INDEX
Abrasion, beneath glaciers, [275].
Abyssinia, fissure eruptions in, [101].
Accordance, of tributary valleys, [162].
Adiabatic refrigeration, in relation to glaciers, [262].
Adolescence, in cycle of erosion, [169].
Advancing hemicycle of glaciation, [263-266].
Advective zone, of atmosphere, [270].
Aftershocks, of earthquakes, [83].
Agassiz, glacial lake, [325-328].
Agassiz, Louis, cited, [339], [400].
Aggradation, [162].
Aktian deposits, [36].
Alaskan coast, map of, [79].
Albs, [376].
Alden, W. C., cited, [316], [318], [319].
Algæ, growth of, in hot springs, [194].
“Alkali” in deserts, [201].
Alluvial bench, [214].
Alluvial cone, [213].
Alluvial-dam lakes, [423].
Alluvial fan, [213].
Alpine glaciers, [383], [386].
Alterations of minerals, [27].
Altitude, of different parts of lithosphere, [18].
American Falls, future extinction of, [357].
Amphiboles, [459].
Amphitheaters, formed on drift sites, [369].
Amundsen, R., cited, [23].
Analysis, of folds, [54].
Anderson, Tempest, cited, [146], [147].
Andersson, J. G., cited, [157], [295].
Andesite, [463].
Angular unconformity, [53].
Antarctic protuberance, [17].
Antarctic shelf ice, [289], [290].
Anticlinal folds, [42].
Anticlines, [42];
tension in, [45].
Anticyclone, glacial, [284].
Ants, factor in rock decomposition, [156].
Apron, alluvial, [213].
Aprons, outwash, [280], [281].
Arbenz, P., cited, [195].
Arches, of folded strata, [42];
Architecture, of fractured earth superstructure, [55].
Arctic depression, [17].
Areal geological map, [62].
Arêtes, [373].
Arldt, Theodore, cited, [11], [19], [438].
Arnold, Ralph, cited, [157].
Arrangement of oceans and continents, [10].
Artesian wells, [190], [191], [196].
Ash, volcanic, [122].
Askja, eruption of, in 1875, [101].
Assmann, R., cited, [294].
Astronomical vs. geodetic observations, [12].
Atlantis, North, [16].
Atmosphere, compressibility of, [8].
Attack, of the weather, [149].
Atwood, W. W., cited, [7], [160], [298], [300], [313], [372].
Axial plane, of folds, [42].
Axis, of folds, [42].
Azurite, [453].
Bacteria, part taken in weathering, [156].
“Bad Lands”, control of relief in, [223], [224].
“Bad Land” topography, [214].
Bajir, [216].
Balance, between degradation and aggradation, [161].
Bandai-san, dissection of, [141].
Barchans, [211].
Barrancoes, [139].
Barrell, J., cited, [221], [447].
Barrier beaches, [240];
sections of, [242];
Barrier lakes, [420].
Barriers, [240];
mountain, in relation to glaciers, [262].
Bars, [240].
Basal conglomerate, [37], [53].
Basalt, [463];
faulted blocks of, [58];
of Hawaii, [105].
Base level, [159].
Basin-range lakes, [402], [403].
Basin Range structure, [440].
Basins, flat bottomed, separating dunes, [216];
of exudation, [272];
of sedimentation, earlier, [38].
Bastin, E. S., cited, [210].
Batholites, [143].
“Bath tubs”, [395].
Beach pebbles, [239].
Beaches, remaining from ice-dam lakes, [410];
shingle, [239];
storm, [240];
uplifted, “feathering out” of, [344].
Bedded structure of rocks, [31].
Beede, J. W., cited, [195].
“Bee-hive” mountains, [380], [381].
Belgica expedition, [289].
Belt of sea which divides land masses, [11].
Berghaus, H., cited, [424].
Bergschrund, [370].
Berson, A., cited, [294].
Berthaut, General, cited, [7].
“Bird-foot” delta, [167].
“Biscuit cutting” effect of glacial sculpture, [372].
Blackwelder, E., cited, [318].
Block mountains, [446].
Blocks, orographic, [58].
Bocchi, [125].
Bog, floating, [429].
Bonney, T. G., cited, [146].
Borax deposits, in deserts, [201].
Border drainage, about glaciers, [316], [320], [321].
Bosses, [143].
“Bottoms”, from entrenched meanders, [173].
“Bowlder clay”, [310].
“Bowlder pavement”, [237].
Bowlders, faceted, [310];
glacial, [298];
thrown up during earthquakes, [69].
Bowlder trains, [306].
Bowman, Isaiah, cited, [179].
Box cañons, [214].
Braided streams, [280].
Branner, J. C., cited, [6], [91].
“Bread-crust” lava projectiles, [119].
Breakers, [232].
Breccia, fault, [60].
Bridges, nature of damage to, during earthquakes, [75], [76].
Brigham, A. P., cited, [424].
Brögger, W. C., cited, [66].
Bruce, W. S., cited, [290], [382], [399], [414].
Bryant, H. G., cited, [289].
Buckley, E. R., cited, [433], [434].
Built terraces, [235].
Bunsen, cited, [192].
Burns, G. P., cited, [434].
Burton, W. K., cited, [92].
Buttes, [216].
Calcareous ooze, [36].
Calcareous sinter, [184].
Calcareous tufa, [464].
Calcite, [455].
Caldera, [405], of composite volcanic cones, [126].
Camiguin volcano, birth of, [96], [97].
Campbell, M. R., cited, [178].
Cañons, [160];
box, [214].
Capri, blue grotto of, [257], [258].
Capture, river, [175], [176], [179].
Carbonization, [151].
Cascade Mountains, fissure eruptions of, [102].
Cascade stairway, [376].
Caspian Depression, [14].
Cauliflower cloud, [130].
Caverns, galleries directed by joints, [182];
refuge of predatory animals, [185].
Caves, sea, [234].
Cellular structure, of lava domes, [112].
Centers of dispersion, of North American Pleistocene glaciers, [298].
Centrosphere, [8].
Cerussite, [455].
Chaix, A., cited, [195].
Chaix, E., cited, [195].
Chalcopyrite, [453].
Challenger expedition, [38], [96], [97], [293].
Chamberlin, T. C., cited, [29], [156], [191], [196], [205], [221], [222], [293], [295], [318], [319], [337], [339].
Character profiles, coast, due to uplift or depression, [259];
composite, [229];
directly due to volcanic agencies, [145], [146];
from stream erosion in humid climates, [177];
of arid lands, [220];
of shore features, [243];
referable to continental glaciers, [318];
referable to mountain glaciers, [379].
“Checkerboard topography”, [226].
Chemical sediments, [34].
Chicago outlet, [331].
Chimneys, in “driftless area”, [300].
Chimneys, shore feature, [234].
China, loess of, [207].
Chlorite, [458].
Chlorite schist, [465].
Cicatrice, from dissection of volcanoes, [142].
Cinder cones, [105];
corrugations upon, [138];
diameter of crater in relation to violence of explosions, [123];
grander eruptions of, [117];
profiles of, [123];
secondary, [111].
Cinder eruptions, artificially simulated, [122].
Cirques, [371];
life history of, [371];
subordinate, [371].
Cities, destruction of, by drifting sand, [218].
Clastic rocks, [30].
Clay slate, [466].
Cleavage, mineral, [27], [450];
rock, [44].
Clefts, volcanic, in Iceland, [99].
Cliffs, notched, [233].
Climatic conditions, in relation to mountain sculpture, [443].
Clinometer, [48].
Cloudbursts, in deserts, [201], [212].
Cloud zones, [268], [269], [294].
Coals, [466].
Coast, Dalmatian, grottoes of, [258].
Coast, elevation of, during earthquakes, [80];
submergences of, during earthquakes, [80].
Coastal plains, [246];
belted, [247].
Coast lines, even, [246];
indicative of uplift or submergence, [245], [246];
ragged, [246].
Coast records, [245].
Coasts, Atlantic and Pacific contrasted, [438];
embayed, [251].
Coast terraces, [80], [250], [241];
uplift, effect of, on sediments, [38].
Coats Land, shelf ice of, [290].
Cobalt, in meteorites, [23].
Cobb, Collier, cited, [179].
Coigns, of earth’s tetrahedral figure, [15].
Coleman, A. P., cited, [318].
Colks, scape, [277].
Collet, L. W., cited, [39].
Colorado desert, [74].
Color, of minerals, [450].
Cols, [374];
origin of in cirque intersection, [372].
Comb ridges, [373].
Compass, geologist’s, [47], [48].
Competent layer, [42];
in relation to lava reservoirs, [144].
Composite cones, caldera of, [126], [127].
Composite groups of joints, [57].
Composite volcanic cones, [105].
Composition of earth, [29].
Composition of the earth’s core, [21].
Compression of a district during earthquakes, [76].
Cones, alluvial, [213];
cinder, [105];
composite volcanic, [105].
Conformable series, [51].
Constructional topography, [309].
Construction of buildings, in earthquake regions, [89-91].
Continental glacier, behind rampart, [281];
in Victoria Land, [280-285];
of Antarctica, literature of, [295];
of Greenland, [271];
of Greenland, melting on margin of, [278];
of Greenland, literature, [295].
Continental glaciers, contrasted with mountain glaciers, [266-268];
defined, [266-267];
of “ice age”, [297];
of ice age, cross section of, [302];
nourishment of, [283], [286], [295];
profiles of, [267].
Continental platform, [19].
Continental shelves, [18], [19];
origin, [232].
Continents, arrangement of, [10];
development of, [14];
increase in area of, through wave action, [241];
past history of, [14].
Contortions of the strata, [40].
Contours, of topographic maps, [62].
Contraction of earth’s surface, during earthquakes, [74].
Contrary movements upon coasts, [254], [257].
Convective zone, of atmosphere, [270].
Conway, W. M., cited, [294].
Copernicus, cited, [10].
Copper glance, [455].
Coquina, [35].
Cornish, Vaughan, cited, [211], [222], [244].
Corrasion, [162].
Corrosion, of rocks, [156].
Coulée lakes, [406].
Cracks, earthquake, [74].
Crater, evolution of form of, [128].
Craterlets, [84];
sections of, [85].
Craters, mechanics of explosions in, [115].
Crater, volcanic, [95].
Credner, G. R., cited, [179].
Crescentic levee lakes, [416], [417].
Crestline, of an anticline, [42].
Crevasse, marginal, on mountain glaciers, [370].
Crevasses, in connection with river cut-offs, [164];
on glaciers, [391].
Cross, Whitman, cited, [216], [441], [447].
Cross-bedded structure, [37].
“Crystal cellars”, [27].
Crystal form, of minerals, [449].
Crystals, behavior under special treatment, [24], [25];
essential nature of, [23];
individuality of, [24];
mutilated, later growth of, [26];
symmetry of form of, [23].
Crustal shortening, [42].
south of Lake Ontario, [361], [362].
Cut and built terrace, on steep shore of loose materials, [237].
Cut-offs, of meanders, [164].
Cut rock terraces, [235].
Cuvier, cited, [199].
Cvijić, J., cited, [195].
Cycle of glaciation, [263], [294].
Cycles, of glaciation, Pleistocene, [297];
of stream meanders, [163].
Dana, J. D., cited, [6], [104], [106], [109], [111], [146], [147].
Dana, E. S., cited, [29].
Daly, R. A., cited, [447].
Dante, cited, [9].
Darton, N. H., cited, [179].
Darwin, Charles, cited, [199], [322], [323], [339].
Daubrée, A., cited, [54].
David, T. W. E., cited, [23].
Davis, C. A., cited, [434].
Davis, W. M., cited, [7], [178], [179], [221], [247], [276], [317-319], [378], [382].
Deceptive unconformity, [53].
mechanical results of, [150].
Débris cones, [395].
Deep sea deposits, [36], [38].
Deflation, [204].
Deforestation, in relation to agriculture, [156];
of Karst region, [188];
relation to erosion, [157].
Degeneration, [149].
De Geer, G., cited, [351], [366], [410].
Dekkan, fissure eruptions of, [101].
Delebecque, A., cited, [424].
De Lorenzo, cited, [125], [132].
Delta, “Bird-foot”, [167];
bottom-set beds, [167];
dry, [213];
of Mississippi River, rate of growth of, [168].
Delta deposits, manner of growth of, [167].
Delta region, of a river, [35].
Deltas, abnormal, below outlets of lakes, [431];
in relation to agriculture, [166];
in relation to population, [166];
lake, [428];
of rivers, [165], [166], [179];
sections of, [168].
Dendritic glaciers, [383], [385], [386].
Deniston, cited, [121].
Deposition, in zones about desert, [216], [217].
Deposits, aktian, [36];
chemical, [34];
continental, [37];
delta, manner of growth of, [167];
fluviatile, [35];
in valley vacated by glacier, [398];
glacial, [31];
littoral, [36];
marine, [35];
mechanical, [34];
organic, [34];
salt, [217];
shoal water, [26];
sinter, [184];
terrigenous, [36].
Derangement of water flow, during earthquakes, [83], [84].
Derwies, V. de, cited, [447].
Descent of ground water, [180].
Desert, due to deforestation, [156];
law of, [197].
Desert lakes, [423].
Desert landscapes, features in, [209].
Desert rains, [212].
Desert rocks, red color of, [222].
Deserts, former shore lines in, [198];
self-registering gauge of past climates, [198].
Destructional topography, [309].
Detection of plunging folds, [49], [50].
Detonations, during Vulcanian eruptions, [131].
Device, to simulate building of cinder cones, [122].
Diabase, [462].
Diagram, to illustrate formation of lava reservoirs, [143].
Diagrams for comparison of fold types, [42];
to show the effect of spheroidal weathering, [150].
Diamonds, in the drift, [307].
Diffission, [204].
Dikes, hollow, [140];
in China, [167];
in Holland, [166];
from volcanic dissection, [140].
Diller, J. S., cited, [39], [425].
“Diluvium”, [305].
Dimples, on margin of continental glaciers, [272].
Dip, [46].
Dirt cones, [396].
Disintegration, [156];
of rocks in deserts, [202];
through root expansion, [154];
through tree growth, [154], [155].
Dislocations, marginal, about deserts, [212].
Dispersion of the drift, [304-309], [319].
Displacement, total, on faults, [59].
Dissection of volcanoes, [139].
Distributaries, on alluvial fans, [213], [220].
Divides, [170];
migration of, [175].
Dolines, of Karst region, [187], [422].
Dolomite, [465].
Dolomites, [203], [228], [445].
Domed mountains of uplift, [441].
Dome structure, of granite masses, [152], [157].
Domes, lava, [105].
Dovetailing, of sea and land, [11], [17].
Drainage, changes of, due to glaciation, [336-338];
haphazard, of glaciated area, [301];
interference of glaciers with, [320];
of glaciers, [397];
reversals of, due to glaciation, [337], [338];
trellis, [175].
Drainage lines, control of, by fractures, [224].
Drainage networks, controlled by fractures, [225], [226];
repeating pattern in, [225].
Drake, Sir Francis, circumnavigation of the globe, [10].
Dreikanten, [205].
of Kilauea, [107].
“Drift”, [305].
Drift, assorted, [309];
dispersion of, [304-309];
unassorted, [309].
“Driftless area”, [300], [313], [318].
Driftless area, map of, [298].
Drowned rivers, [251].
Drumlins, [311], [316], [317], [399].
Dry deltas, [213].
Drygalski, E. von, cited, [273], [279], [295], [296].
Dry weathering, in deserts, [201].
Dune, war with oasis, [216].
Dune lakes, [421].
Dunes, [222];
in relation to obstructions, [209], [210];
stopped by vegetation, [211];
Dust, carried out of desert, [206], [222];
volcanic, [122].
Dust wells, [395].
Dutton, C. E., cited, [85], [92], [178], [200], [222], [447].
Earlier figures of the earth, [14].
Earth, a magnet, [23];
composition of, [20];
oblateness of, [10];
rigidity of, [20], [21], [29];
scale of its elevations, [10], [11];
theories of origin of, [20], [29];
surface shell, chemical constitution of, [23];
surface shell, response to load, [340].
Earth features, shaped by running water, [169].
Earth figure, evolution of ideas concerning, [9].
Earthquake cracks, [74].
Earthquake fountains, [190].
Earthquake lakes, [404].
Earthquake, of Alaska, 1899, [72], [77], [79], [80], [81];
of California, 1906, [70], [72], [73], [74], [90], [91];
of Casamicciola, 1883, [87];
of Costa Rica, 1910, [68];
of India, 1819, [84];
of Jamaica, 1692, [80];
of Jamaica, 1907, [80];
of lower Mississippi Valley, 1811, [83];
of Messina, 1908, [68];
of Owens Valley, California, 1872, [73], [77], [78], [79];
of Servia, 1904, [84];
of South Carolina, 1886, [85].
Earthquake shocks, heavy over loose foundations, [88].
Earthquakes, aftershocks of, [83];
associated with growing mountains, [86];
changes in earth’s surface during, [71];
connected with lines of fracture, [86];
descriptive reports upon, [92];
due to adjustments between blocks of shell, [78], [79];
faults and fissures, [71];
focused at fault intersections, [87];
localized at corners of earth blocks, [87];
manifestations of changes in level, [68];
nature of shocks, [67];
of Ischia, localization of, [87];
shown by coast terraces, [250];
special lines of heavy shock, [86];
in unstable areas of earth’s crust, [86];
wave motions of, [68];
zones in distribution of, [86].
Earth relief, repeating patterns in, [223].
Eckert, cited, [188].
Effect of contraction upon a spherical body, [13].
Egg-spinning demonstration of earth rigidity, [20].
“Elevation-crater” theory of volcanoes, [95], [139].
Embankments, shore, [240].
Embayed coasts, [251].
Emerson, B. K., cited, [19].
End moraines, [394].
Engell, M. C., cited, [296].
Englacial débris, [393].
Englacial drift, [277], [278].
Entonnoirs, [182].
Entrenchment of meanders, [172], [173], [179].
Eolian sand, [206].
Eolian sediments, [30].
Erosional unconformity, [53].
Erosion cycle, [159].
Erosion, effect of, in adding curves to landscape, [65];
glacial, in contrast with normal weathering, [377];
in desert, [214];
shadow, [206];
stream, as modified by resistant rocks, [174].
“Erratic blocks”, [304].
Eruptions, Strombolian, [117];
Escarpments, from faults, [59].
Eskers, [311], [315], [316], [363].
Estes, L. A., cited, [93].
Estuaries, [251].
Etna, eruption of 1669, [122].
Evolution, doctrine of, in connection with fossils, [38].
Evolution of ideas concerning the earth’s figure, [9].
Expanded foot glaciers, [383], [385].
Experiment, to illustrate relation of earthquake shocks to foundations, [88].
Experiments, on fracture and flow, [40], [41];
for demonstration of earthquakes, [81], [82].
Exposures, rock, [46].
Extrusive rocks, [463].
Fairbanks, H. W., cited, [155], [170], [174], [201], [205], [214], [224], [248], [249], [250], [260], [302], [375], [406], [413], [429].
Fairchild, H. L., cited, [339].
Falls, “Bridal veil”, [378].
Falls, ribbon, [378].
Fan, alluvial, [213].
Farrington, O. C., cited, [29].
Fault, drag upon, [60].
Fault breccia, [60].
Fault topography, [65].
during earthquakes, [71];
earthquake, change in throw upon, [76], [77], [78];
earthquake, disappear in loose materials, [73];
earthquake, of small displacements, [74];
earthquake, plan of, [76], [78];
illusory nature of, [59];
methods of detecting, [59];
post-glacial, [74];
relation of escarpments to, [60];
shown by changes in strike and dip, [61];
shown by offsets, [61].
Feldspars, [456].
Fenneman, N. M., cited, [424], [425].
Festoons of mountain arcs, [435], [436].
Field ice, [286].
Field map, geological, [62], [63].
Figure of the earth, the, [8].
Figures, earlier, of the earth, [14];
earth, evolution of, [15].
Figure toward which the earth is tending, [12].
“Fire girdle” of the Pacific, [98].
Firn, [369].
Fissure eruptions, of volcanoes, [101].
Fissures, during earthquakes, [71];
earthquake, [74];
in connection with volcanoes, [99-101].
Fissure springs, [61], [190], [195].
“Float copper”, [305].
Flooded portions of continents, [18].
Flood plain, [178];
manner of grading of, [162].
Floors of hydrosphere and atmosphere, [18].
Flow, experiments on, [41];
zone of, [40].
Flow texture, of extrusive rocks, [33].
Fluviatile deposits, [35].
Fluvio-glacial deposits, [31].
Fluxion texture, of extrusive rocks, [33].
Folds, analysis of, [54];
comparison of shapes of, [44];
mutilated, restoration of, [45];
pitching, [43];
secondary, [44];
shapes of, [43].
Fold topography, [65].
Forbes, J. D., cited, [294].
Fore-set beds, [167].
Forest, destruction of, in relation to agriculture, [156].
Formation of lava reservoirs, [143].
Formations, measurement of thickness of, [48], [49].
Fort Snelling, on Warren River, [327], [331].
Fosses, glacial, [281], [314];
in connection with peat bogs, [430].
Fracture control, of drainage lines, [224].
Fracture, experiments on, [41];
of minerals, [450];
Fractures, in rocks, shown by rectilinear lines on map, [65];
system of, [55].
Free, E. E., cited, [222].
Free waves, [232].
Frost, prying work of, [152].
Frost action, [223].
Frost snow, [285].
Fuller, M. L., cited, [157], [195].
Fumeroles, [97].
Gabbro, [462].
Gabled façade, in desert landscapes, [221], [443].
Galenite, [453].
Gannett, Henry, cited, [178], [386].
Gaps, water, [176];
wind, [176].
Garnet, [459].
Gautier, E. F., cited, [221].
Geikie, A., cited, [6], [7], [148], [178], [244], [318].
Geikie, James, cited, [6], [318].
Geoid, departure from spherical surface of, [10].
base of, [61];
Geological section, [46], [47].
Geology, defined, [1].
Geyserite, [194].
Geysers, [191-194];
effect of plugging with sod, [193];
in relation to drainage lines, [191];
soaping of, [194].
Geysir, [192].
Gilbert, G. K., cited, [93], [148], [157], [178], [179], [198], [221], [224], [240], [244], [294], [344], [345], [347], [350], [355], [356], [357], [358], [359], [362], [366], [370], [381], [434], [446], [447].
Gjás, volcano fissures in Iceland, [99].
Glacial anticyclone, [284].
Glacial fringe, of Grant Land, [285].
Glacial Lake Agassiz, [325-328], [339].
Glacial lakes, at close of ice age, [320];
of St. Lawrence Valley, [329].
Glaciated regions, aspects of, [302];
characteristics of, [301];
contrasted with nonglaciated, [299], [309].
Glaciation, conditions essential to, [261];
cycle of, [263];
Permo-Carboniferous, [298].
Glaciations, following changes in earth’s figure, [15];
previous to “ice age”, literature of, [318].
Glacier broom, over continental ice, [285].
Glacier cornices, [397].
Glacier deposits, upon its bed, [390].
Glacier drainage, [397].
data from accidents to Alpinists, [392].
Glacier gravings, [301], [319];
multiple records, [304].
Glacier lobe lakes, [411].
Glacier milk, [398].
Glacier mills, [278].
Glacier pavement, [276].
Glaciers, birth of, [369];
crevasses on, [391];
dendritic, [383], [385], [386];
grinding tools of, [276];
horseshoe, [383], [386], [387];
inherited basin, [387-389];
initiation of, [262];
in relation to wind direction, [262];
main types of, [266];
mountain, cross sections of, [394];
mountain, expanded-foot type, [264];
mountain, land sculpture by, [367];
mountain, successive stages, [383];
nivation, [387];
nourishment of, [268-270];
sensitiveness to temperature changes, [263];
séracs, [391];
surface features of, [390];
Glacier stars, [395].
Glacier tables, [395].
Glacier types, successive, during waning glaciation, [383].
Glacier wells, [278].
Glassy texture, of extrusive rocks, [32].
Glint, [409].
Gneiss, [465].
Gneiss banding, [31].
Goethe, cited on volcano structure, [139].
Gold, E., cited, [294].
Goldthwait, J. W., cited, [259], [320], [341], [345], [351].
Gondwana Land, [16].
Gorges, through rock bars, [378].
Grabau, A. W., cited, [361], [366].
Grading of flood plain, [162].
Grand Cañon of the Colorado, [146], [169], [174], [215], [443].
Grand River outlet, [333].
Granite, [462];
dome structure in, [152], [157].
Granite domes, [221].
Granitic texture, of igneous rocks, [33].
Grats, [373].
Gravel, kame, [310].
“Gravel piedmont”, [214].
Great Basin, [190], [198], [439].
Great Lakes, probable future of, [347], [348];
submergence of certain shores of, [349], [350].
Great Ross Barrier, [282].
Great Salt Lake, [199];
fluctuations of level of, [198].
Green, W. Lowthian, cited, [19].
Gregory, J. W., cited, [11], [19], [439], [446].
Gross, H., cited, [294].
Grossman, cited, [268].
Grottoes, sea, colors of, [258].
Ground water, [180];
descent of, in relation to joints, [181].
Ground water lakes, [424].
Grund, A., cited, [195].
Gullies, early stages of, [160].
Gulliver, F. P., cited, [244], [319].
Gullying process, started by deforestation, [156].
Gypsum, [455].
Hade, on faults, [59].
Hague, Arnold, cited, [196].
Halemaumau, Kilauea, [107], [108].
Hamilton, Sir William, cited, [128].
Hanging valleys, [378].
Hardness, of minerals, [451].
Harwood, W. A., cited, [294].
Haug, E., cited, [7], [133], [211].
Haughton, Samuel, cited, [56].
Hawaii, lava domes of, [105];
lava surfaces of, [113];
map of, [106];
section through, [106].
Hayes, C. W., cited, [156].
Headlands, notched, [341].
Heave, of faults, [59].
Hebrews, conception of the universe, [9].
Hedin, Sven, cited, [221].
Heilprin, A., cited, [148].
Heim, A., cited, [54].
Heligoland, [236].
Helland, A., cited, [99].
Hematite, [452].
Hemicycles, of glaciation, [263], [264].
Herculaneum, buried beneath mud flows, [139].
Hess, H., cited, [267], [272], [294], [393], [400].
High plains, [435];
origin of, [219].
Hilgard, E., cited, [222].
Hinge lines, of uptilt, [344-347].
Hitchcock, C. H., cited, [106], [147], [434].
Hobson, B., cited, [120].
Hogarth, William, cited, [170].
Hogarthian line of beauty, in landscapes, [170-171].
“Hog backs”, [442].
Holmes, W. H., cited, [441].
Horns, [374].
Horseshoe glaciers, [383], [386], [387].
Hot springs, [191];
colors in, due to algæ, [194].
Hovey, E. O., cited, [136], [137], [148].
Hovey, H. C., cited, [183], [195].
Howchin, W., cited, [298].
Howe, E., cited, [140].
Howell, cited, [325].
Hudson River, narrows of, [174].
Hudsonian channel, [252].
Hummocks, on pack ice, [286].
Humphrey, R. L., cited, [90], [93].
Humphreys, cited, [404].
Humus, in relation to weathering, [156].
Huntington, Ellsworth, cited, [216], [217], [221], [222].
Hus, H. T. A. de L., cited, [183].
Hydration, [151].
Hydrosphere, [8].
Hypothesis, the value of, [6];
Laplacian, of the universe, [20].
Icebergs, [296];
Antarctic, formation of, [292];
blue, [292];
manner of formation of, [291], [292];
northern, [291].
Ice caps, profiles of, [267], [268];
sculpture, [380].
Ice-dammed lakes, [321], [323], [410], [411];
in St. Lawrence Valley, [339];
of Scottish glens, [322].
Ice floes, [287].
Iceland, fissure eruptions of, [102].
Ice pyramids, [395].
Ice ramparts, [431-434];
manner of formation of, [433].
Igneous rocks, [30];
textures of, [32].
Imlay outlet, [332].
Inbreak, of lava surface, [107].
Incised topography, [301].
Inherited basin glacier, [387-389].
Interlobate moraines, [314].
Inter-pluvial periods, [198].
Intricate pattern of river etchings, [158].
Islands, land-tied, [241];
steep rocky, due to submergence, [252].
Isobases, [347].
Isoclinal folds, [42].
Isothermal zone of atmosphere, [270].
Jagger, T. A., Jr., cited, [148].
Jamieson, T. F., cited, [221], [322], [339].
Jeannette exploring expedition, [287], [295].
Jensen, H. I., cited, [110], [113], [147].
Johnson, D. W., cited, [7], [148].
Johnson, W. D., cited, [77], [213], [219], [220], [222], [370], [381].
Johnston-Lavis, H. J., cited, [87], [131], [132], [134], [138], [147], [148].
Joint blocks, in Niagara limestone, [353].
Joint plane, seat of frost action, [370].
Joints, [56];
effect on surface features, [57];
closed during earthquakes, [76];
composite nature of, [58];
composite groups of, [57];
disorderly, [57];
displacements upon, [58];
master, [56];
space intervals of, [58];
sets of, [55];
system of, [55].
Joint series, combinations of, [56].
Joint systems, [66].
Jorullo, birth of, [96].
Judd, John W., cited, [116], [118], [139], [148].
Julien, A. A., [156].
Jura Mountains, [46].
Kame gravel, [310].
Kammerbühl, [139].
Karrenfelder, [188].
Karst, characters of, [186-187];
once forested, [188].
Karst conditions, [195].
Karst lakes, [422].
Katavothren, [188].
Katzer, F., cited, [195].
Kearney, Th. H., cited, [222].
Kelvin, Lord, cited, [20], [29].
“Kettle moraines”, [311-314].
“Kettles” on moraines, [312].
Kikuchi, Y., cited, [148].
draining of lava in crater of, [108];
eruption of 1840, [109], [111], [112];
lava movements in, [106], [107];
moving platform in crater, [107];
range in height of lava in, [107].
King, F. H., cited, [157], [195].
Knebel, W. von, cited, [185], [195], [258], [260].
“Knob and basin” topography, [314].
Knott, C. G., cited, [92].
Kopisch, August, cited, [258].
Kotô, B., cited, [92].
Krakatoa, dissected by eruption, [142].
Krakatoa, eruption of 1883, [141], [142].
Kuppen, [105].
Kurische Nehrung, wandering dunes of, [210].
Laboratory apparatus, for simulation of cinder eruptions, [122].
Laboratory models, for study of geological maps, [63].
Laccolites, [143], [441], [442], [447].
Lacroix, A., cited, [148].
Lacustrine deposits, [35].
Lake Agassiz, glacial, [325-328].
Lake basins, study of, [401].
Lake Bonneville, [199].
Lake Chicago, [330], [332], [333].
Lake Eulalie, draining of, during earthquake, [83].
Lake Maumee, [330], [331], [332], [345].
Lake Ojibway, glacial, [338].
Lake stages, in St. Lawrence Valley, [336].
Lake Whittlesey, [332], [333].
Lakes, alluvial dam, [423];
as regulators of air temperature, [431];
as regulators of river flow, [431];
as settling basins, [426-428];
barrier, [420];
become extinct through wave action, [428];
classification of, [424];
continental glaciation, [424];
coulée, [406];
crescentic levee, [416], [417];
currents in, [431];
desert, [424];
drained by cutting down of outlet, [428];
dune, [421];
drained during earthquakes, explanation of, [83];
earthquake, [404];
ephemeral existence of, [426];
extinction by peat growth, [429-430];
extinction of, in desert regions, [430];
fresh water, [401];
glacier lobe, [411];
ground water, [424];
intramorainal, about continental glaciers, [279], [280];
karst, [422];
landslide, [414];
morainal, [315], [406], [407];
mountain glaciation, [424];
playa, [422];
river, [424];
rock basin, [376], [377], [400], [412];
rock basin about continental glaciers, [279];
rôle of, in economy of nature, [430];
saline, [401];
salines, [423];
side delta, [326], [327], [418], [419];
sink, [421];
strand, [424];
tectonic, [424];
volcanic, [424];
“wall”, [432].
Laki, eruption in 1783, [99].
Laminated structure, of rocks, [31].
Lamplugh, G. W., cited, [225].
Land, growth of, from volcanic outflow, [113], [114];
sliced during earthquake, [80];
uptilt of, at close of ice age, [340].
Land areas, concentration of, in northern hemisphere, [11].
Land sculpture, by mountain glaciers, [367];
in relation to climatic conditions, [443];
referable to ice caps, [380].
Land shields, [15].
Landslide lakes, [414].
Land-tied islands, [241].
Lane, A. C., cited, [148].
Lankester, E. Ray, cited, [260].
La Noe, G. de, cited, [7].
Laplacian hypothesis of the universe, [20].
Lateral moraines, [393].
Lateral movements, deep seated, during earthquakes, [81].
Lava, [32];
block, [113];
composition and properties of, [103];
discharging from tunnel, [111];
fluidity of basic, [103];
movements, in caldron of Kilauea, [107];
probable origin from shale, [144];
ropy, [113];
viscosity of siliceous, [103].
Lava domes, probable structure of walls of, [112];
slopes of, [103], [104], [105].
Lava projectiles, pear-shaped type, [121].
Lava reservoirs, formation of, [143].
Lava streams, appearance of, [133], [134].
Law of the desert, [197].
Lawson, A. C., cited, [92], [260], [351].
Leads, in pack ice, [286].
Le Conte, Joseph, cited, [6].
Leffingwell crater, California, [104].
Levees, [166].
Leverett, Frank, cited, [6], [104], [166], [312], [318], [321], [330], [332], [333], [334], [337], [339], [344], [345].
Lewiston escarpment, at Niagara, shaping of, [360-362].
Libbey, W., cited, [274].
Life histories, of rivers, [158].
Light figure, from surface of crystal, [25].
Lightning, in connection with volcanic eruptions, [130].
Limbs of faults, [59];
of folds, [43].
Limestone, [464];
origin of, [36];
sinks, [182].
Limestone, caverns of, [182].
Limonite, [452].
Linck, G., cited, [122].
Lindenkohl, A., cited, [260].
Lineaments, [87], [226], [227].
Line of beauty, Hogarthian, in landscapes, [170], [171].
Lithodomus, borings of, in records of oscillation, [254].
Lithosphere, a complex of interlocking crystals, [25];
and its envelopes, [8].
Littoral deposits, [36].
erosion of, [208].
Loessmännchen, [208].
Lubbock, Sir John, cited, [7].
Luray caverns, Virginia, [186].
Luster, of minerals, [450].
Lyell, Sir Charles, cited, [7], [96], [146], [199], [259], [260], [304].
Maare, [405].
McGee, W. J., cited, [157], [259].
Mackinac Island, records of uplift of, [341-344].
Madison, Wisconsin, [233], [237], [241], [317], [434].
Magellan, circumnavigation of globe, [9].
Magma, defined, [30].
Magnetism, of minerals, [451].
Magnetite, [452].
Malachite, [453].
Mamelons, [105].
Mantle, rock, [155].
Map, contour, nature of, [467];
of Armorican mountains, [438];
of barrier beaches, [242-243];
of bowlder train from Iron Hill, [306];
of cirques and niches, in Bighorn Mountains, [371];
of coast lines, [246];
geological, method of preparing, [46], [63];
of continental divide in Colorado, [377];
of continental glacier in Victoria Land, [282];
of Dalager’s nunataks, [277];
of expanded foot glaciers, [264];
of front of Green Bay lobe, [317];
of glacial features, Southern Finland, [315];
of glacial Lake Agassiz, [325], [326], [328];
of glaciated area, Europe, [299];
of glaciated area, North America, [298];
of ice ramparts on Lake Mendota, [434];
of inner Sandusky Bay, [350];
of Kilauea and neighboring slopes, [109];
of Lake Chicago and later Lake Maumee, [332];
of Lake Maumee, [330];
of Lakes Whittlesey and Saginaw, [333];
of lava outflows on Vesuvius, 1906, [131];
of lava streams on Mauna Loa, [126];
of marginal moraines, [312];
of mountain arcs of Eastern Asia, [438];
of mountain arc of Sewestan, [436];
of North Polar regions, [288];
of part of “fire girdle” of the Pacific, [98];
of Scottish glens, [322-324];
of Volcano, [118];
of volcano belts, [98];
of Warren River, [326], [327];
topographical, [61];
topographical, preparation of, [467], [468];
topographical, verification of, [469];
to show dispersion of diamonds in Lake region, [308];
to show dispersion of peculiar rocks, [305];
to show distribution of existing glaciers, [263];
to show formation of shore features, [238];
to show glaciated areas of Pleistocene period, [297];
to show reciprocal relation of land and sea, [11].
Marble, [466].
Margerie, Emm. de, cited, [7], [54].
Marginal moraines, [278-280], [311-314].
Marine clays, as marks of uplift, [253].
Marine deposits, [35].
Marks, of origin of rocks, [30];
of uplift, on coasts, [245].
Marr, John E., cited, [7], [445].
Martel, E. A., cited, [181], [187], [195].
Martin, Lawrence, cited, [77], [92], [260], [280], [351].
Martonne, E. de, cited, [7], [195], [222], [382].
Massive structure, of rocks, [31].
Master joints, [56].
Matavanu, eruption in 1906, [110], [113], [147].
Mat of vegetation, shield to lithosphere, [155].
Matthes, F. E., cited, [7], [371], [381].
Maturity, of upland, [170].
Mauna Loa, [106];
eruptions of, [109].
Meander scars, [165].
Meanders, entrenchment of, [172], [173], [179];
stream, [163];
stream, undermining by, [164].
Measurement of thickness, of formations, [48], [49].
Mechanical sediments, [34].
Medial moraines, [393];
from nunataks, [274].
Mediterranean seas, [14].
Melting, selective, on glacier surface, [394].
Melville, G. W., cited, [289].
Mercalli, G., cited, [89], [117], [119], [147].
Merrill, George P., cited, [156].
origin of, [112].
Metamorphic rocks, [30], [31], [465].
Meteorites, compared with earth, [22];
Mica, [458].
Mica schist, [465].
Michailovitch, J., cited, [84].
Microscopical petrography, [27].
Migration, of divides, [175].
Mill, H. R., cited, [424].
Mills, glacier, [398].
Milne, John, cited, [75], [92], [93].
Mineral fragments, possibility of growth of, [24].
Minerals, alterations of, [27], [28];
common, properties of, [452-461];
of economic importance, [452-456];
important as rock makers, [456-461];
quick determination of, [449].
Mississippi River, [167].
Mitchell, G. E., cited, [157].
Moats, about nunataks, [273], [274].
Models, laboratory, for study of geological maps, [63].
Mojsisovics von Mojsvár, E., cited, [228].
Mokuaweoweo, crater of, [106].
“Mole-hill” effect, after earthquakes, [73].
Molten rock, rise to earth’s surface, [94].
Monadnocks, [172].
Monte Nuovo, [96].
Monte Somma, caldera of, [127].
Montessus de Ballore, de F., cited, [92], [93].
Monti Rossi, crystal rain from, [122];
parasitic cones of, [125].
Mont Pelé, post-eruption stage of, [135-138];
spine of, [136], [137], [138].
Moore, W. H., cited, [294].
Morainal lakes, [315], [406], [407].
Moraines, interlobate, [314];
lateral, [393];
marginal, [278-280];
medial, [393];
medial, from nunataks, [274];
of mountain glaciers, [393], [394];
recessional, [399];
surface, [277];
water-laid, [330].
Moreno, F. P., cited, [235].
Moseley, E. L., cited, [350], [351].
Moselle River, with entrenched meanders, [173].
Motive power, of rivers, [158].
Moulins, [398].
Mountain arcs, festoons of, [435], [436];
theories of origin of, [436], [437].
Mountain glaciation lakes, [424].
Mountain glaciers, contrasted with continental glaciers, [266-268];
defined, [266-268];
dendritic, [383], [385], [386];
expanded-foot type, [264];
horseshoe, [383], [386], [387];
land sculpture by, [367];
marks of, [400];
profiles of, [267];
studies of special districts, [294];
summary of types of, [389].
Mountain ramparts, about continental glaciers, [271].
Mountains, battlement type, [228], [445];
block type, [439];
carved from plateaux, [442];
of circumvallation, [442], [445];
defined, [435];
domed, of uplift, [441];
erosional, [445];
evidence for occupation by mountain glaciers, [400];
genetical, [445];
largely shaped by erosion, [435];
of outflow and upheap, [440];
origin and forms of, [435];
truncated at coast lines, [438].
Mt. Vesuvius, [94];
appearance of, from Naples at night, [129];
ash curtain, during eruption, [132];
ash-fall over, 1906, [133];
“cauliflower” cloud over, [133];
changed appearance after eruption of 1906, [132];
eruption of 79 A.D., [97];
eruption of 1872, [124];
eruption of 1906, [127-137];
history of, [97];
lavas of, [32].
Mud cones, [84];
aligned upon a fissure, [84].
Mud-crack structure, [37].
Mud, flocculent calcareous, of Florida, [36].
Mud flows, which destroyed Herculaneum, [139].
Mud veneer, from eruption of Taal, [121].
Muir, John, cited, [7].
Munthe, H., cited, [313], [351], [410].
Murray, Sir John, cited, [39], [293].
“Mushroom rocks”, [205].
Nansen, F., cited, [17], [260], [271], [272], [287], [295].
Natural Bridge, near Lexington, Virginia, [184].
Natural bridges, [184].
Natural sand blast, [204].
Nature of materials in the lithosphere, [20].
Necks, volcanic, [140].
Nephelite, [459].
Neumayr, Melchior, cited, [7], [146], [195], [196], [222], [425].
Névé, [369].
Newborn glacier, [387].
New Madrid earthquake, [83].
New River, of Cumberland plateau, [173].
Niagara Falls, [352-366];
episodes in history of, [362-365];
the clock of recent geological time, [364].
Niagara gorge, [352-366];
episodes in history of, in connection with glacial lakes, [364];
plan and section of, [355];
rate of recession of, [356].
Niches, [371];
beneath snowdrift sites, [368], [369].
Nickel, in meteorites, [23].
Nieves penitentes, [397].
Nipissing Great Lakes, [335], [342].
Nipissing outlet, [335], [336].
Nippur, sand mounds over, [218].
Nivation, [368].
Nivation glacier, [387].
Noble, F. H., cited, [147].
Nordenskiöld, Otto, cited, [154], [157], [295].
North Atlantis, [16].
North Bay outlet, [335].
Northwest Highlands of Scotland, thrusts of, [45].
Norway, repeating patterns of, [229].
Notched cliffs, [233];
elevated, [248].
Nourishment of continental glaciers, [295].
Nunataks, [272], [274], [277].
Nussbaum, F., cited, [161].
Oasis, [216].
Oblateness, of the earth, [10].
Observational geology vs. speculative philosophy, [5].
Obsidian, [463].
Obsidian Cliff, [33].
Ocean of Tethys, [16].
Oceanic platform, [19].
Oceans, arrangement of, [10].
Oldham, R. D., cited, [72], [76], [92].
Olivine, [461].
Omori, F., cited, [147].
Oölite, [464].
Oölitic limestone, [464].
Ooze, calcareous, [36];
composition of, [39].
Optical mineralogy, [27].
Order of deposition, during marine transgression, [37].
Order of superposition, of strata, [52].
Organic sediments, [34].
Orgeln, [182].
Orleans, Duc d’, cited, [286].
Orographic blocks, [58].
Oscillations of movement, on coasts, [253].
Outcrop blocks, for study of maps, [63].
Outcroppings, [46].
Outlets, from continental glaciers, [271];
of glacial lakes, [326], [327].
Outwash plains, [280], [281], [311], [313], [314], [399], [408].
Overthrust, [45].
Owens Valley, California, map of earthquake faults in, [78].
“Ox-bow”, of river, [165].
Pack, drift of, [287];
the, [286].
Pack ice, [286].
Pagination, of the earth record, [38].
Pahoehoe type of lava surface, [113].
Pan form of deserts, [197].
Panum crater, caldera of, [126].
“Parallel roads”, of Scottish glens, [322-325], [328], [339].
Partially dissected upland, [160].
Passarge, S., cited, [221], [222].
“Paternoster lakes”, [376].
Pattern, of river etchings, [158].
Patterns, repeating, [223].
Pavement, bowlder, [237];
glacier, [276];
tessellated from soil flow, [154].
Pavlow, A. P., cited, [108].
Peale, A. C., cited, [195], [196].
Peary, R. E., cited, [17], [283], [289], [295], [296].
Peat, [465];
Peat bogs, [429].
“Pelé’s Hair”, [107].
Pelé, spine of, [148].
Penck, A., cited, [294], [399], [414].
“Penitents”, [397].
“Perched bowlders”, [306].
Peridotite, [462].
Periods, interpluvial, [198];
pluvial, [198].
Peripheral granulation, [31].
Perret, F. A., cited, [148].
Philippi, E., cited, [295].
Phillips, John, cited, [56].
Physiographic models, preparation, of, [470].
Piedmont glaciers, [383], [384].
Pipes, volcanic, [140].
Pirsson, L. V., cited, [39], [447].
Pitch, [43].
Pitching folds, [43].
Pit lakes, [315], [407], [408].
Pitted plains, [314], [407], [408].
Pittier, H., cited, [405].
Plains, flood, [178];
coastal, [246];
Platform, continental, [18], [19];
Playa lakes, [422].
Playfair, Sir John, cited, [178].
Plucking, beneath glaciers, [275].
Plugs, volcanic, [140].
Plunge and flow structure, [37].
Plunging folds, [43];
Pluvial periods, [198].
Pocket rocks, in desert, [200], [201], [202].
Poles, wind, of the earth, [263];
earlier, [297].
Pompeii, destruction of, [97];
volcanic materials over, [122].
Ponores, [188].
Porphyritic texture, of certain igneous rocks, [32].
Portals, in mountain rampart, surrounding continental glaciers, [271].
Potato shape, of earth, [7].
Pourquoi-Pas expedition, [289].
Powell, J. W., cited, [178], [439], [446].
Pratt, W. E., cited, [147].
Precipitation, in relation to glaciation, [261].
Pressure ridges, on pack ice, [286].
Prinz, cited, [14], [19], [54], [133], [148].
Processes by which rocks are formed, [30].
Profile, cut by waves on steep rocky shore, [236].
Profiles, character, [177], [318];
character, directly due to volcanic agencies, [145], [146];
character, coast, due to uplift or depression, [259];
character, of arid lands, [220];
character, of shore features, [243];
character, referable to mountain glaciers, [379];
of cinder cones, [123].
Projectiles, lava, “bread-crust” type, [119];
volcanic, [121].
Prying work of frost, [152].
“Pudding stone”, [463].
Pumiceous texture, of extrusive rocks, [32].
Pumpelly, Raphael, cited, [222].
Pumpelly, R. W., cited, [212].
Puys, [105].
Puys of Auvergne, [124].
Pyrite, [452].
Pyrolusite, [456].
Pyroxenes, [458].
Quartz, [458].
Quartzite, [466].
Quebradas, [75].
Rabot, C., cited, [424].
Radiating glaciers, [383], [386].
Rafts, log, in Red River, [418].
Railway tracks, buckled, during earthquakes, [75].
Rain erosion, [214].
Rainfall, infrequent in deserts, [197].
Ramparts, ice, [431-434].
Randspalte, [370].
Rapids, in Rhine gorge, [169].
Rapilli, [122].
Rath, G. vom, cited, [147].
Reaction rims, about minerals, [28].
Receding hemicycle of glaciation, [264].
Recessional moraines, [399].
Reciprocal relation, of land and sea, map to show, [11].
Réclus, E., cited, [147].
Records, of rise or fall of land, [245].
Red clay, of the deep sea, [39].
Red color, of desert rocks, [202].
Reid, H. F., cited, [294], [296], [400].
Rejuvenated rivers, [173], [174].
Relief forms, carved by waves, [213].
Relief patterns, dividing lines of, [226].
Repeating patterns, in earth relief, [223];
composite, [227].
Reservoirs, of lava, local, [95].
Residual rocks, [30].
Resistant rocks, in relation to erosion, [174].
Rhine, gorge of, [169].
Rhyolite, [463].
Ribbon falls, [378].
Richter, E., cited, [294].
Richtofen, Freiherr von, cited, [207], [222].
“Ridge roads”, [328].
Riegel, [377].
Rifting, in eroded mountains, [444].
Rift-valley lakes, [403], [404].
Rift valleys, [440].
Rigidity of the earth, [20], [29].
Ripple markings, [36].
River, zone of the dwindling, [213].
River capture, [175].
River deltas, [179].
River etchings, intricate pattern of, [158].
River lakes, [424].
River networks, in relation to precipitation, [161];
in relation to rock architecture, [161];
meshes of, [161].
Rivers, braided, [280];
cross sections of, in successive stages, [172];
early aspects of, [159];
life begun in uplift, [159];
life histories of, [158];
motive power of, [158];
submerged channels of, [252];
swollen during melting of continental glaciers, [320];
tributary, accordant, [377];
River valley, longitudinal section of, [161].
Roches moutonnées, [276], [301], [367].
Rock bars, [377];
cut through by gorges, [378].
Rock basin lakes, [376], [377], [400], [412].
Rock cleavage, [44].
“Rock glaciers”, [153].
“Rocking stones”, [306].
Rock mantle, [155];
relation to topography, [156].
Rock pedestals, [381].
Rock terraces, [215].
Rocks, clastic, [30];
corrosion of, [156];
description of some common, [462-466];
igneous, [30];
igneous, textures of, [32];
igneous, massive structure of, [31];
intrusive, [32], [462], [463];
laminated structure of, [31];
marks of origin of, [30];
metamorphic, [30], [31], [465];
residual, [30];
sedimentary, [30];
sedimentary, of chemical precipitation, [464];
sedimentary, of mechanical origin, [463];
sedimentary, of organic origin, [464];
sedimentary, rounded grains of, [31];
volcanic, [32].
Ross Barrier, [282].
Rudolph, E., cited, [92].
Rudski, M. P., cited, [19].
Russell, I. C., cited, [126], [147], [148], [175], [178], [222], [293], [294], [296], [381], [384], [414], [424], [425].
St. Anthony Falls, recession of, [327], [354].
St. David’s gorge, near Niagara, [352], [359], [360], [363].
St. Goars, on Rhine, [169].
Saint Martin, cited, [436].
St. Paul’s rocks, a dissected volcano, [141].
Salients, of newly incised upland, [169].
Salines, [423].
Salisbury, R. D., cited, [156], [160], [205], [222], [293], [295], [298], [300], [305], [313], [318], [319], [339], [424].
Salton sink, [420].
Sand, beach, [206];
eolian, [206];
volcanic, [122].
Sand blast, natural, [204].
Sand cones, [84].
“Sand devils”, [209].
Sandstone, [464].
Sand storms, [209].
Sapper, K., cited, [111], [147], [148].
Sarasin, P. and F., cited, [248].
Sardeson, F. W., cited, [327], [339].
Sawa Lake, of Persian desert, [199].
Scaling, [151].
Scape colks, [277].
Scars, from dissection of volcanoes, [142];
meander, [165].
Schist, chlorite, [465];
mica, [465];
sericite, [465];
talc, [465].
Schistosity, [31].
Schrader, cited, [436].
Schratten, [188].
Scidmore, E. R., cited, [70].
Scoriaceous texture, of extrusive rocks, [32].
Scott, I. D., cited, [411], [470].
Scott, R. F., cited, [282], [295].
Scott, W. B., cited, [6], [60], [72], [259], [274], [375].
“Scree”, [152].
Scrope, P., cited, [96], [124], [146].
Sea caves, [234];
elevated, [248].
Sea coves, [233].
Seaquakes, [69];
distribution of, [70];
downward movement of sea floor during, [81];
number and magnitude of, [81].
Section, geological, [46], [47];
across mountain wall about desert, [212].
Sederholm, J. J., cited, [315].
Sedimentary rocks, [30];
of chemical precipitation, [464];
of mechanical origin, [463];
of organic origin, [464].
Seismic sea wave, [69];
Japan, 1896, [70].
Seismotectonic lines, [87].
Sekiya, S., cited, [141], [148].
Séracs, [391].
Serapeum, at Pozzuoli, [254].
Sericite schist, [465].
Series, conformable, [51];
unconformable, [51].
Serpentine, [460].
Shackleton, Sir Ernest, cited, [17], [282], [283], [292], [295].
Shadow erosion, [206].
Shadow weathering, [203].
Shale, [464].
Shaler, N. S., cited, [7], [157], [244], [306], [317], [319].
Shapes of rock folds, [43].
Shaw, E. W., cited, [425].
Shearing, in folds, [45].
“Sheep backs”, [276].
Shelf, continental, [18], [19].
Shelf ice, [281], [282], [283];
of ice age, [317].
Sherzer, W. H., cited, [294].
Shields, of lithosphere, [436].
Shingle, [239].
Shoal water deposits, [36].
Shore current, work of, [237], [238].
Shore lines, elevated, [340];
migration of landward with uplift, [251].
Side delta lakes, [418], [419].
Siderite, [456].
Sieberg, A., cited, [92].
Sieger, R., cited, [259].
Siliceous lava, viscous, [103].
Siliceous sinter, [194].
Sills, [142].
Sinclair, W. J., cited, [152].
Sink lakes, [421].
Sinks, in limestone, [182].
Sinter, calcareous, [184];
siliceous, [194].
Sinter columns, formation of, [185].
Sinter deposits, [184].
Sjögren, Otto, cited, [225].
Skaptár fissure in Iceland, [99].
Skyline, straight, of mature upland, [170].
Slate, clay, [466].
Slichter, C. S., cited, [195].
Slickensides, on fault, [60].
Smith, George Otis, cited, [173].
Smithsonite, [456].
“Smoke” of volcanoes, nature of, [128].
Smyth, C. H., Jr., cited, [157].
Snake river, Idaho, lava plains of, [102].
Snickers Gap, [177].
Snow, B. W., cited, [193].
Snowdrift sites, [368].
Snow line, [261].
Soil striping, [154].
Solfatara condition of volcanoes, [97].
Solger, F., cited, [222].
Sonklar, cited, [386].
Spallanzani, cited, [115].
Spatter cones, [104].
Speculative philosophy vs. observational geology, [5].
Spencer, J. W., cited, [260], [344], [350], [353], [366].
Spethmann, H., cited, [267].
Sphalerite, [453].
Spherulites, [33].
Spherulitic texture, of igneous rocks, [33].
Sphinx, erosion by natural sand blast, [205].
Spits, [240].
Spitzbergen, [154].
Springs, fissure, [190], [195];
surface, [181];
thermal, [190].
Stability, not the order of nature, [4].
Stacks, [233];
Stage of adolescence, [169], [170].
Stairway, cascade, [376].
Stalactites, growth of, [184].
Stalagmites, formation of, [185].
Staurolite, [460].
Steppes, [215].
Still river, of Connecticut, history of, [338].
Stone, G. H., cited, [253], [260], [315], [319].
“Stone ginger”, [208].
“Stone lattice”, [205], [206].
“Stone rivers”, [153].
Strahan, A., cited, [318].
Strand lakes, [424].
Strata, conformable, [51];
contortions of, [40].
Straths, [428].
Streak, of minerals, [451].
Stream capture, [179].
Stream, meandering, cross section of, [163];
braided, [280];
intermittent, [180].
Stream velocity, determined by gradient, [158].
Strike, [46].
Striped ground, [154].
Strokr, [193].
Strombolian eruptions, [117].
Stromboli, cinder cone of, [115];
excentric crater of, [115];
explanation of eruptions in, [116], [117].
Structure, cross-bedded, [37].
Submerged channels, of rivers, [252].
Submergence of land, during earthquakes, [80].
Suess, E., cited, [19], [142], [259], [277], [425], [436], [437], [438], [446].
Suffioni, arrangement on faults, [87].
Surface moraines, [277].
Surface springs, [181].
“Swallow holes”, [182], [422].
Swamp lands, drained during earthquakes, [83].
Sweinfurth, G., cited, [222].
Syenite, [462].
Symbols, T., to express strike and dip, [48].
Synclinal folds, [42].
Synclines, [42].
System of fractures, [55].
Taal volcano, double explosive eruption of 1911, [120], [121].
Table mountains, origin of, [112].
Takyr, [216].
Talc, [460].
Talc schist, [465].
Talmage, J. E., cited, [221].
Tangier-Smith, W. S., cited, [260].
Tarr, R. S., cited, [77], [92], [233], [260], [295], [301].
Taylor, F. B., cited, [259], [330], [339], [342], [343], [346], [350], [355], [366].
Tectonic lakes, [424].
Temperature, diurnal changes of, in deserts, [202].
Temple of Jupiter Serapis, oscillations of level of, [254], [255].
Terminal moraine, of Pleistocene glaciations, [298], [299].
Terminal moraines, of mountain glaciers, [394].
Terraced valleys, [320], [321].
Terraces, built, [235];
river, [165], [178], [320], [321];
rock, [215].
Terra Rossa, of Karst region, [188].
Tessellated pavement, from soil flow, [154].
Tethys, ocean of, [16].
Tetrahedron, reciprocal relations of antipodal parts, [13];
truncated, toward which earth is tending, [12].
Tetrahedrons, twin, [16].
Thaw water, soil flow in presence of, [153].
Theory, evolved from working hypothesis, [6];
mixture with observation, on maps, [63].
Thermal springs, [190].
Thickness of formations, [65].
Thompson, Bertha, cited, [155].
Thomson and Tait, cited, [29].
Thomson, Wyville, cited, [296].
Thoroddsen, Th., cited, [103], [123], [147], [267].
Throw, on faults, [59].
Thrusts, [45].
“Tidal waves”, [70].
Tides, effect on a fluid earth, [20].
Tidewater glaciers, [290], [386].
Tillite, [31].
Till plains, [311].
Tivoli, travertine of, [184].
Tombolas, [241].
Tongues, ice, on margin of continental glaciers, [272].
Topographic maps, [61];
preparation of, [467].
Topography, built up, [301];
constructional, [309];
destructional, [309];
fault, [65];
fold, [65];
incised, [301];
knob and basin, [314].
Top-set beds, [167].
Tourmaline, [460].
Tower, W. S., cited, [178].
Trachyte, [463].
Transgression, of the sea, [37].
Transparency, of minerals, [451].
Trees, how affected by advancing lava, [133];
undermined on stream meanders, [164].
“Trellis drainage”, [175].
Troughline, of a syncline, [42].
Trunk channels of descending water, [181].
Tsunamis, [70].
T symbols, to express strike and dip, [48].
Tufa, calcareous, [464].
Tunnels, lava, [111], [112], [125].
Twin tetrahedrons, [16].
Tyndall, John, cited, [192], [196].
Udden, J. A., cited, [222].
Unconformable series, [51].
Unconformity, [65];
episodes in history of, [52];
meaning of, [51].
Underfolding, of earth’s shell, [437].
Underground water, [180].
Undertow, [236].
Unstable erosion remnants, in “driftless area”, [300].
Upham, Warren, cited, [325], [327], [339], [344], [350].
Upland, fretted, [372], [373];
maturely dissected, [170];
mature, unfavorable to commercial development, [171];
newly incised, [169];
partially dissected, [160];
progressive investment of, by cirques, [374].
Uplift, marks of, on coasts, [245];
sudden, of coasts, [247].
Upraised cliffs, [249].
Uptilt, in basin of Lake Agassiz, [350];
of glaciated area, evidence that it continues, [348-350];
of glaciated area, supposed nature of, [344-347].
U-shaped valleys, [374].
Usu-san (New Mountain), birth of, [96].
Valley moraine lakes, [400], [413].
Valleys, hanging, [378];
of V-form, [172];
U-shaped, [374].
Van Hise, C. R., cited, [54].
Varnish, desert, [201].
Veatch, A. C., cited, [418], [425].
Verbeek, R. D. M., cited, [100], [142], [147], [148].
Vesicular texture, of extrusive rocks, [32].
Victoria Falls, [225].
Vincentius of Beauvais, cited, [9].
Volcanic ash, [122].
“Volcanic bombs”, [121].
Volcanic dust, [122].
Volcanic eruptions, during changes in earth’s figure, [15].
Volcanic lakes, [424].
Volcanic mountains, of ejected materials, [115];
of exudation, [94].
Volcanic necks, [140].
Volcanic pipes, [140].
Volcanic projectiles, [121].
Volcanic rocks, [32].
Volcanic sand, [122].
Volcano belts, of the earth, [98].
Volcano, definition of, [95].
Volcano, eruption in 1888, [118], [120], [147];
Volcanoes, active, [97];
arrangement over fissures, [99];
birth of, [96];
cone-producing period of, [127];
convulsive eruptions of, [105];
crater-producing period of, [128];
dormant, [97];
early views concerning, [95];
“elevation-crater” theory of, [95];
explosive eruptions of, [105];
extinct, [97];
fissure eruptions of, [101];
location at fissure intersections, [100];
map of, in Java, [100];
migration of vent along fissure, [101], [124];
misconceptions concerning, [94];
mud flows after eruptions, [138];
of Gulf of Guinea, [101];
regarded as retaining walls, [124], [125];
relation to mountain ranges, [144];
sequence of events within chimney of, during eruption, [134], [135];
solfataric activity of, [97];
three types of, [105].
V-shaped valley, [172].
Vulcanello, [119].
Vulcanian eruptions, [117], [125].
Waltershausen, S. von, cited, [148].
Walther, Johannes, cited, [201], [202], [203], [204], [205], [206], [211], [215], [221].
Wandering dunes, [209].
Warren river, [416].
“Washes”, [213].
Water, derangement of flow during earthquakes, [83];
ground, [180];
percolating, rôle of, [149];
running, earth features shaped by, [169];
shot up in sheets during earthquake, [83];
thaw, soil flow in presence of, [153].
Water gaps, [176].
Water pipes, buckled in ground, during earthquakes, [75].
Water table, [180];
extreme depth of, [201], [203].
Water wave, effect of breaking on shore, [233];
free, [232];
motion of, [231].
Watson, T. L., cited, [259].
Wave, water, the motion of, [231].
Wave base, [232].
Wave length, [231].
Weathering, carbonization, [151];
chemical, [149];
chemical agents of, [149];
dry, [201];
exfoliation, [151];
frost action, [152];
hydration, [151];
in relation to climate, [150];
internal, in deserts, [201];
mechanical, [149];
of lithosphere surface, [29];
shadow, [203];
two contrasted processes of, [149].
Wed (Wadi), [212], [213], [214].
Weed, W. H., cited, [196], [441], [447].
West Indies, seismotectonic lines of, [88].
Wheeler, W. H., cited, [244].
Whirlpool basin, at Niagara, [359];
excavation of, [360].
Whitbeck, R. H., cited, [319].
White, David, cited, [318].
Willis, Bailey, cited, [45], [54], [157], [260], [318].
Winchell, N. H., cited, [354].
Wind, in relation to location of glaciers, [377];
in relation to mountain glaciers, [367].
Wind distribution of snow, [367].
Wind gaps, [176].
Windkanten, [205].
Wind poles, of the earth, [263];
of earth, earlier, [297].
Wintergreen Flats, site of captured fall, [358].
Wisconsin diamonds, [307], [308].
Woodworth, J. B., cited, [74], [351].
Worcester, Dean C., cited, [96].
Working hypothesis, [6].
Workman, Fanny Bullock, cited, [294].
Workman, W. H., cited, [294].
Wright, F. E., cited, [351].
Yellowstone National Park, [33], [191], [193], [194].
Zahn, G. W. von, cited, [244].
Zigzag ranges, due to plunging folds, [51].
Zittel, K. v., cited, [19].
Zone of diverse displacement, [439].
Zones, of deposition, surrounding desert, [216], [217];
upper and lower cloud, [268], [269].
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