CHAPTER I
[1]D. O. Wagner, Social Reformers from Adam Smith to John Dewey (New York: 1934), 213-239. Harry W. Laidler, Social-Economic Movements, An Historical and Comparative Survey of Communism, Cooperation, Utopianism: and Other Systems of Reform and Reconstruction (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1946), 44-117. For general discussion concerning the period see Revue des Deux Mondes, XXIIIe Annee, Seconde serie de la Nouvelle Period, III, No. 1, 1853, 320-345, and especially, 1852, No. 3, 508-545.
[2]For a criticism of Fourier’s ideas and system see Mme. C. Coignet, Victor Considerant, sa Vie, son Oeuvre (Paris, France, 1895), 5-9; Frederic Engels, Socialism, Utopian and Scientific, translated by Deward Aveling (Chicago, 1914), 63-66; Harry W. Laidler, A History of Socialist Thought (New York, 1927). For a more extensive biography, La Grande Encyclopedie Nouvelle Biographie Generale depuis les Temps les plus Recules Jusqua nos jours, XII; Coignet, op. cit., 2-5. Fourier’s chief works are Le Noveau Monde Industrial et Societaire, 1829; Traité de l’association Domestiquée Agricole au Attraction Industrielle, 2 Vols., 1822; La Theorie des Quarte Mouvements et de Destinées Générales. For materials on related discussions see A. Grandin, Bibliographie des Science, etc. For a biography see F. August Bebel, Charles Fourier, Sein Leben Und Seine Theorien (Stuttgart, 1888).
[3]For a plan of phalanstery see [Appendix B]. Compare Albert Brisbane, Social Destiny of Man: or, Associations and Reorganization of Industry (Philadelphia, 1840), 353-354. For an extensive study see items listed in Egbert, op. cit., II, 132-135.
[4]Frederic Engels had a very high appreciation of Fourier; he said: “Fourier is not only a critic; his imperturbable serene nature makes him a satirist, and assuredly one of the greatest satirists of all times.... He was the first to declare that in any given society the degree of woman’s emancipation is the natural measure of the general emancipation.” See Frederic Engels, op. cit., 64-65. Ferrari, “Des Idées de L’école de M. Fourier depuïs 1830” in Revue des Deux Mondes, XI, August 1, 1845, No. 3, 389-434.
[5]Eugene Fourniere, “Le Rèigne de Louis-Philippe, 1830-1848,” in Histoire Socialiste, 1789-1900, edited by Jean Jaures, 322-326.
[6]Coignet, op. cit., 1-16. For a list of his writings see Victor P. Considerant, in LaRousse du XXe Siécle, II, 425.
[7]Coignet, Victor Considerant, sa Vie, son Oeuvre, 11-22; see also Eugene Fourniére, op. cit.; Savardan, Un Naufrage au Texas (Paris, 1858), iii, 11-23.
[8]Coignet, op. cit., 29-34.
[9]Ibid.; Albert Brisbane, A Mental Biography With a Character Study by His Wife, Redelia Brisbane (Boston, 1893), 194; Hereafter cited as Mental Biography; Savardan, op. cit.; Victor Prosper Considerant, The Great West, A New Social and Industrial Life in Its Fertile Regions (New York, 1854) passim. Hereafter cited as The Great West.
[10]Eugene Fourniére, op. cit., 444.
[11]Brisbane, Mental Biography, 195.
[12]Brisbane, in the preface of Considerant, The Great West; see also, Considerant, Contre M. Arago Réclamation addresse a la Chambre des Deputies par les Redacteurs du Feuilleton de la Phalange. Suive de la Théorie Droit de Propriété, Paris, 1840.
[13]Albert Brisbane, op. cit., 315.
[14]New York Tribune, January 1, 1853, quoting the Allegemeine Zeitung.
[15]Albert Brisbane, op. cit., vii. For a short bibliography of Brisbane see Charles A. Madison, Critics and Crusaders (New York, 1947-1948), 114-133.
[16]Albert Brisbane, op. cit., 177; a further development of Brisbane’s ideas along this line is found in his Social Destiny of Man.
[17]Brisbane, Mental Biography, xi; For a discussion of Brisbane’s efforts in literature and propaganda see John Humphrey Noyes, History of American Socialist (New York, 1870), xvii, entitled “Literature of Fourierism.”
[18]Brisbane, op. cit., 211.
[19]See infra. iv: [footnote 25].
[20]Brisbane, Social Destiny of Man, or Associations and Reorganization of Industry (Philadelphia, 1840), 5-40.
[21]Brisbane, op. cit., 40.
[22]For a full list of writers and supporters see Noyes, History of Socialism, 211-231; C. Nordhoff, Communistic Societies of the United States (New York, 1875).
[23]For additional information concerning Fourierism in the United States, see William Alford Hinds, American Communities (Chicago, 1902), 221, 254, a list of phalanges on page 224; Albert Shaw, Icaire, A Chapter in the History of Communism (New York, 1884), ii.