tries vegetarianism, [44];
• adopts the Socratic method, [44];
• first voyage to England, [48];
• experience as a journeyman in London, [49];
• views on beer as a food, [49];
• marriage, [54];
• endeavours to attain moral perfection, [56];
• method of reconciling an enemy, [60];
• elected F.R.S., [66];
• second voyage to England, [70];
• begins electrical experiments, [72];
• electrical papers ridiculed by the Royal Society, [73];
• discovers the effect of points, [74];
• one-fluid theory of electricity, [76];
• theory of the Leyden jar, [78];
• invention of the lightning-rod, [83];
• golden fish, [85];
• view of the nature of light, [86];
• kite, [88];
• experiments on capacity, [81], [89];
• experiments on electrical induction, [90];
• proof of the absence of electricity in a hollow conductor, [91];
• third voyage to England, [102];
• examination before the Parliamentary Committee, [105];
• nominated Foreign Associate of the Academy of Sciences, [110];
• signs the Declaration of Independence, [113];
• sent to Paris, [113];
• made Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of France, [116];
• signs the Treaty of Peace, [119];
• elected President of Pennsylvania, [120];
• death, [122].
• Fresnel, awarded the Rumford Medal, [233].
• Fresnel's repetition of Young's experiments, [225].
• Friction as a source of heat, Rumford's experiments on, [189].
• Friday evening lectures instituted by Faraday, [259].
• G.
• Galileo and Torricelli on the pressure of the air, [16].
• Garnett, Dr. Thomas, professor at the Royal Institution, [173].
• Gilbert, Dr., founder of electrical science, [3].
• Göttingen, Young's university course at, [206].
• Graham Bell's telephone, [319].
• Gray, Stephen, discovers electric conduction, [3].
• Grimaldi's fringes explained by Young, [222].
• Gunpowder, Rumford's experiments on, [179].
• H.
• Halos, coloured, Young's explanation of, [224].
• Hawksbee's observations on capillary attraction, [228].
• Heat, a form of energy, [32];
• generated by friction in vacuum, [32];
• generated by friction, Rumford's experiments on, [189].
• Herapath's explanation of gaseous diffusion, [299].
• Herschel's, Sir John, comments on Young's principle of interference, [208].
• Hicks's, Principal, investigations on the influence of temperature on gravitation, [184].
• Hieroglyphics, Young's work on, [234].
• Hobbes, opposition of, to Boyle, [25].
• Hollow conductor, Franklin's experiments on, [91];
• Cavendish's experiments on, [135];
• Faraday's experiments on, [270].
• Honorary degrees conferred on Franklin, [66], [101].
• Hooke's law, [229].
• Hooke, Theodore, founds the Royal Society, [14].
• Huyghens's explanation of double refraction, [219];
• principle, [218].
• Hydrogen, electro-chemical equivalent of, [267].
• I.
• Ice-pail experiment of Faraday, [270].
• Identity of frictional and voltaic electricity, [266].
• Induced currents, discovered by Faraday, [259];
• explained by structure of ether, [304];
• from earth's action, [262].
• Induction coil, [320].
• Induction, Franklin's experiments on, [90];
• self, [142], [306].
• Induction machines, principle of, [316].
• Insulators for lightning-rods, [96].
• Interference, principle of, discovered by Young, [208];
• spectra of, obtained by Young, [225].
• Invisible college, [13].
• J.
• Jenkin, William, discovery of the "extra current" by, [268].
• Joule and Thomson's determination of the heat absorbed by air in expanding, [324].
• Joule, Dr., establishment of mechanical theory of heat by, [193], [324].
• Joule's law, [324];
• proof that heat and energy are equivalent, [324];
• determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat, [325].
• Junto Club, formation of the, [51].
• K.
• Kelland's, Professor, edition of Young's lectures, [212].
• Kinnersley commences lecturing, [73].
• Kite, Franklin's, [88].
• Knobs versus points, [95].
• L.
• Laboulaye's comments on Franklin, [38].
• Laplace's theory of Saturn's rings, [285].
• Latent heat, Black's theory of, [144];
• Cavendish's views on, [144].
• Leonardo da Vinci's observation of capillary attraction, [228].
• Leyden jar, discovery of, [4];
• energy of, resident in the glass, [79].
• Leyden jars charged by cascade, [77].
• Light, Franklin's view of nature of, [86];
• Maxwell's electro-magnetic theory of, [306];
• rotation of the plane of polarization of, [273].
• Lightning, effects of, on Newbury steeple, [92].
• Lightning-protectors, Maxwell's, [294].
• Lightning-rod, illustrations of the, [83].
• Lignum nephriticum, dichroism of, [30].
• Lines of force mathematically investigated by Thomson and Maxwell, [300].
• Lines of magnetic force fixed by Faraday, [269].
• Luminiferous ether, the vehicle of electrical action, [227];
• illustration of the possible constitution of, [302].
• M.
• Magdeburg hemispheres, experiments with, by Otto von Guericke, [17].
• Magic squares, Franklin's proficiency in, [66].
• "Magnetic spark" obtained by Faraday, [262].
• Magnetization by induction, Boyle's experiments on, [34].
• Magneto-electric machine, Faraday's, [262], [314].
• Magneto-electric machines, Wilde's, [318];
• objects to be aimed at in the construction of, [315].
• Maxwell, James Clerk, birth and parentage, [279];
• enters Edinburgh Academy, [280];
• letters to his father, [280];
• early papers before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, [281];
• visit to Mr. Nicol, [281];
• experiments with unannealed glass, [282];
• enters the University of Edinburgh, [282];
• enters Peterhouse, [282];
• migrates to Trinity, [282];
• degree in Cambridge, [283];
• elected Fellow of Trinity, [284];
• appointed Professor at Marischal College, [284];
• marriage, [287];
• essay on Saturn's rings, [285];
• dynamical top, [285];
• appointed professor at King's College, [287];
• lecture on colour at the Royal Institution, [287];
• work on the Electrical Standards Committee, [287];
• appointed Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge, [288];
• plans the Cavendish Laboratory, [288];
• lectures at Cambridge, [290];
• work on the Cavendish Manuscripts, [134], [293];
• delivers the Rede Lecture, [293];
• method of protecting buildings from lightning, [294];
• death, [294];
• colour-top, [295];
• experiments on colour-blindness, [296];
• colour-box, [297];
• awarded the Rumford Medal, [297];
• wheel of life, [297];
• real-image spectroscope, [298];
• discovery of stresses in Canada balsam, [298];
• of the insensibility of the fovea centralis to blue light, [298];
• statistical method, [299];
• explanation of the viscosity of gases, [299];
• investigations of Faraday's lines of force, [300];
• statement of the laws of electro-magnetic induction, [301];
• mechanical illustration of the ether, [302];
• explanation of induced currents, [304];
• of the mechanical action between currents and currents, and between magnets and currents, [304];
• of self-induction, [306];
• electro-magnetic theory of light, [306];
• contrivance for overcoming the principle of the dissipation of energy, [328].
• Maxwell's experiment for showing electro-magnetic rotation, [258].
• Mayer's determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat, [323].
• Mechanical equivalent of heat, definition of, [193];
• Rumford's determination of, [192].
• Mercury, melting point of, [145].
• Mirabeau's declamation on Franklin, [123].
• Mixed plates, colours of, [223].
• Moral perfection, Franklin's endeavour to attain, [56].
• Mother-of-pearl, Young's explanation of the colours of, [224].
• N.
• Nautical Almanack, Young appointed superintendent of the, [232].
• Newton's analysis and synthesis of white light, [213];
• rings, Young's explanation of, [222];
• theory of light, [219].
• Nicol prisms given to Clerk Maxwell, [282].
• O.
• Œrsted's discovery, [255].
• Ohm's law, discovered by Cavendish, [143];
• meaning of, [143].
• Optical glass, Faraday's work on, [259].
• Otto von Guericke, contributions of, to electricity, [3];
• experiments of, with the Magdeburg hemispheres, [17].
• P.
• Paris, Dr., Faraday's letter to, [243].
• Pascal takes a barometer up the Puy de Dome, [17].
• Pennsylvania fireplace invented by Franklin, [63];
• Gazette published by Franklin, [53].
• Perpetual motion, Rumford's contrivances for, [150];
• impossibility of, [322].
• Philadelphia, Franklin's first arrival in, [46];
• Library, foundation of the, [55].
• Photometer, Rumford's, [187].
• Pigments, effects of mixing, [217].
• Points versus knobs, [95], [131].
• Polarization, explained by transverse vibrations, [226];
• of light discovered by Malus, [226].
• "Poor Richard's Almanack," [60].
• Pressure of the air the cause of suction, [29].
• R.
• Radiation, Rumford's experiments on, [184];
• of cold, Rumford's experiments on, [186].
• Rede Lecture, delivered by Clerk Maxwell, [293].
• Refraction of light, laws of, [1];
• mentioned by Pliny, [1].
• Relative economy of different sources of light, [188].
• Resistance of conductors, Cavendish's experiments on, [142].
• Roemer, measurement of the velocity of light by, [2].
• Rosetta Stone, discovery of the, [234];
• inscription on, [234].
• Royal Institution, foundation of the, [169];
• Young's lectures at the, [212];
• Faraday's appointment at the, [245];
• Maxwell's lecture on colour at the, [287].
• Royal Society, origin of the, [13-15].
• Rumford, Count, birth and parentage, [148];
• life as a medical student, [153];
• becomes a schoolmaster at Concord, [154];
• marriage, [154];
• summoned before the Committee of Safety, [156];
• imprisoned at Woburn, [156];
• first journey to London, [158];
• receives an appointment in the Colonial Office, [158];
• experiments on the explosion of gunpowder, [158], [179];
• elected F.R.S., [158];
• made lieutenant-colonel in the British army, [159];
• promoted to colonel, [160];
• visits Elector of Bavaria, [160];
• cured of martial ambition, [160];
• enters the service of the Elector of Bavaria, [161];
• knighted by George III., [161];
• reforms in the Bavarian army, [162];
• attack on the beggars, [163];
• made Count of the Holy Roman Empire, [165];
• robbed of his manuscripts, [166];
• visited by his daughter, [166];
• his roaster, [166];
• experiments on fire-places, [166];
• founds the Rumford Medal, [167];
• appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Great Britain, [169];
• founds the Royal institution, [169];
• plans for the Institution, [169];
• residence in Paris, [175];
• marriage with Madame Lavoisier, [175];
• death; [176];
• Cuvier's éloge on, [176];
• statue at Munich, [178];
• experiments on the conduction of heat in fluids, [181];
• on the convection of heat in viscous liquids, [184];
• on the weight of heat, [185];
• on radiation, [185];
• on the conduction of heat, [186];
• on the apparent radiation of cold, [187];
• shadow-photometer, [188];
• experiments on the relative economy of candles and tapers, [188];
• on the traction of carriages, [189];
• on friction as a source of heat, [189];
• determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat, [192].
• Rumford Medal, foundation of the, [167];
• recipients of the, [167];
• awarded to Fresnel, [233];
• awarded to Clerk Maxwell, [297].
• Rumford roaster, [166].
• S.
• "Sandford and Merton," influence of, on the negro traffic, [197].
• Saturn's rings, Maxwell's essay on, [285].
• Sea-water, resistance of, [142].
• Séguin's attempt to measure loss of heat in the steam-engine, [323].
• Self-induction, effect of, on sudden discharge, [142];
• of electro-magnet, [268];
• effect of, in induction coil, [321].
• Sensation of heat, cause of, [33].
• Seraphic love, Boyle's essay on, [15].
• Shaw's, Dr., comments on Boyle, [37].
• Snellius's laws of refraction, [1].
• Socratic method adopted by Franklin, [44].
• Specific inductive capacity, discovered by Cavendish, [139];
• rediscovered by Faraday, [272].
• Spectral colours, mixed by Boyle, [31];
• mixed by Maxwell, [297].
• S.P.G., foundation of the, [30].
• Spheroidal waves in Iceland-spar explained by Young, [226].
• Stamp Act, [112].
• Standards Commission, report of, [232].
• Statistical method, Maxwell's, [299].
• Steeple struck by lightning at Newbury, [92].
• Stereoscope, Maxwell's real-image, [298].
• Stokes's, Professor G. G., exhibition of the bright centre in the shadow of a disc, [222].
• Suction caused by atmospheric pressure, [29].
• Surface-tension, [228];
• suggested by Segner, [229];
• Young's investigations on, [229].
• T.
• Table of results of experiments on Boyle's law, [27].
• Tatum's lectures on natural philosophy, [240].
• Telephone, Graham Bell's, [319].
• Temperature, its nature, [33].
• Thermometers first hermetically sealed, [2].
• Thomson's, Professor James, application of the principle of dissipation of energy to the freezing of water under pressure, [327].
• Thomson's, Sir William, statement of the principle of dissipation of energy, [327];
• vortex theory of matter, [312];
• mirror galvanometer, [313];
• replenisher, [316].
• Thunder-storms, Franklin's theory of, [81].
• Torpedo, Cavendish's experiments on the, [140];
• Davy's experiments on the, [251].
• Traction of carriages, Rumford's experiments on, [189].
• Trial plate used by Cavendish, [139].
• Tyres, relative advantages of broad and narrow, [189].
• U.
• Undulatory theory founded by Hooke and Huyghens, [218].
• Union of the American States, Franklin's plan for, [68].
• University of Philadelphia, foundation of the, [64].
• V.
• Vacuum, Boyle's argument on the cause of a, [23].
• Velocity of electricity, [93];
• of light measured by Roemer, [2];
• of light deduced from electro-magnetic theory, [306].
• Viscosity of gases explained by Maxwell, [299].
• Voltaic pile constructed by Faraday, [241].
• Vortex theory of matter, [312].
• Voss machine, [316].
• W.
• Wallis, Dr., account of the Royal Society by, [14].
• Wealth, ways to acquire, [100].
• Wheel of life, Clerk Maxwell's, [297].
• Wilson, Dr., account of Cavendish by, [132], [147].
• Y.
• Young, Thomas, Principal Forbes's opinion of, [194];
• birth and parentage, [194];
• early education, [195];
• becomes a London medical student, [199];
• paper on the power of adjustment of the eye, [199];
• elected F.R.S., [200];
• visit to Cornwall, [201];
• first visit to the Duke of Richmond, [201];
• enters the Medical School at Edinburgh, [202];
• declines secretaryship to the Duke of Richmond, [202];
• visits Gordon Castle, [204];
• visits Inverary Castle, [205];
• enters the University of Göttingen, [206];
• examination in medicine at Göttingen, [207];
• enters Emmanuel College, [207];
• discovers the principle of interference, [208];
• appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution, [174], [210];
• lectures at the Royal Institution, [212];
• theory of colour-vision, [214];
• his colour-top, [215];
• colour-diagram, [215];
• his Bakerian lectures, [218];
• explanation of the rectilinear propagation of light, [221];
• of Newton's rings, [222];
• eriometer, [223];
• explanation of coloured halos, [224];
• of the colours exhibited by mother-of-pearl, [224];
• interference spectra, [225];
• explanation of spheroidal waves in Iceland-spar, [226];
• of the colours of thin plates, [227];
• hypothesis of an electric ether, [227];
• investigations on surface-tension, [229];
• modulus of elasticity, [230];
• his marriage, [231];
• appointed physician in St. George's Hospital, [231];
• superintendent of the Nautical Almanack, [232];
• death, [233].

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