EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS CONTINUED.

THE ABDOMEN, AND ITS PARTS.

The abdomen of insects, which we are next to consider, is the third great section of the body, and is the seat of the organs of generation, as well as of a principal part of those connected with respiration. My remarks upon it will be under the following heads: Its substance; articulation with the trunk; composition; shape and proportions; its appendages; and its clothing.

i. Substance. Under this head I may observe in general, that where the abdomen is protected by hard elytra or tegmina, as in most Coleoptera, and many Heteropterous Hemiptera, the upper side is generally of a softer and more flexible substance than the under, which from its exposure requires a greater degree of hardness and firmness to prevent its being injured. In some,—as the Dynastidæ and those beetles whose elytra are connate, or as it were soldered together, the former is scarcely more than membrane. In others of the above tribes, nearly the whole of the back of whose abdomen, as in Staphylinus; or only its anal extremity, as in Melolontha; or its sides, as in Lygæus, &c., is not covered by the elytra or tegmina, that part, as was requisite for its protection, is harder than the covered portion.

ii. Articulation with the trunk. Two distinct modes of this articulation take place:—in the first the abdomen is united to the trunk by the whole diameter of its base, without any appearance of incision; in the other only a small part of that diameter, with a very visible incision. All the Orders, except the majority of the Hymenoptera and Diptera, and the Araneidæ, belong to the first of these sections; for in all these the aperture by which the abdomen is suspended to the trunk, occupies the whole of the base; I say suspended, because, though in many cases it inosculates in the posterior cavity of the latter part, it does not in all, and the margins of the orifice are united by ligament to those of that cavity. Indeed, in the Coleoptera and others that have a somewhat prominent metaphragm [2125], the trunk may with more propriety be said to inosculate in the abdomen. With regard to the second section,—those in which the orifice is of less diameter than the base, occupying only a portion of it,—it may be further subdivided into those whose abdomen is sessile, and those in which it is united to the trunk by the intervention of a long or short pedicle or footstalk: to the first of these subdivisions belong all those Diptera that have an incision between the trunk and abdomen—for many tribes of this Order, as the Tipulidæ, Asilidæ, &c., belong rather to the first section—and the Araneidæ; the abdomen, however, in all is merely suspended, without any inosculation. To the second subdivision belong all the Hymenoptera, except the Tenthredinidæ and Siricidæ, the abdomen of which is united to the trunk by the whole diameter of its base; these may be further subdivided into those that have a very short pedicle and those that have a long one; but as the mode of articulation in both these is the same, there will be no necessity to consider them separately. M. Cuvier has included the Diptera and Araneidæ in the same tribe with such Hymenoptera as have a petiolate abdomen [2126]; but as the manner in which the latter articulates with the trunk is widely different from that of the Diptera &c., I thought it best to consider them as distinct; especially as in the Diptera there is no tendency to a pedicle, while only the above two tribes of Hymenoptera are wholly without it. This learned author thus describes the articulation where the abdomen is connected by a pedicle. "They have," says he, "a real solid articulation, a kind of hinge in which the first segment is emarginate above, and receives a saliant portion of the trunk upon which it moves; this articulation is rendered solid by elastic and powerful ligaments; muscles which have their attachment in the interior of the trunk are inserted in this first segment, and determine the extent of its movement[2126]." But this passage by no means conveys an adequate idea of the singular mechanism by which the Divine Artificer has enabled these little creatures to impart the necessary movements to an organ so bulky compared with its very diminutive point of attachment. As no author that has fallen in my way has examined the articulation of the abdomen with the trunk in these Hymenoptera with the attention which it merits [2127], I shall enlarge a little upon it. You would be surprised, and not without reason incredulous, were I seriously to assert that these insects lift their weighty posteriors by means of a rope and pulley; yet something like this really does take place, though not with all in a manner equally striking. The point of articulation in the insects in question, except in Evania, is at the base of the metathorax just above the posterior pair of legs: here you see a small orifice, either insulated or connected by a narrow opening with the larger one, when the abdomen is removed, which in many instances, as in the common wasp, is surmounted by another still smaller, through which, if you examine it attentively, you will find there is transmitted a flat and sometimes broadish ligament or rather tendon, in which the levator muscles of the abdomen, attached by their other end to the metaphragm [2128], terminate: another minute orifice above the base of the pedicle affords a point of attachment to the tendon, so as to give it prize upon the abdomen. Here the upper orifice in the trunk is the pulley (trochlea)[2129], the tendon is the rope (funiculus)[2129], and the abdomen is the weight to be lifted. When the muscles contract, the tendon, running over the edge of the aperture, is pulled in, and the part just named is elevated; and when they are relaxed the tendon is let out, and it falls. Some little variation in the structure takes place in different tribes: thus, in the Formicidæ, Scoliadæ, &c., instead of a separate orifice, the part I call the pulley is merely an upper sinus of the large orifice that receives the pedicle of the abdomen. The shape of these orifices, both of the trunk and abdomen, varies in different genera: thus, in the bee it is triangular, with the vertex reversed; and in the wasp the upper one is circular, and the lower one transversely oblong; but in all, the apertures of the trunk correspond with those of the abdomen. In Evania, in which the minute abdomen is inserted in the upper side of the metathorax, there is scarcely any trace of this structure. With regard to the articulation of the pedicle itself with the lower orifice of the trunk, it appears simply suspended, with little or no inosculation. I may observe under this head, that though the abdomen in almost all insects is wholly clear of the cavity of the trunk, yet in some Phalangidæ (Gonyleptes K.) it appears almost retracted within it [2130].

iii. Composition. I shall next consider the segments into which the abdomen is usually divided, their number, and other circumstances connected with them. In the Hippoboscidæ, Acaridæ, Phalangidæ, and Araneidæ, the part we are considering is not divided into segments, though in some instances, as in Gonyleptes and the cancriform Epeiræ[2131], they are represented by folds; but in the great majority of insects it consists of several dorsal and ventral pieces or segments, forming by their union the annuli or rings into which it appears divided. The number of these abdominal segments varies in different insects; I have noticed more than twenty such variations, and probably there are many more. Before I give you them in detail, I must first observe that the dorsal and ventral segments, though sometimes they correspond in number, yet very often do not, the dorsal most commonly exceeding the ventral by a segment; in a few cases however the reverse takes place. In the sexes also there is frequently a difference in the number of segments, as has been before observed [2132]. I shall express the variations in question by two figures, the first representing the number of dorsal segments, and the second the ventral—they usually only express the apparent segments: perhaps a very general examination and dissection might bring many of them nearer to a common type.

1:1.	Chelonus.
3:3.	Chrysidæ[2133].
4:2.	Leucospis[2134].
5:5.	Syrphus.
5:6.	Halictus ♀.
6:5.	Nepa.
6:6.	Halictus ♂.
6:6.	Belostoma.
7:5.	Curculio L.
7:5.	Cerambyx L.
7:6.	Dytiscus ♀.
7:7.	Ammophila, &c.
8:6.	Dytiscus ♂.
8:6.	Lucanus, &c.
8:7.	Geotrupes Latr.
8:8.	Pimpla.
8:10.	Euchlora M^cL.[2135]?
8:13.	Scutigera.
9:5.	Carabus Latr.
9:6.	Gymnopleurus Ill.
9:7.	Perga Leach ♀.
9:8.	Perga ♂.
10:7.	Locusta Leach ♀.
10:8.	—————– ♂.
10:10.	Æshna.
11:7.	Phasma.
11:9.	Chelifer.
12:11.	Thelyphonus.
Many:	Myriapoda.

I shall next explain the articulation of the segments with each other, both that of the rings formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral pieces, and that of those pieces themselves. In general it may be stated with respect to the former, that each ring is suspended by ligament to that which precedes it; but this takes place in three ways—in some the margins of the suspended rings touch each other only, with little or no inosculation; in others the dorsal segments only touch, and the base of each ventral is covered more or less by the apex of the preceding one; and in others again the base of the whole ring, both above and below, is so covered, or inosculates. The first kind here mentioned you will find exemplified in Melolontha, Geotrupes, Musca, &c.; the second in Scorpio; and the third in Staphylinus, the Hymenoptera, and many others. In the Coleoptera, says M. Cuvier, speaking of the movements of the abdomen, the rings only touch each other at the margin, and the movement is very limited; whilst in the Hymenoptera they are so many little hoops, which inosculate in each other as the tubes of a telescope, one third only of their extent often appearing uncovered [2136]. We see the reason of this structure when we consider the calls they have for greater powers of movement in this part in laying their eggs, and annoying their enemies and assailants; and also in the Staphylinidæ to enable them to turn up their abdomen like a scorpion, both as a posture of attack, and to fold their wings: in all cases, however, as far as my observation goes, these animals, when they want to lengthen this part, can disengage the rings from almost all inosculation, so that no impediment remains to any movement.

The articulation of the dorsal and ventral segments with each other is next to be considered. In Iulus and some Centroti the ring appears to be formed of a single piece, with scarcely any trace of the existence of any such division; it is however almost universal, and is of three descriptions; in the first the dorsal segments are united to the ventral at the lateral margin or edge of the abdomen; in the second it is above this margin, and in the third below it. You will find that in Fulgora and many other Homopterous Hemiptera these segments unite at the margin, as they do likewise in Cimex lectularius belonging to the other Hemipterous section; but in the rest of the Heteropterous tribes, the ventral segments turn upwards, and their union with the dorsal is in the back of the abdomen; in these the Hemelytra and wings only cover the dorsal segments, leaving the edge, formed of the ends of the ventral, uncovered. The Lamellicorn beetles also, and many other Coleoptera, exhibit the same structure. To the last description, in which the dorsal segments turn down to meet the ventral, belong the Lepidoptera, Locusta Leach; likewise Sirex, Chrysis, and many other Hymenoptera. The articulation between these segments is by means of an elastic membranous ligament, which usually is not externally visible; but in many instances, in which the connecting ligament is of a firmer substance, as in Scorpio, Thelyphonus, and Phrynus, it is very conspicuous, and in the latter genus exhibits many longitudinal folds, as it does likewise in Gryllotalpa, which must permit a vast extension of the abdomen. In this membrane, in some cases, as in Dynastes M^cL., Melolontha, &c., the two or three first spiracles are fixed [2137]. In the Hymenoptera and many other insects the dorsal segments do not unite by their margin with the ventral, but the end of each dorsal laps over that of the corresponding ventral.

Dorsal segments[2138]. I shall next notice the segments seriatim, in the order of their occurrence, beginning with the dorsal ones. The most remarkable circumstance with respect to these that occurs to my recollection takes place in the Cancroid spiders (Epeira cancriformis, aculeata, &c.), in which the back of the abdomen is formed by a plate, in some extended in a transverse direction (E. cancriformis), in others in a longitudinal one (E. aculeata), of a much harder substance than the under side and quite flat, set with strong sharp spines, in the former species apparently moveable, and terminating behind in a piece resembling in some measure the scutellum of the Stratyomidæ and similarly armed with a pair of spines [2139]: in E. aculeata the sides of the abdomen, under the plate, have a number of longitudinal folds like those of Phrynus. In Cryptocerus, a genus of ants peculiar to South America, the first segment, not reckoning the pedicle, forms almost the whole back of the abdomen, and the three last are so minute as scarcely to be distinguishable. Nothing very remarkable is exhibited by the other segments, except that in Trichius the penultimate is the largest; in some Staphylinidæ (S. splendens) and Brachini (B. melanocephalus) it is emarginate, and in the former tribe also often terminating in a white membrane. The dorsal segment most worthy of notice is the last, which is called the podex; for though in general it is a minute piece, often retracted within the abdomen and invisible, as in many Diptera, yet sometimes it is the most conspicuous of the dorsal segments. It is most commonly triangular, and usually deflexed and forming an angle with a horizontal line; but in Clytra, Chlamys, and Oryctes, it is inflexed; in many Lamellicorns it is nearly vertical. In Tettigonia F., many other Homopterous Hemiptera, and some Hymenoptera (Cimbex), its sides turn down and become ventral; on its lower side it has in these a longitudinal cavity which receives the ovipositor in repose [2140]. In many other insects it unites with the last ventral segment, the hypopygium, to form a tube for that organ, as you will find in Callidium violaceum[2141], many Muscidæ, and Thelyphonus. As to its termination the podex is sometimes bifid, Blatta; bipartite, Ranatra; mucronate, Sirex; acuminate, Melolontha vulgaris, Trichius hemipterus. Generally this part is flat; but the disk is elevated or gibbous in Oryctes and some other Lamellicorns. In the majority of the Coleoptera Order it is quite covered by the wings and elytra; but in many of the last-mentioned tribe, and sometimes the penultimate segment also, it is not covered by them [2142]. In some insects the piece we are considering appears to consist of two segments; in the male of Locusta morbillosa the whole podex is rhomboidal, but it is formed by two triangular pieces which articulate with each other; this structure permits the more easy elevation of the terminal one for the extrusion of the feces.

Ventral Segments[2143]. We are now to turn our attention to the ventral segments of the abdomen. The first of them is what is called the epigastrium[2144] in the table. This part, according to M. Chabrier, is of considerable importance to the animal in flight, as, by its pressure against the trunk, not only regulating the movements of the abdomen, but as, in his opinion, contributing to push forward the trunk [2145] in the descent of the animal. It is remarkable only in the Coleoptera and Heteropterous Hemiptera, to which my observations upon it will be confined. It may be stated as usually consisting of two articulations, that nearest the trunk being narrow, and in the Predaceous beetles [2146], as also in Scutellera, Pentatoma, &c., interrupted in the middle [2147]. In many Lamellicorns this joint is concealed under the posterior coxæ, and with the anterior part of the second forms a hollow cavity for their reception; this last joint is what is properly the Epigastrium, the former, especially when distinct, being called in the table the Hypochondria. In Sagra and Brentus the epigastrium is particularly conspicuous for its size, in the former occupying half, and in the latter nearly two-thirds of the under side of the abdomen; but in general it is distinguished from the remaining segments only by the central mucro or point that terminates it towards the trunk [2148], and which is received by a sinus of the metasternum; this point is generally minute and triangular, but in Sagra it is large and rounded at the extremity, and in Calandra it terminates nearly in a transverse line somewhat waving. It is most remarkable, however, in some species of the Heteropterous genus Edessa F.; for in E. nigripes and affinities it is a sharp sterniform conical horn, which passing between the four posterior legs covers the end of the promuscis. In fact, this part appears a kind of abdominal sternum. In the Cetoniadæ, &c., the Hypochondria unite before this mucro, and form a ridge which articulates with it, and dips towards the abdominal cavity; in Scolytus the epigastrium is much elevated from the rest of the ventral segments, so that the under side of the abdomen appears as if it were suddenly cut off, whence Herbst's awkward though not inexpressive name, Ekkoptogaster; this part in this genus has something of a posterior mucro.

The intermediate ventral segments exhibiting no very remarkable peculiarities, I shall pass them without further notice, and call your attention to the last, which is opposed to the podex, and which I have named the hypopygium[2149]. Though usually a single small piece, in Edessa and many Pentatomæ it consists of several plates; and in Trichius it is very large: it is mostly intire, but in the male Dytisci it is cleft; in Lamia ocellata trilobed; in Edessa tripartite; in Centrotus Taurus it is boat-shaped and hollowed out to receive the stalk of the ovipositor. It is also generally in the same line with the body, but in Xenos it is turned up and bent inwards [2150].

iv. Shape. With regard to shape, in some Orders the abdomen varies considerably; but the most general form is one that approaches to trigonal, so that a transverse section will be a triangle, with the vertex more or less obtuse, and the base more or less convex; some tendency to this form will often be found even in those insects whose abdomen appears almost as flat as a leaf, as in many Aradi. In the hive-bee the transverse section is almost an equilateral triangle; in Belostoma grandis the disk of the under side of the part in question is longitudinally elevated into a trigonal ridge, the section of which is an equilateral triangle, the sides being quite flat. In general, in the vertical section of an abdomen, the vertex of the triangle points downwards, but in Libellula F. it points upwards. In Blatta this section is nearly lanceolate; in Staphylinus olens it is a segment of a circle with the convex side downwards; in Æshna F. with that side upwards; and in Agrion the section is circular. In Copris, Ateuchus, &c., the abdomen is very short and thick; in Staphylinus slender and long; in Aradus, Nepa, &c., depressed and flat; compressed in Ophion and Evania; conical in Cœlyoxis; rhomboidal in many Mantes; boat-shaped in many Lygæi; fusiform in various Papilionidæ; lanceolate in some Ichneumonidæ, falcate in others; nearly round in Diapria pupurascens; ovate in Lyrops; elliptical in Andrena; oblong in many Xylocopæ; heart-shaped in the naked Euglossæ; triangular in Dytiscus; gibbous in Flata; and vaulted in Chrysis. At its base it is truncated in Sirex; retuse in most bees; forming the segment of a circle in Andrena; in general sessile, but in the majority of Hymenoptera, as has been already observed, terminating in a pedicle. The pedicle is very short in the Andrenidæ and Apidæ; long in the Sphecidæ; thick in the Formicidæ; slender in Evania; fusiform in Pelecinus; clavate in Ammophila; campanulate in many Vespidæ; nodose in Myrmica[2151]; squamigerous in Formica[2152]: it sometimes also consists of two joints, as in Ammophila and many Vespidæ. As to margin, some have none, as Centrotus; in others, as Dytiscus, it is very narrow; in others again, wide and flat, as in the Nepidæ; in Staphylinus, &c., it is distinguishable only on the upper side of the abdomen; in Locusta Leach only on the under side, though mostly intire; it is serrated in Blatta, sinuated in Acanthia paradoxa, and crenated in Cerceris.

v. Proportions. These vary greatly in the different tribes; in some the abdomen is long and slender, as in Locusta, and Staphylinus; disproportionably so in a remarkable degree in some Agrionidæ from South America, as A. lineare, &c.[2153]; in others it is extremely short and thick, as in Copris, &c.; a mere appendage in Evania; it is shorter than the elytra in Trox; of the same length in most beetles; longer in Melolontha, Hister, &c.; disproportionably so in Staphylinus: though usually of the same width with the trunk, in many Mantidæ it is much wider [2154]; and more slender in the Libellulina, Myrmeleon, &c.

vi. Arms and Appendages[2155]. These are various; and may be considered under the following heads: processes; organs of respiration, motion and prehension; weapons; and other anal appendages the use of which is unknown.

1. Processes. Under this term I include all prominences of whatever kind, whether tubercles, teeth, spines, or horns, that arm any part of the abdomen. Many of these are sexual characters, and have been sufficiently described in a former letter [2156]; I need not therefore detain you long on this head. Of the first kind is a remarkable elevation that distinguishes the second ventral segment of Scolytus Destructor (Ips Scolytus Marsh.) or of a species allied to it [2157]; in S. pygmæus (I. multistriatus Marsh.) the same segment is armed by a flat horizontal tooth or horn; in an Aradus from Brazil, before alluded to [2158] (A. laminatus K. MS.), the margin of the abdomen is surrounded by eight flat subquadrangular laminæ; in another species figured by Stoll [2159], it is cut out into bays by a number of denticulated teeth; and in Acanthia paradoxa by long spinose lobes [2160]. In Edessa F., another genus of bugs, the abdomen usually terminates in four strong sharp dentiform spines, the intermediate ones being the shortest, and in some the margin is also armed with spines [2161]; occasionally the anal spines are very long [2162]. In addition to the ventral horns before mentioned that distinguish the sexes of some insects [2163]; the males of the genus Conops, a two-winged fly, have, on the antepenultimate ventral segment, a singular process, varying in length and shape in the different species, standing nearly at right angles with the belly, convex towards the trunk, and concave towards the anus. De Geer supposes that with the anal extremity this forms a forceps with which this fly seizes the other sex [2164].

2. Organs of respiration[2165]. I shall defer my account of the spiracles, and other external respiratory organs, till I come to treat of the system of respiration in insects, when every thing connected with that subject will be most properly discussed; but there are certain appearances in some insects, which at first sight seem to partake of the same character, but which being really independent of that vital function, may here have their place. If you examine the abdomen of the mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa vulgaris), you will easily discover the true spiracles in the folds of the pulmonarium, which separates the back of that part from the belly; if you next inspect the five intermediate segments of the latter, you will discover on each nearer the base a pair of oblique little channels, which precisely resemble closed spiracles. These may be denominated false or blind spiracles. Again, if you examine the pupa of any Scutellera or Pentatoma, in which tribe the true spiracles are ventral, you will discover, placed in a square on the two or three intermediate dorsal segments, four or six elevated points resembling spiracles, but not perforated, connected often by corrugations in the skin or crust [2166]; in the larvæ also of some Reduvii the first minute dorsal segment, at each lateral extremity, has a similar elevation with a central umbilicus precisely resembling a spiracle, but still not perforated: another instance of false spiracles in this section of the Hemiptera, is furnished by Aradus laminatus before mentioned, in the perfect insect; between the spiracle and the margin of each ventral segment is a white round callus, with a dark point resembling a perforation on its exterior side, and terminating internally in a channel covered by membrane leading to the disk of the segment, so that the whole in shape resembles a tobacco-pipe [2167]. A number of similar callosities with a central impression, but without any channel, variously disposed, are also to be found in another bug, Rhinuchus compressipes K.[2168] In the Homopterous section of this Order, a series of impressed points, which may be easily mistaken for spiracles, are to be discovered on both sides of the abdomen, at the margin in Centrotus, in which the real spiracles are quite concealed.

In spiders, as we learn from Treviranus, the open ventral spiracles of the scorpion are replaced by pseudo-spiracles; these in Epeira Diadema are three pair of small black points: on the back of the abdomen also are four pair, but in some species there are only two[2169]: the most remarkable, however, are exhibited by the cancriform spiders before noticed [2170]: in Epeira cancriformis, in the plate which covers the abdomen, they are dark red spots with an elevated rim and centre [2171] exactly resembling spiracles, except that they are not perforated; there are twenty-four of them, twenty arranged round the margin, and four in a square in the disk.

3. Organs of motion. In a former letter you were told that several insects are enabled to leap by means of organs in their abdomen; I shall now describe such of them as require further elucidation. I then said that Podura and Sminthurus, two apterous genera, take their leaps by means of an anal fork[2172]. In the former genus the fork consists of a single piece attached to the under side of the anus, and terminating in a pair of long slender sharp processes which articulate with it and form the fork or saltatorious instrument [2173]. In Sminthurus the tines, as they may be called, of the fork do not articulate with the base, but are of the same piece and consist of two joints, the terminal one being flat and obtuse [2174]. Machilis to the anal fork adds eight pair of ventral linear springs (Elastes), which are covered with hair or scales, and terminate in a bristle or two. I have on a former occasion mentioned the natatorious laminæ with which the anus of the larva of Agrion and of some Diptera is furnished [2175]; the same part in that of Dytiscus ends in a pair of tapering organs, fringed on each side like the hind-legs of the imago [2176], which doubtless assist it in swimming; those respiratory foliaceous laminæ which so singularly distinguish the abdomen of the larvæ of Ephemera, like the legs of the Branchiopod Crustacea, are probably used in some degree as fins, and aid their motions in the water [2177]. Under this head may also be mentioned the many-jointed bristles that form the long tails [2178] of the fly that proceeds from these larvæ, whose interesting history I long since enlarged upon; for when they fly the two lateral ones diverge from the central one, and perhaps perform the same office as the tail feathers (rectrices) of birds. These bristles are also to be found in Machilis[2179], and probably, as its leaps are almost as long as flights, for a similar purpose, to steady their motion. I may here lastly state that I once saw a Cryptophagus (Corticaria Marsh.), but I forgot to note the species, walking upon my window, which when it wanted to turn fixed itself to the glass by an inflated anal vesicle, and so accomplished its purpose.

4. Organs of Prehension[2180]. The abdominal organs of prehension are various; but as the great body of them are connected with the sexual intercourse of insects, I shall not consider them till I come to treat on that subject. The only remarkable one that is common to both sexes is that of the earwig, which is too well known to every child to call for any long description. The external organs of oviposition I shall also describe hereafter, and likewise those of secretion that have not already been noticed.

5. Weapons. As the stings of some Hymenoptera are analogous to the ovipositors of the majority of that Order, I shall consider them both together when I treat of the sexual organs of insects; but there is one, and that a tremendous one, not connected with those organs, which may be noticed here. I mean the sting of the scorpion. There appears to be some analogy between the poisonous fangs of one tribe of the Ophidian reptiles [2181], the mandibulæ of spiders [2182], the second pair of pedipalps, or the fangs of the Scolopendridæ[2183], and the organ in question [2184]; but the last possesses this peculiarity, that it is placed at the opposite extremity of the body, where it is preceded by a long jointed tail, which properly speaking is merely a continuation of the abdomen, since the spinal marrow, the intestinal canal, and the pseudocardia, are extended into it [2185]. Providence might have a double view in thus contracting the dimensions of this part of the abdomen; in the first place, the animal is by this enabled to turn its tail over its back preparatory to its inflicting a wound, and in the second, perhaps, this formation favours the sublimation of the venom, the long tail acting as an alembic for that purpose. This machine consists of six angular joints including the sting, the last but one being the longest, and the last inflated, as it were, at the base, and terminating in a sharp subulato-conical point which curves downwards, and has an orifice in a channel at the end on each side. Treviranus could not discover these orifices in the sting of Scorpio europæus[2186]; they may however be readily seen if viewed with a sufficiently high power, though not under a common pocket microscope. Whether the very slender, many-jointed, real tail of the remarkable genus Thelyphonus is used in any respect as a weapon, has not been ascertained: it is a filiform hairy organ consisting in some specimens of more than twenty joints, the first being very much larger than the rest [2187].

6. Appendages[2188]. We are lastly to advert to those appendages of the abdomen of which the use is not at present discovered. These are the styles (styli) of the Staphylinidæ; the leaflets (foliola) of the Libellulina; the floret (flosculus) of the Fulgoræ; the cerci of the Blattidæ and Gryllina; and the threads (fila) of Machilis: but having nothing important to add concerning them, the definitions of those terms will give you a sufficiently clear idea of them [2189]. As they are common to both sexes, if their use is connected with the sexual intercourse, it must be similar to that which Treviranus ascribes to the pectens of scorpions, they must be instruments of excitement.

And now, after this long discourse on the External Anatomy and structure of these little beings, you may think perhaps at first that the subject is exhausted; and that I must have discovered and described every part and every variation of every part of the crust of an insect. But when you go on to reflect what a comparatively small number of these creatures have fallen under my examination, and in those, after all my laborious and painful researches, from my limited faculties and other imperfections of our common nature, how much will probably have eluded my notice, you may conclude that thousands of facts still remain concealed to reward the patient assiduity of future investigators. Such are the immensity and variety of the works of the Creator in this department, that it would require a long life, and fill volumes upon volumes, to discover and give a description of all the peculiarities of structure of the insects that are already known; and could all that exist [2190] be so studied and explained in full detail, the library that the Calif Omar ordered to be burned at Alexandria could scarcely have contained more books than would be required to receive the results. But "who is sufficient for these things [2191]?" This is a question that the most able and most experienced physiologist must often feel disposed to put to himself when, lost in the intricate labyrinth of the works of his Maker, he sees all things arranged, "wheel within wheel," in an order that he can only partially unravel, instead of tracing the "regular confusion" through all its windings. But glimpses of light, and points of irradiation, here and there discover to fragments of the truth of things, and such vestiges of the grand system of the Deity, as enable him in some degree to appreciate, and dispose him humbly to adore that Wisdom, Power, and Goodness, that at first created and now sustains in its full beauty and harmony the wondrous whole.

I am, &c.

END OF THE THIRD VOLUME.

Printed by Richard Taylor,
Shoe-Lane, London.

[Plate VI]

[EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES][2192].

PLATE VI.[2193]

FIG.
1.	Head of Mylabris. Upper side, or face.
2.	–——————— Under side, or subface.
3.	Trophi of Dytiscus. Six pieces.
4.	Head of Locusta. Face.
5.	——————— Front view, to exhibit the mouth.
6.	Trophi of ditto. Seven pieces.
7.	Head of Cicada. Face.
8.	——— Scutellera. Subface.
9.	Trophi, or promuscis of Hemiptera. Three pieces.
10.	Head of Æshna. Face.
11.	——————– Front view.
12.	Trophi of ditto. Seven pieces.
13.	——– or antlia of Lepidoptera. Four pieces.
14.	——– of Panorpa. Three pieces.

[Plate VII]

PLATE VII.[2194]

FIG.
1.	Head and trophi of Phryganea L. Face.
2.	–——————— Vespa Crabro. Ditto.
3.	Trophi of Bombus.
4.	Head of Tabanus L. Face.
5.	Trophi or proboscis of ditto. (Reaum.)
6.	————————— Bombylius[2195].
7.	Head of Oxypterum. Face.
8.	Head of Pulex, with its antennæ and trophi, or rostrulum. Side view.
9.	——— Araneidæ, with the trunk.
10.	Trophi of ditto.
11.	Head of Scolopendra morsitans. Subface.
12.	————————————— Front view, to show the mouth.
13.	Trophi of ditto.
14.	Pharynx of Pentatoma. (Savigny.)

[Plate VIII]

PLATE VIII.[2196]

FIG.
1.	Prothorax of Lucanus. a. Apex. b. Base. c d. Sides. a. Disk.
2.	Antepectus of ditto.
3.	Alitrunk of ditto. Upper side. a. A piece between the metathorax and metaphragm.
4.	——————— Under side.
5.	Abdomen. Upper side, or tergum.
6.	———— Under side, or venter.
7.	Antepectus of Hydrophilus piceus.
8.	Alitrunk of ditto. Under side, to show the metasternum.
9.	Abdomen of Dynastes Aloeus, to show the dorsal and ventral spiracles.
10.	Prothorax of Locusta. a. Apex. b. Base, c c. Sides.
11.	Antepectus of ditto, to show the prosternum.
12.	Alitrunk of ditto. Upper side.
13.	——————— Under side.
14.	——————— Lateral view. Vol. III. p. 48.
15.	Abdomen of ditto. Lateral view.
16.	Alitrunk of Cicada Latr. Upper side.
17.	—————————— Under side. a. The piece in the ♀ corresponding to the drum-covers of the ♂.
18.	Abdomen, and part of postpectus of ♂ ditto. Under side, to show the drums. Vol. II. p. 405—.
19.	Abdomen, and part of postpectus of ♂. Lateral view, with the covers removed to show the machinery.
20.	Alitrunk. Upper side. Pentatoma.

[Plate IX]

PLATE IX.[2197]

FIG.
1.	Alitrunk of Cossus ligniperda. Upper side.
2.	Part of ditto, to show the mesophragm.
3.	————— Under side.
4.	Patagia of Lepidoptera. Upper and under sides. Vol. III. p. 368, 539.
5.	Tegulæ of ditto. Two species. Vol. III. p. 378.
6.	Prothorax of Æshna. a. The base elevated and forming an obtuse angle with the rest.
7.	Alitrunk of ditto. Upper side. a. Two elevated areas of the posterior parts of the collar, strengthened by a marginal ridge and denticles, internally connected by an elastic ligament, apparently to aid and sustain the powerful action of the wing-muscles.
8.	——————— Lateral view. a. A piece by which the mid-leg is connected with the scapular. Vol. III. p. 48, 565.
9.	Part of the abdomen of Libellula.
10.	Trunk of Semblis F. Upper side.
11.	Alitrunk of Vespa Crabro. Upper side. a. Aperture in the trunk for the passage of the ligament that elevates the abdomen.
12.	Lateral view of ditto.
13.	—————— posterior part of ditto, and of the base of the abdomen, to show the above apparatus. a. The aperture. Vol. III. p. 701.
14.	Head and part of the manitrunk of Tenthredo L. to show the membrane a. representing the prothorax. Vol. III. p. 550—.
15.	Alitrunk of Xiphydria. Upper side.
16.	————————— Lateral view.
17.	Part of trunk and abdomen of Formica, to show the squama. Vol. III. p. 389. 3.
18.	——————————– of Myrmica, to show the nodus. Vol. III. p. 389. 4.
19.	Alitrunk of Musca. Upper side. a. Alula or winglet.
20.	Metathorax of ditto.
21.	Alitrunk of ditto. Lateral view.
22.	Abdomen of ditto. Venter.

[Plate X]

PLATE. X.[2198]

N.B. In this plate the red points out the costal, and the yellow the anal areas, the intermediate being uncoloured.

FIG.
1.	Elytra, a. Base. b. Shoulder. c. Lateral margin. d. Apex.
2.	Tegmina. Blatta.
3.	Hemelytra. Pentatoma.
4.	Wing. Coleoptera. a. An insulated nervure. Vol. III. p. 625.
5.	——– Dermaptera.
6.	——– Lepidoptera.
7.	——– Neuroptera.
8.	——– Hymenoptera. Tenthredo L.
9.	————————– Bombus.
10.	Under wing. Hymenoptera.
11.	——————————— Proctotrupes.
12.	————— Diptera. Tipula.
13.	————————— Psychoda. Vol. III. p. 645.
14.	————————— Musca. a b. Two areolets between the costal and mediastinal nervures. c. Areolet between the mediastinal and postcostal nervures. d. Areolet between the postcostal and subcostal nervures, e. Open areolet. Vol. III. p. 634.
15.	Under wing. Diptera. Stratyomis. a b. The two areolets between the costal and postcostal nervures; the mediastinal being nearly obsolete. c. Middle areolets crowned by a small one, d.

[Plate XI]

PLATE XI.[2199] Antennæ.

FIG.		FIG.
1.	Setaceous.	13.	Distichous.
2.	Capillary.	14.	Pectinate.
3.	Filiform.	15.	Duplicato-pectinate.
4.	Incrassate.	16.	Ciliate.
5.	Fusiform.	17.	Flabellate.
6.	Prismatic.	18.	Ramose.
7.	Ensiform.	19.	Furcate.
8.	Falciform.	20.	Auriculate. a. The auricle.
9.	Moniliform.	21.	Palmate.
10.	Dentate.	22.	Irregular.
11.	Serrate.	23.	Perfoliate.
12.	Imbricate.

[Plate XII]

PLATE XII. Antennæ.

FIG.		FIG.
1.	Capillaceous.	16.	Subulate.
2.	Mucronate.	17.	Filate, simple..
3.	Uncinate.	18.	Filate, simple..
4.	Clavate.	19.	Filate, compound. a. Joints.
5.	Nodose, or Biclavate.	20.	Filate.
6.	Convolute.	21.	Aristate. Setarious a. Bristle.
7.	Geniculate.	22.	Aristate. Plumate a. Bristle.
8.	Capitate with a tunicate knob.	23.	Stupeous. Vol. III. p. 646.
9.	Capitate with a solid knob.	24.	Plumose.
10.	Capitate with a perfoliate knob.	25.	Scopiferous. a. Brush.
11.	Filiform.	26.	Barbate.
12.	Globiferous.	27.	Verticillate.
13.	Connate.	28.	Inflated.
14.	Setigerous.	29.	Auriculate. a. Auricle.
15.	Setigerous.

[Plate XIII]

PLATE XIII.[2200]

FIG.
1.	Unguiculate feeler. Gonyleptes. a. Claw.
2.	Securiform ditto. Cychrus. a. Terminal joint.
3.	Inflated ditto. Araneidæ ♂. a. ditto.
4.	Lunulate ditto. Oxyporus. a. ditto.
5.	Dentate mandible. Megachile.
6.	Suctorious ditto. Larva of Dytiscus. a. Aperture.
7.	Prosthecate ditto. Staphylinus. Vol. III. pp. 356, 439.
8.	Trophi of Curculio L.
9.	Pedunculate eyes. Diopsis. a. Footstalk.
10.	Compound ditto. Muscidæ. Vol. III. p. 494. 3.
11.	Conglomerate ditto. Iulus. Ibid. p. 494. 2.
12.	Rostrate head. Balaninus.
13.	Capistrate ditto. Nitidula.
14.	Clypeate ditto. Copris.
15.	Lychnidiate ditto. Fulgora.
16.	Buccate ditto. Myops. a. The inflated part.
17.	Cruciate prothorax. Locusta.
18.	Cucullate and alate ditto. Tingis.
19.	Subulate elytra. Sitaris.
20.	Ampliate ditto. Lycus.

[Plate XIV]

PLATE XIV.[2201]

FIG.
1.	Ideal wing, to exemplify painting. Vol. IV. p. 286—. a. Anterior or exterior margin. b. Interior ditto. c. Posterior ditto. d. Humeral angle. e. Scutellar ditto. f. Posterior ditto. g. Anal ditto. a. Articulate fascia, or band. b. Macular ditto. c d. Sesquialterous ditto. d e. Sesquitertious ditto. f. Dimidiate ditto. g. Abbreviate ditto. h. Pyramidate ditto. i. Supercilium. k. Hastate pupil. l. Compound eyelet or ocellus. m. Nictitant ditto. n. Simple ditto. o. Annulet. p. Bipupillate eyelet. q. Sesquialterous ditto. r. Double ditto. s. Caudate wing. t. Pupil. u. Iris. v. Atmosphere.
2.	Reversed wings. Gastrophaca.
3.	Digitate ditto. Pterodactylus.
4.	Falcate ditto. Attacus.
5.	Saltatorious leg, with loricate thigh. Locusta.
6.	Natatorious ditto. Dytiscus.
7.	Ambulatorious ditto. Lucanus.
8.	Prehensorious ditto. Gonyleptes.

[Plate XV]

PLATE XV.[2202]

FIG.
1.	Laminate coxa. Haliplus.
2.	Alate tibia. Lygæus phyllopus, a. The appendage.
3.	Clypeate ditto. Crabro ♂. a. The clypeus. Vol. III. p. 334.
4.	Dolabriform ditto. Curculio maritimus E.B.
5.	Fossorious leg, with palmate tibia. Clivina. Vol. II. p. 365.
6.	—————— with digitate ditto. Gryllotalpa. Ibid. p. 366.
7.	Chelate feeler. Scorpio.
8.	Scutate tarsus. Hydrophilus piceus ♂. Vol. III. p. 336.
9.	Patellate ditto. Dytiscus marginalis ♂. a. Cups. Ibid. p. 336, 694—.
10.	Obumbrate abdomen. Epeira cancriformis.
11.	Retracted ditto. Gonyleptes.
12.	Cheliferous tail. Panorpa ♂.
13.	Flosculiferous ditto. Fulgora.
14.	Saltatorious ditto. Podura.
15.	Folioliferous ditto. Æshna.
16.	Cauduliferous, and filiferous ditto. Machilis.
17.	Styliferous ditto. Staphylinus.
18.	Unciferous ovipositor. Locusta.
19.	Ensate ditto. Acrida.
20.	Navicular ditto. Cicada.
21.	Serrulate ditto. Tenthredo L.
22.	Telescopiform ditto. Chrysis.
23.	Anal apparatus of Blatta.

[Plate XVI]

PLATE XVI.[2203]

FIG.
1.	Extricated ovipositor. Pimpla. Two pieces.
2.	Telescopiform ditto. Stomoxys calcitrans? (Reaum.)
3.	———————— Œstrus. (Ibid.) Vol. I. p. 150.
4.	Semicomplete pupa. Cicada.
5.	Subsemicomplete ditto. Libellula. a. Mask. Vol. III. p. 125—.
6.	Incomplete ditto. Hydrophilus. (Lyonnet.)
7.	–—————— Myrmeleon emerging from its cocoon. (Reaum.)
8.	–—————— Vespa vulgaris.
9.	–—————— Chironomus plumosus. (Reaum.) a b. Respiratory plumes.
10.	Obtected pupa. Apatura Iris.
11.	—————— Vanessa Urticæ. a. Head-case with two points.
12.	—————— Gonepteryx Rhamni. a. Head-case with one point.
13.	Obtected pupa. Sphinx Ligustri. a. The tongue-case. b. The eye-case. c. The trunk-case. d. First segment of the abdomen. e. The adminicula. f. The mucro, or point of the tail. Vol. III. p. 249—.
14.	Hairy obtected pupa of Laria fascelina.

[Plate XVII]

PLATE XVII.[2204]

FIG.
1.	Coarctate pupa. Œstrus hæmorrhoidalis. (Reaum.)
2.	—————— Stratyomis chamæleon. (Ibid.) a. The pupa as formed within the skin of the larva.
4.	Oviform body which many pupæ of Diptera at first assume under the skin of the larva. (Ibid.). Vol. III. p. 235.
3.	The same when the parts begin to show themselves. (Ibid.)
5.	Cocoon of Saturnia pavonia. a. Pupa. b. Threads that close the orifice. Vol. III. p. 217, 279.
6.	Loose and irregular ditto, of Arctia villica. Ibid. p. 220.
7.	Boatshaped ditto, of Tortrix prasinana. Ibid. p. 221.
8.	Network ditto, attached to the stalk of a plant.
9.	Ditto, imitating the scales of fish. (Reaum.) Vol. I. p. 462.
10.	Spiral case of Trichopterous larva, formed of pieces of leaf. (De Geer.)
11.	Grate spun by these larvæ to prevent ingress. (Ibid.) Vol. II. p. 264.
12.	Chilopodimorphous larva of Melolontha vulgaris. Vol. III. p. 163.
13.	Araneidiform? ditto of Cicindela campestris. Ibid. 152, 163.

[Plate XVIII]

PLATE XVIII.[2205]

FIG.
1.	Anoplurimorphous larva. Chrysomela Populi. a. Osmateria, or scent organs. Vol. II. p. 245. III. p. 163, 166.
2.	Anoplurimorphous larva. Cassida. a. The fecifork covered with excrement. Vol. IV. p. 353. 5.
3.	Helminthimorphous or vermiform ditto of Balaninus Nucum. Vol. III. p. 163.
4.	Chilognathimorphous ditto of Elater Segetum. a. a. Spiracles.
5.	Decapodimorphous ditto of Dytiscus marginalis. Vol. III. p. 165.
6.	Chilopodimorphous ditto of Staphylinus? a. Anal proleg.
7.	Amphipodimorphous ditto of Acrida. Vol. III. p. 165.
8.	Larva of Zelus.
9.	Helminthimorphous ditto. Apis mellifica. (Reaum.)
10.	Larva of Sirex.
11.	–——— Tenthredo L. (Reaum.) a. 6 legs. b. 16 prolegs.
12.	–——— Sphinx. a. 6 legs. b. 10 prolegs. c. Anal horn.
13.	Spinose ditto of Vanessa Io.

[Plate XIX]

PLATE XIX.[2206]

FIG.
1.	Larva of Papilio Machaon, a. Its retractile osmaterium emerging from its neck. Vol. II. p. 244—. III. p. 148.
2.	Larva of Cerura Vinula. a. Its anal mastigia. Vol. III. p. 151.
3.	Onisciform ditto of Thecla Rubi.
4.	Larva of Stauropus Fagi. (Rösel.) Vol. III. p. 133. note^d.
5.	–——— Notodonta ziczac. (Reaum.)
6.	Laria fascelina. a. Pencil of hairs, b. Verricules of ditto. c. Fascicule of ditto. Vol. IV. p. 277. 3, 5, 7.
7.	–——— of one of the Geometers in their attitude of surveying.
8.	Araneidiform larva of Myrmeleon. (Reaum.)
9.	Larva of Culex pipiens. (Reaum.) a. Tail. b. Respiratory apparatus.
10.	–—— of Chironomus plumosus. (Reaum.) a. Respiratory organs.
11.	–—— of a Volucella inhabiting the nests of humble-bees. (Reaum.) a. Anal radii.
12.	–—— of Elophilus pendulus. (Reaum.) a. Respiratory tubes.
13.	–—— of Stratyomis Chamæleon. (Swamm.) a. Plumes of respiratory orifice.

[Plate XX]

PLATE XX.[2207]

FIG.
1.	Larva of a Musca.
2.	———– an Œstrus.
3.	Egg of Vanessa Urticæ. (Sepp.)
4.	–—— Hipparchia Pilosellæ. (Ibid.)
5.	–——————— Hyperanthus. (Ibid.)
6.	–—— Geometra Cratægata. (Ibid.)
7.	–—— Pieris Brassicæ. (Ibid.)
8.	–—— Hipparchia Ægeria. (Ibid.)
9.	–—— Ourapteryx Sambucaria. (Ibid.)
10.	–—— Noctua nupta. (Ibid.)
11.	–————— Fraxini. (Ibid.)
12.	–—— Geometra prunaria. (Ibid.)
13.	–—————— armillata. (Ibid.)
14.	–—— Lasiocampa neustria. (Reaum.)
15.	–—— Hipparchia Jurtina. (Sepp.)
16.	–—— Pentatoma. a. Bow-shaped spring, by which the operculum is thrown off. Vol. III. p. 104.
17.	–—— Apis mellifica. (Reaum.)
18.	–—— Culex pipiens. (Ibid.) a. Summit.
19.	–—— Scatophaga. (Ibid.) a a. Auricles.
20.	Necklace of eggs. Vol. III. p. 67.
21.	Egg of Tipula oleracea. (Reaum.)
22.	–—— Ophion luteum. (De Geer.) Vol. IV. p. 213—.
23.	–—— Nepa cinerea. (Swamm.)
24.	Jelly, with a necklace of eggs running in a spiral direction from end to end, taken out of the water.
25.	Jelly of more consistence, enveloping the eggs of Phryganea atrata. Vol. III. p. 68.

Printed by Richard Taylor,
Shoe-Lane, London.

[FOOTNOTES:]

[1] Εναιμα, Αναιμα. Hist. Animal. l. i. c. 6.

[2] Hist. Animal. l. i. c. 5, 6: compare 1. v. c. 3 and 33, and De Partibus Animal. l. iv. c. 1 and 11.

[3] Το δε σκληρον αυτων ου σθραυσον αλλα φλασον.

[4] Hist. Animal. l. iv. c. 1.

[5] Εντομα πολυποδα μεν γαρεσι παντα. De Part. Animal. l. iv. c. 6.

[6] Hist. Animal. l. iv. c. 19.

[7] The insection that distinguishes these parts, the abdomen especially, is most visible in the majority of the Hymenoptera and Diptera orders; next in some Coleoptera, as the Lamellicorn tribes, &c. and the Lepidoptera. Latreille is of opinion, that the two last segments of the thorax in some insects are represented by the first of the abdomen, and that the upper half segment of this part in Coleoptera also represents the same. Latr. De quelques Appendices, &c. Annales Générales des Sciences Physiques. A Bruxelles, vi. livrais, xviii. 14. In fact, in the Lepidoptera, when the abdomen is separated from the trunk, this segment usually remains attached to the latter. In the Myriapods, the trunk is to be distinguished from the abdomen only by its bearing the three first pair of legs.

[8] There is no general rule without exceptions, and no character is so universal as to be distinctly exhibited by every member of a class or other natural group. Thus, in the majority of the mites (Acarus L.) the body is marked by no segments, and the only articulation or incision is in the legs, palpi, &c. But as the exception does not make void the rule, so neither does the extenuation or absence of some primary character at its points of junction with others, in some individuals, annihilate the class or group.

[9] Hist. Nat. l. xi. c. 1.

[10] Animalcula polypoda, spiraculis lateralibus respirantia, cute ossea cataphracta; antennis mobilibus sensoriis instruuntur. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. i. 533.

[11] Quoted by Mr. Wm. MacLeay in his very remarkable and learned work Horæ Entomologicæ, in which he inclines to the same opinion. 383.

[12] Treviranus (Ueber den innern Bau der Arachniden, &c. 22.) always calls the palpi of spiders "Fülhörner." In Scorpio he regards them as palpi (Palpen).

[13] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 181.

[14] Treviranus, ut supra, 48. For the nervous system of scorpions, see t. i. f. 13; and for that of spiders, t. v. f. 45.

[15] Plate [XXIX.] Fig. 2. Treviranus, t. i. f. 1.

[16] Cuvier Anat. Comp. iv. 407.

[17] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 190.

[18] The females of Dorthesia, however, a genus related to Coccus, are said to survive laying their eggs. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 553.

[19] Anim. sans Vertebr. i. 381.

[20] Anim. sans Vertebr. i. 457.

[21] The number five, which Mr. MacLeay assumes for one basis of his system as consecrated in Nature, seems to me to yield to the number seven, which is consecrated both in Nature and Scripture. Metaphysicians reckon seven principal operations of the mind; musicians seven principal musical tones; and opticians seven primary colours. In Scripture the abstract idea of this number is—completion—fullness—perfection. I have a notion, but not yet sufficiently matured, that Mr. MacLeay's quinaries are resolvable into septenaries.

[22] Anim. sans Vertebr. i. 381.

[23] See on this point MacLeay, Hor. Entomolog. 209—.

[24] Anim. sans Vertebr. iii. 243.

[25] Ibid. iii. 245.

[26] Anim. sans Vertebr. iii. 245.

[27] Ibid.

[28] Des Rapports généraux, &c. des Anim. invertebr. artic., Ann. du Mus.

[29] Ibid. Hor. Entomolog. 383.

[30] Leach in Entomologist's Useful Compendium, by Samouelle, 75.

[31] Hor. Entomolog. 348.

[32] Ibid. 354.

[33] Ibid. 373.

[34] Ibid. 381.

[35] Ibid. 389.

[36] There is some reason for thinking, though the octopod and myriapod insects breathe by tracheæ, that there is no small difference in the distribution of these organs. The Trachean Arachnida have only a pair of spiracles, from which the tracheæ must radiate, if I may so apply the term, in order to convey the necessary supply of air to every part of the body. Scutigera, as far as I can discover, has only a single series of dorsal spiracles (see Plate [XXIX.] Fig. 20)—an unusual situation for them: in these also, to attain the above end, each trachea must also radiate, so as to supply each part of the segment it is in. Those of Iulus, according to the observations of Savi (Osservaz. per servire alla Storia di una Specie de Iulus, &c. 15—), consist of bundles of parallel tracheæ. Perhaps these circumstances would warrant the considering of these Arachnida and the Myriapoda as primary classes? The genus Galeodes is said to breathe by gills similar to those of the Araneidæ, which structure, probably, carries with it a system of circulation, and exhibits a third type in the Arachnida, with four palpi, six legs, and a distinct thorax. This genus, then, is the corresponding point in the Arachnida to the Hexapod Aptera, as the Scorpions are to the Cheliferidæ or Pseudo-Scorpions, and the Araneidæ to the other Octopods; and these analogies furnish a strong proof, that the Tracheans belong rather to Insecta than Arachnida. Comp. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. 445; and Description de six Arachnid. nouv. &c. par Leon Dufour, 16.

[37] Mr. MacLeay observes with regard to the Tardigrade, described by Spallanzani and Dutrochet, that "it proves that an animal may exist without antennæ or distinct annular segments to the body, but having two eyes and six articulate legs." (Hor. Entomolog. 350—.) Many Acari prove the same thing. De Geer, vii. t. vii. f. 14.

[38] De Geer, vii. t. iii. f. 8.

[39] Hor. Entomolog. 351.

[40] De Geer, Ibid. 571, 583. t. xxxvi. f. 20, 21.

[41] Dufour ubi supra. Hor. Entomolog. 382.

[42] Male Insecta in some instances engender more than once. Mr. MacLeay sen. has observed this with regard to Chrysomela Polygoni, and I have noticed it in Bombyx Mori.

[43] Hor. Entomolog. 134. 200.

[44] Zoolog. Miscell. iii. t. 146. In this figure the segments are made much more distinct than they are in my specimen.

[45] Hor. Entomolog. 422—.

[46] See above, Vol. I. 4th Ed. p. 66. Note^[90].

[47] Surely the denomination ought to have been Arachnido-Crustacea, since the learned author considers them as belonging to the Crustacea class.

[48] It may not be without use to give here a short definition of the Annulosa; I mean excluding the Vermes, which Mr. W. MacLeay has included; and the Annelida, which Latreille has made the fifth of his Annulose classes. Ann. du Mus. 1821.

Annulosa. Animal invertebrate, oviparous; external integument of a firmer consistence than the internal substance, serving as a general point of attachment to the muscles; eyes immoveable; legs more than four, jointed.

Classes.

1. Crustacea. Gills external; more than eight legs.
2. Arachnida. Gills internal; spiracles; eight legs.
3. Insecta. Tracheæ; spiracles; six to eight thoracic legs.

[49] What L. Dufour regards as the liver in Scorpio (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 421.) Treviranus looks upon as an Epiploon (Fettkörper) both in Scorpio and Aranea. 6. t. i. f. 6. A A. t. ii. f. 24. dd. Hepatic ducts: t. i. f. 6. ii. t. ii. f. 24. β. β. β. β.

[50] S. minutissima of Marsham is synonymous with Dermestes atomarius De Geer, Scaphidium atomarium Gyllenh., and Latridius fascicularis Herbst., but surely arranging with none of these genera, being sufficiently distinguished from them and every other insect by its singular capillary wings. In my cabinet it stands under the name of Trichopteryx K.

[51] Panz. Fn. Germ. Init. lxii. 24. Comp. Hor. Entomolog. Addenda, &c. 523.

[52] The Annelida have, however, sometimes jointed organs, which facilitate their progressive motion whether vermicular or undulatory; but they cannot be deemed legs, since they neither support the body nor enable it to walk, &c. Latreille Anim. invertebr. Artic. 126. Ann. du Mus. 1821.

[53] De Antennis Insect. ii. 65.

[54] Nouv. Obs. sur les Abeilles, ii. 376—. It appears from M. Huber's experiment, that it was only when the hair-pencil, impregnated with the oil of turpentine, was presented "près de la cavité, au dessus de l'insertion de la trompe," that the bee was sensible of the odour.

[55] Anim. sans Vertebr. I. i. Mem. i.

[56] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 10-14; [IX.] Fig. 6-8.

[57] Coquebert Illust. Ic. iii. t. xxi. f. 3.

[58] Hor. Entomolog. 413—.

[59] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii.; compare 104 and 110.

[60] See above, Vol. I. Ed. 4. p. [63]—.

[61] The word μεταμορφοω, and its derivative μεταμορφωσις, are not extant in any Greek writer before the date of the New Testament. They are used to express any external change of form or colour, and metaphorically an inward change and progressive improvement of the mind. Comp. Matth. xvii. 2. Ælian. Var. Hist. l. i. c. 1. Rom. xiii. 2. 2 Cor. iii. 18. They are, therefore, not improperly applied, as some have supposed, to the changes of insects.

[62] Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schmetterlinge 12-27. 105—.

[63] Dr. Virey's observations under the article Embryo (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. x. 195.) deserve here to be considered. "Il y a donc quelque chose au dessus de l'intelligence humaine dans cette formation des êtres; en vain on veut l'approfondir, c'est un abime dans lequel on ne voit que la main de Dieu. A quoi bon s'appesantir sur le mystère de la formation des êtres, sans esperance de l'expliquer? Ne vaut-il pas mieux observer les opérations de la nature autant qu'il est permis à l'œil humain de les appercevoir?"

[64] § xiv.

[65] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. x. 193.

[66] Œuv. v. 279. "Il n'est pas exact de dire que le cœur, la tête, et la moelle épinière, sont formés les premiers dans les fœtus des animaux à sang rouge et vertébrés," says Dr. Virey; "mais il faut dire seulement que tel est l'ordre dans lequel ces organes commencent à devenir visibles." N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. x. 196.

[67] Ibid. 193.

[68] Œuvr. viii. 315.

[69] Hor. Entomolog. 446.

[70] See on this subject N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. article Metamorphosis.

[71] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 349—.

[72] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 348.

[73] Bibl. Nat. Ed. Hill. ii. 138.

[74] Œuvr. v. 283—.

[75] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 355.

[76] Leeuwenhoek discovered in the incipient fœtus of a sheep, not larger than the eighth part of a pea, all the principal parts of the future animal. Arc. Nat. I. ii. 165, 173.

[77] Bonnet, Œuvr. v. 284.

[78] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 352.

[79] Select Works by Hoole, i. 132. The fact is confirmed by M. L. Dufour, who, having opened the abdomen of a female scorpion, found in the midst of some eggs nearly mature a little scorpion a quarter of an inch long; it lay without motion, with its tail folded under the body. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 426.

[80] Reaum. iv. 425—.

[81] Ibid. 428—. t. xxix. f. 10, 11.

[82] Busch, a German author, affirms that many Cimicidæ are subject to this law. Schneid. i. 206.

[83] Quoted in Huber Fourmis, 208. Some reptiles also are at one time oviparous, and at another ovo-viviparous. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xii. 568.

[84] I say almost all insects, because the larvæ of Hymenoptera and Diptera are supposed not to undergo this change. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 365.

[85] Reaum. vi. Mém. xiv. De Geer, vi. 280.

[86] See Vol. I. Lett. [xi.]

[87] See Vol. II. p. [36.]

[88] De Geer i. 494—.

[89] Called by M. l'Abbé Preaux, who observed it near Lisieux in Normandy, Mouche Baliste. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxi. 442.

[90] Plate [XX.] Fig. 20.

[91] Reaum. vi. 509. t. xlv. f. 11, 12.

[92] Reaum. vi. 434.

[93] Ibid. vi. 494.

[94] The vesicles, which Reaumur thinks may be pulmonary vesicles, as well as assisting in the extrusion of the masses of eggs, he has figured t. xliv. f. 10. u u.

[95] De Geer ii. 534. t. xiii. f. 13.

[96] Coquebert Illustr. Ic. t. i. f. A. B.

[97] Plate [XX.] Fig. 25.

[98] Ent. Carniol. 269. n. 705.

[99] Reaum. ii. 401.

[100] In Raii Hist. Ins. 264.

[101] Plate [XX.] Fig. 24.

[102] Goeze Naturf. xvii. 183—. t. iv. f. 16-19. Comp. N. Dict. d' Hist. Nat. iii. 475. and xix. 239. De Geer iii. 533.

[103] Second Journey through Persia, 100—.

[104] See Vol. II. p. [36.]

[105] Vol. I. p. [359]—.

[106] Latr. Hist. Nat. des Fourmis, 334. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 284.

[107] Lister De Aran. Tit. 13, 14. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 284.

[108] Lister Ibid. 56. Tit. 15.

[109] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. 447.

[110] Ins. Surinam, t. i.

[111] A striking instance of this may be seen in her forty-ninth plate, in which she has clapped the rostrated head of Fulgora laternaria upon the body of a Cicada Latr., affirming it to be the former fly in its previous state! This might be a trick upon her.

[112] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xv. 489.

[113] Lesser L. i. 300.

[114] Annales du Muséum, xiv. 441.

[115] Lesser L. i. t. ii. f. xvi.

[116] Miger Ann. du Mus. ubi supr. Comp. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xv. 482—.

[117] De Geer i. 192.

[118] Ibid. ii. 982.

[119] Reaum. ii. 97. 159.

[120] Ibid. 107—. t. iii. f. 15.

[121] De Geer iii. 48. 51.

[122] Reaum. v. 122.

[123] See above, Vol. I. p. [196.] [202.]

[124] Journ. de Phys. Philos. Mag. ix. 244.

[125] Reaum. iv. Mem. i.

[126] Rösel, ix. 157. t. 265?

[127] Ibid. iii. 197.

[128] See above, Vol. I. p. [195.]

[129] Plate [XX.] Fig. 14.

[130] Reaum. i. 95— f. 1-13.

[131] Reaum. iv. 615—. t. xliv. f. 2-7.

[132] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xv. 445. Rös. iii. 156.

[133] Epist. 1687.

[134] Vol. I. p. [448]—.

[135] See above, Vol. I. p. [344]—.

[136] Reaum. iii. 8—.

[137] Vol. I. [349]—. [371]—.

[138] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. 271.

[139] De Geer vii. 194.

[140] Compare N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 246. with xx. 352-; but as the Amnios immediately envelops the fœtus, the pellicle seems most analogous to it, and the shell to the Chorion.

[141] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. ed. Hill. l. 133. a. Comp. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 246.

[142] Swamm. Ibid.

[143] Sepp. iv. t. iii. f. i. c. v. t. iv. f. 2.

[144] See above, Vol. I. p. [208]: it is there called an Aphis, but it is a distinct genus.

[145] De Geer iii. 245. t. xiii. f. 20-22.

[146] Sepp. iv. t. xiii. f. 2. 3.

[147] The sturgeon is said to lay 1,500,000 eggs, and the cod-fish 9,000,000.

[148] Reaum. iv. 392.

[149] See above, Vol. I. p. [350.]

[150] De Geer vii. 159.

[151] See above, Vol. II. p. [109.]

[152] Ibid. [159.] [166.]

[153] Ibid. [36]—.

[154] iv. t. xviii. f. 4. 5.

[155] De Geer ii. 638.

[156] Bibl. Nat. i. 132. b.

[157] Gould 36.

[158] Reaum. v. 477.

[159] Ibid. iii. 579. v. 121.

[160] Fourmis, 69—.

[161] Rösel iii. 152.

[162] De Geer vii. 145.

[163] Ibid. 123—. See above, Vol. I. p. [393.]

[164] Raii Hist. Ins. 265.

[165] Eggs of various shapes are given Plate [XX.] Fig. 3-23. See also Brunnich. Entomologia 4. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 245. Reaum. ii. t. iii. iv. xiv. xxvi. xxvii. &c.

[166] Plate [XX.] Fig. 18.

[167] Plate [XX.] Fig. 23. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. iii. f. 7, 8. In a specimen I opened of this insect the bristles converged so as to form a kind of tail to the egg.

[168] Darwin Phytolog. 512.

[169] Geoffr. Ins. Par. i. 480. t. x. f. 1. b. c.

[170] See above, Vol. I. p. [261.]

[171] Reaum. iii. 386—. t. xxxii. f. 1. t. xxxiii. f. 5.

[172] I allude to Ophion luteum F. (Ichneumon L.) Vol. i. Ed. 3. p. 269, figured Plate[ XX.] Fig. 22; and the Hydrachnæ or Trombidia. See above, and De Geer vii. 145.

[173] From this circumstance called πολυποικιλος σοφια by the Apostle, Ephes. iii. 10.

[174] Nat. Theol. 11th Ed. 375.

[175] Plate [XX.] Fig. 19. a a.

[176] Reaum. iv. 376—. t. xxvii. f. 9, 10.

[177] Hist. Nat. gen. et partic. des Crust. et Ins. xii. 282.

[178] Reaum. iv. 381. t. xxvi. f. 19, 20.

[179] Roxburgh in Linn. Trans. vii. 34.

[180] Some of the Noctuæ have similar eggs, as N. Lappa. Sepp iv. t. iii. f. 1. c.

[181] Reaum. ubi supr. f. 22, 23.

[182] Plate [XX.] Fig. 6. 8.

[183] Plate [XX.] Fig. 5.

[184] [Ibid.] Fig. 3. 4. 7. 9. &c.

[185] [Ibid.] Fig. 15.

[186] Bonnet Œuvr. ii. 9.

[187] Naturf. xiii. 229.

[188] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 245.

[189] Reaum. ii. 286.

[190] Plate [XX.] Fig. 11. Sepp t. iv. f. 2.

[191] Reaum. iv. 617.

[192] Philos. Ent. 76.

[193] See above, Vol. I. [358]—.

[194] See above, Vol. I. [Ibid.]

[195] Young's France, ii. 34. This author asserts, that no art will hatch the eggs of the common silk-worms the first year, or that in which they are laid; but that there is a sort brought from Persia, which are hatched three times a year, and which will hatch in fifteen days in the proper heat. In 1765, it is said, the common sort hatched in the first year. Ibid. 226—.

[196] In the N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xii. 564. the eggs of the flesh-fly are said to hatch in two hours. This is true I believe in very warm weather.

[197] Brahm. 310.

[198] Rimrod Naturf. xvi. 131.

[199] Fourmis. 69.

[200] De Geer vii. 195.

[201] Ibid. 196.

[202] Reaum. ii. 167.

[203] Brahm. 249. Rösel. iv. 130. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. i. f. 2.

[204] By Mr. White, jun. cordwainer at Ipswich.

[205] Plate [XX.] Fig. 16. a.

[206] De Geer vii. 197.

[207] De Geer vii. 197.

[208] Ibid. 85.

[209] Epist. lxvii. 1694. 390.

[210] Enum. Ins. Austr. 575.

[211] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. 74.

[212] De Geer vii. 576.

[213] Ibid. 584.

[214] Considerat. Géner. 21. Horæ Entomolog. 353.

[215] De Geer, Ibid. Mr. W. MacLeay observes of the Chilopoda, or Centipedes, that they moult in the manner of Crustacea. ubi supr. 352.

[216] De Geer iii. 549. The figure of the forceps in De Geer (Ibid. t. xxv. f. 21) is not quite correct. The styles do not taper to a point, but are filiform and acute.

[217] Compare De Geer iii. t. xviii. f. 2 and 12. q.

[218] See above, Vol. II. p. [401.]

[219] Plate [XVI.] Fig. 4. c. Reaum. v. t. xix. f. 16. De Geer ubi supr. t. xxxii. f. 26. According to Reaumur, the larva as well as the pupa of Chermes Ficus has wing-cases (iii. 353).

[220] These are in the female sex of some Coleoptera, as Lampyris, &c. which retain in the perfect state nearly the same form which they had when larvæ. The larvæ of some Staphylini are not very dissimilar in form to the perfect insect.

[221] The larvæ described in the first Section, which resemble the imago, are usually covered with a skin not materially different from that of the insect in that state.

[222] Huber Fourmis. 73; N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 250.

[223] Reaum. v. 40. t. vi. f. 4-15.

[224] Müller, the Danish zoologist, relates, that he once met with a papilio which, with the true wings of the genus, had a head without antennæ or tongue, furnished with mandibles; and, in short, that of a true caterpillar. It was a female, which deposited eggs that proved barren. If this solitary instance was not a mistake, is it possible that some parasitic larva had devoured only the inclosed head of the butterfly, or so injured it that it could not reject the hard skin of the larva, and yet not be destroyed?

[225] The only larvæ which have a visible distinct neck are those of some Dytisci, Staphylini, and a few others, in which this part is quite distinct: proving the erroneousness of the opinion of those German entomologists, who consider the thorax as analogous to the neck of other animals, and hence call it Halsschild. In some lepidopterous larvæ, however, as in that of Pieris Brassicæ, though no visible neck presents itself, one is very perceptible when the insect stretches the head forward considerably. Reaum. i. 460.

[226] Plate [XVII.] Fig. 13.

[227] Reaum. v. t. vi. f. 7. i. c.

[228] In fact, in almost all Lepidopterous larvæ the head may be regarded as divided into two lobes or eye-shaped portions, which include in the angle formed by their recession anteriorly from each other, the nasus (clypeus F.), the labrum, and other instruments of manducation. Posteriorly these lobes generally come into contact; but I have a specimen in which there is a narrow space between them.

[229] Ins. Surinam. t. xvii.

[230] Ins. Surinam. t. liii.

[231] Ibid. t. xxxii.

[232] Ibid. t. viii.

[233] Ibid. t. xxiii.

[234] Ibid. t. xiv.

[235] I purchased this singular caterpillar from the collection of the late Mr. Francillon, with his other exotic larvæ; but without any indication of the fly to which it belonged.

[236] De Geer vi. 352.

[237] De Geer iv. 66. ii. 922.

[238] De Geer v. 170.

[239] De Geer says, he could not make out the number of eyes of the larva of the whirlwig (Gyrinus): probably, as in that of Dytiscus, there are six. iv. 362. 385.

[240] Pez. 188.

[241] ii. 923, t. xxxvi. f. 1, b b. Fabr. Philos. Ent. 60.

[242] Lyonnet 41. t. ii. f. 1. c.

[243] De Geer vi. 307.

[244] Ibid, ii. t. xvi. Comp. f. 2 a a with f. 14 a a.

[245] In the larva of Cicindela there are six palpi, as in the perfect insect.

[246] Lyonnet, t. i. f. 7. e. In the larva of Callidium violaceum, however, this part is of a singular shape, being orbicular. Kirby Linn. Trans. v. t. xii. f. 12. a.

[247] It is affirmed (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 333) that the larvæ of those Coleoptera that live in carcases have mandibles almost membranous: those, however, of that of Silpha rugosa are horny and hard.

[248] Lyonnet, t. ii. f. 1. d d, and f. 2, 3, 4.

[249] Kirby in Linn. Trans. v. t. xii. f. 7 b.

[250] Cuvier Anat. Comp. iii. 322.

[251] Reaum. vi. 340.

[252] The larva of Cicindela campestris has mandibles of this description. Plate [XVII.] Fig. 13. c´.

[253] See above, Vol. II. [275]—.

[254] Reaum. v. 9. t. i. f. 4. c c. l l.

[255] Traité Anatom. t. ii. f. 1. h h.

[256] Reaum. ii. t. 40. f. 4.

[257] De Geer v. 229.

[258] Ibid. iv. t. xi. f. 16. p p.

[259] Linn. Trans. v. t. xii. f. 10.

[260] Cuvier Anat. Comp. iii. 323.

[261] De Geer iv. t. xv. f. 9. b b. The exterior and interior palpi are both represented in this figure.

[262] Reaum. vi. t. xxxvii. f. 5. e e.

[263] Ibid. i. 125.

[264] Plate [XXI.] Fig. 9. The organ with which the larvæ of Hemerobius, Myrmeleon, and Hydrophilus, spin their cocoons, is situated in the anus. The spinneret of the Cossus is figured by Lyonnet Anatom. t. ii. f. 1. i. and fig. 9.

[265] De Geer vi. 370. This species (Tipula Agarici seticornis De Geer) has two separate spinnerets. t. xx. f. 8. m m.

[266] Lyonnet 55—.

[267] Reaum. iv. 166.

[268] Reaum. v. 155.

[269] Ibid. vi. t. xxxvii. f. 7. b p.

[270] Ibid. m e e.

[271] Ibid. f. 6. p.

[272] Ibid. Compare f. 4 with f. 6, 7.

[273] Ibid. t. xxxvi. f. 12. s u e.

[274] Ibid. n e, and xxxviii. f. 7, d c.; De Geer ii. t. xix. f. 17. d g.

[275] Reaum. vi. t. xxxvii. f. 4-6. 8.

[276] Ibid. t. xxxviii. First joint f. 8. b f p.; jaws f. 7. c d.; opening o, Ligula, f. 6. l.

[277] De Geer ii. f. 17. Jaws g g; claw d; tooth h.

[278] Ibid. 674.

[279] Ibid. ii. 674.

[280] Reaum. iv. 376.

[281] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xii. 64.

[282] Anat. Comp. iii. 322.

[283] At first in the Dytisci they appear to have five joints; but, as I before observed, the first joint must be regarded as representing the maxilla.

[284] Lyonnet Anatom. 55, 58.

[285] De Geer v. 203.

[286] De Geer iv. 5. Legs of this kind are figured Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 7.

[287] In the larva, however, of Sialis, or some kindred genus, in which, like those of Scolopendra, the prolegs are jointed, a pair distinguishes each abdominal segment. See Reaum. iv. t. xv. f. 1, 2. Compare De Geer ii. t. xxiii. f. 11.

[288] See above, Vol. II [286]—.

[289] Ibid. [288.]

[290] Lyonnet Anatom. t. iii. f. 8. Coxa b. Trochanter c. Femur d. Tibia e. Tarsus f. Claw g.

[291] De Geer iv. t. xiii. f. 20; and t. xv. f. 16.

[292] Ibid. ii. t. xvi. f. 5, 6, 7. d e: and t. xix. f. 4. c f g h.

[293] The larva of a scarce moth (Stauropus Fagi. See Plate [XIX.] Fig. 4) is an exception to this. The first pair of its legs are of the ordinary stature, but the two next are remarkably long, and so thin and weak as to be unable to bear the body. Pezold. 119. Another minute caterpillar described by Reaumur has the third pair of the legs apparently fleshy and singularly incrassated at the apex into a pyriform figure, terminated by a pair of claws. This conformation is for some particular purpose in the economy of the animal, since they are the most busily employed of all in arranging the threads of her web. Reaum. ii. 258. In the larva of a geometer (Geometra lunaria) the third pair are remarkably long. Illig. Mag. 402. In that of another moth, according to Kuhn (Naturf. xvi. 78. t. iv. f. 3), the third pair of the fore-legs is remarkably incrassated, being twice as thick and long as the other pair, though consisting of the same number of joints, the last of which has claws.

[294] On the legs and prolegs see also what is said above, Vol. II. p. [286]—.

[295] In some few instances these legs are dorsal. Ibid. [281].

[296] The claws or crotchets, though general, are not universal, in Lepidopterous larvæ. An exception is furnished to the rule by the singular limaciform ones of Hepialus Testudo and Asellus of Fabricius, two moths forming Haworth's genus Apoda, which have no distinct prolegs, but in their stead a number of small transparent shining tubercles without claws. The larva also of one of the subcutaneous moths first discovered by De Geer in the leaves of the rose (i. 446), but whose history is fully given by Goeze, Naturf. xv. 37-48, (who has satisfactorily ascertained that it is the true larva of a Tinea of Linné, but of a different habit from that of most subcutaneous ones), has no true legs, and eighteen prolegs without any claws. Another subcutaneous larva, for the history of which we are indebted to M. Godeheu de Riville, is according to him entirely deprived of legs of any kind (Bonnet ix. 196—.); as is another of the same tribe that feeds on the poplar, an account of which is given by Goeze Naturf. xiv. 105.

[297] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 7. See also below, p. [137].

[298] Lyonnet Anatom. 84. t. iii. f. 11, 12.

[299] Hist. Vermium, 130.

[300] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 1.

[301] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 18.

[302] Account of Locust-tree Insects, 69.

[303] Reaum. iv. 443. t. xxx. f. 6. l l. t. xxii. f. 6. l l.

[304] De Geer vi. 383. and 137. t. viii. f. 8, 9.

[305] See above, Vol. II. p. [278.] De Geer ubi supr. 376.

[306] Reaum. iv. 184. t. xv. f. 12. c c.

[307] De Geer v. 203.

[308] See above, p. [110], [114].

[309] Some few subcutaneous larvæ have more, as that, before mentioned, observed by De Geer in the leaves of the rose; which has eighteen prolegs, and no true ones.

[310] De Geer ii. t. xl. f. 15, 16. Bergman has added to these four classes of the larvæ of saw-flies, a fifth; the insects belonging to which, he affirms, though they have sixteen prolegs, are without the anal pair. Ibid. 931. But as neither De Geer nor Reaumur ever met with one of this description, it is probable he was mistaken. Reaumur thought he had seen one with eighteen prolegs upon Erysimum alliaria (v. 91), but he does not speak positively.

[311] De Geer v. 288.

[312] De Geer iv. 157.

[313] Ibid. v. 36. t. ii. f. 11.

[314] See above, Vol. I. p. [171.]

[315] De Geer v. 228.

[316] Ibid. 233.

[317] See above, Vol. II. p. [281.]

[318] De Geer vi. 388.

[319] Ibid. 389.

[320] Reaum. v. t. v. f. 10.

[321] Ibid. 31. This larva has also a pair of pediform processes at the anus, surrounded at the end with claws (t. v. f. 4, 5, s s), which he saw the animal use in locomotion; but which he suspects to be respiratory organs (Ibid. 33), which Latreille asserts they are. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 249.

[322] De Geer Ibid. t. xxiv. f. 15-17.

[323] Ibid. 383.

[324] Ibid. 111. t. vi. f. 14-16.

[325] Merian Ins. Sur. t. xx.

[326] Ibid. t. xxxiv.

[327] I have a caterpillar, I believe from Georgia, in which this horn is nearly an inch long, filiform, slender, and tortuous.

[328] Plate [XVIII.] Fig. 12. c.

[329] That of Sphinx Iatrophæ L. appears to be jointed, at least it is moniliform. Merian Surinam. t. xxxviii. Compare also t. iii.

[330] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 252.

[331] Schellenberg Entomolog. Beytr. t. 1.

[332] Smith's Abbott's Insects of Georgia, t. xiii.

[333] De Geer ii. 507. t. xi. f. 16. m n. t. xiv. f. 7.

[334] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 256.

[335] See above, Vol. II. p. [244]—.

[336] Plate [XIX.] Fig. 1. a.

[337] Reaum. i. t. xxx. f. 2. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. 490, 497—.

[338] Ray says he found it feeding on common fennel, about Middleton in Yorkshire: Lett. 69. The indefatigable Mr. Dale recently found many in the neighbourhood of Whittlesea-mere, feeding on Selinum palustre. It will also eat the wild carrot.

[339] This gentleman was remarkable for the admirable manner in which he prepared caterpillars, so as scarcely to differ from life.

[340] Reaum. i. 92.

[341] Bonnet ii. 84—. iii. 1.

[342] See above, Vol. II. [251]—.

[343] Bonnet ii. 88.

[344] De Geer ii. 507. t. xi. f. 16. c.

[345] Rös. iv. 162.

[346] De Geer i. 322—. See Plate [XIX.] Fig. 2. a a.

[347] Reaum. ii. 275. t. xxii. f. 3.

[348] Ibid. 276. t. xxii. f. 4, 5.

[349] Ins. Surinam. t. vii. Nymphalis Amphinome xxiii. Morpho Teucer t. xxxii. Papilio Cassiæ.

[350] This is not, however, universally the case, for the caterpillar of a Geometer described by Reaumur (ii. 363. t. xxix. f. 8.) (G. amatoria) has a pair of fleshy anal horns, terminating, it should seem from his figure, in a minute hook that the animal uses as a forceps; which has at the same time the anal legs, of which indeed these horns seem to be appendages.

[351] Sepp. iv. t. l. f. 6-8.

[352] Plate [XIX.] Fig. 5. a b. Sepp. iv. t. xxi. f. 4-7.

[353] Rös. iii. 69.

[354] Plate [XVII.] Fig. 13. c.

[355] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 95.

[356] De Geer v. 170— t. v. f. 19-23. Compare Reaum. iii. 235—.

[357] Plate [XIX.] Fig. 11. a. De Geer vi. 137. Reaum. iv. 482.

[358] Reaum. iv. t. xiv. f. 9, 10.

[359] Reaum. v. 32. t. v. f. 3-5. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 249.

[360] De Geer ii. 1031. t. xl. f. 13, 14. k k.

[361] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. x. 430.

[362] De Geer ii. 697. t. xxi. f. 4, 5. b b b.

[363] Reaum. v. t. vi. f. 7. n.

[364] Plate [XVIII.] Fig. 2.

[365] Reaum. ii. t. xxv. f. 20.

[366] See above, Vol. II. p. [245]—.

[367] Reaum. iii. 384. vi. 366. t. xxxii. f. 7, 8.

[368] Rös. iii. t. lxviii. f. 1. Meinecken Naturf. vi. 120.

[369] Ibid. xiii. 175.

[370] In the larva of Tenthredo Cerasi L., and some others, no traces of segments are to be seen; and in many coleopterous and dipterous ones the folds of the skin prevent the segments from being distinctly perceptible.

[371] Reaum. ii. 361. In the larva of a small common moth often met with in houses (Aglossa pinguinalis), every segment is divided into two parts, and underneath has two deep folds, by means of which these two parts can separate to a certain point, or approach again, according to circumstances. Thus Providence has enabled them to prevent their spiracles from being stopped by the greasy substances on which they often feed. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. 208.

[372] See above, p. [110].

[373] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. 329.

[374] Hor. Entomolog. 285. 397—. 422. 462—. &c.

[375] Ibid. 399-401.

[376] Hor. Entomolog. 423.

[377] See above, p. [23].

[378] The Intestinaux cavitaires of Cuvier, and the Epizoaria of Lamarck. See Hor. Entomolog. 286—.

[379] Hor. Entomolog. 422. comp. 463. Mr. MacLeay's idea of the larva of Meloe is taken from the animal which Frisch, Goedart, and De Geer imagined to be such; but upon this opinion there rest great doubts. (See Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. 168, and Latreille N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 109.) At p. 464 he gives also Mordella and many Heteromera as having Thysanuriform larvæ. He thinks, that probably that of Clerus is of the same description; to which he suspects that many of Latreille's Malacoderma likewise belong.

[380] Plate [XVIII.] Fig. 1. as to the thoracic shield.

[381] May 27, 1822. This day, T. Allen, Esq. F.L.S. brought me in a phial a vast number of the little insect which Goedart, Frisch, and De Geer took for the larva of Meloe Proscarabæus, which he found on the leaves of Achillea Millefolium. These little animals were coursing each other with wonderful velocity over the sides of the phial. To assist them in their motions, they applied to the surface of the glass the end of their abdomen, using it, like many larvæ of Coleoptera, as a seventh leg. This circumstance excited a suspicion in the minds of both Mr. MacLeay sen., then visiting me, and myself, that after all they might be coleopterous larvæ. One, amongst other circumstances, however, seemed to militate strongly against this opinion; namely, that in this infinite number none appeared to differ in size.

[382] Plate [XVII.] Fig. 13.

[383] [Ibid.] Fig. 12.; Plate [XVIII.] Fig. 4, 11, 13, &c.

[384] Plate [XVIII.] Fig. 3, 9.

[385] Plate [XIX.] Fig. 8.

[386] [Ibid.] Fig. 3. Reaum. v. 97. t. xii. f. 17, 18.; De Geer ii. 1004. t. xxviii. f. 12.

[387] See above, p. [110], [114], [138], [142].

[388] Plate [XVIII.] Fig. 7.

[389] Plate [XVIII.] Fig. 5.

[390] Plate [XIX.] Fig. 9.

[391] Plate [XVIII.] Fig. 2.

[392] Hor. Entomolog. 465.

[393] De Geer iv. 66. t. ii. f. 5-8.

[394] Ibid. t. xiii. f. 16-19. A very singular larva, which preys upon that of Aleyrodes proletella Latr., if Reaumur's figure be correct (ii. t. xxv. f. 18-20), is of a perfect Chilopodiform type, the abdominal legs being represented by a tubercle crowned by a bristle: yet even this, which turns to a minute beetle (Ibid. f. 21), has some tendency to the Anopluriform type.

[395] "Squilla insectum a squilla pisce parum differt." Mouffet, 319.

[396] A remarkable difference obtains between the larva of the wire-worm and that of Elater undulatus. In the former, the last segment is longer than the preceding one, terminating in a small acute mucro at the apex, with a deep cavity, perhaps a spiracle, on each side, at the base. In the latter, this segment is shorter than the preceding one, forming above a nearly circular plate; the margin of which is a little elevated, and armed on each side with three teeth, and at the apex with a pair of furcate recurved horns, and without any basal spiracle. De Geer iv. 156. t. v. f. 25. I have a similar larva, but not the same species.

[397] Hor. Entomolog. 397.

[398] Ibid. 399.

[399] Ibid. 438. Note *.

[400] Traité Element. ii. 35. n. 577.

[401] Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 66. t. vi. f. 3.

[402] Compare De Geer iii. t. xi. f. 3. and t. xvii. f. 14. &c.

[403] Ibid. t. i. f. 4, 9. t. ii. f. 15. t. ix. f. 4.

[404] See above, p. [125]—.

[405] Compare Plate [VI.] Fig. 6. with Fig. 12 c, d, d.

[406] De Geer ii. t. xxi. f. 4, 5.

[407] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xiii. f. 1.

[408] Hor. Entomolog. 438.

[409] See above, Vol. II. p. [256.]

[410] De Geer ii. t. xxiii. f. 9-14. Comp. Reaum. iv. t. xv. f. 1, 2.

[411] De Geer ii. t. xiv. f. 7. &c. The caterpillar of P. G. Scratiotata L. like those of Phryganeæ, has these respiratory threads. Ibid. i. t. xxxvii. f. 2-6. De Geer has described the larva of a Phryganea L. which is without any respiratory threads, ii. 569. t. xv. f. 10.

[412] Hor. Entomolog. 401. Montagu in Linn. Trans. vii. 67.

[413] Ins. Surinam. t. xxviii. Compare Ibid. t. xix. right-hand figure.

[414] Plate [XVIII.] Fig. 10.

[415] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xxxix. Plate [XIX.] Fig. 13.

[416] Lyonnet 69—.

[417] Surinam, t. lvii. right-hand figure.

[418] Sepp iv. t. ii. f. 3. t. xvi. f. 2, 3.

[419] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 254.

[420] Plate [XIX.] Fig. 6. One of these larvæ was taken at Melville Island. See Parry's Voyage, Appendix No. x. 37.

[421] Sepp. iv. t. viii. f. 4. Some species have three, others four, and others even five of these brushes. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 255.

[422] Ibid. Merian Eruc. xxxiv. upper left hand figure.

[423] Merian Ins. Surinam. t. lx.

[424] Ibid. t. xl.

[425] See above, Vol. I. p. [238.]

[426] De Geer iv. 207. t. viii. f. 4-6.

[427] Ins. Sur. t. xix. right hand caterpillar.

[428] Ibid. xli.

[429] Plate [XVIII.] Fig. 13.

[430] Ins. Sur. t. xxix.

[431] Ibid. t. vii. liii.

[432] Smith's Abbott's Ins. of Georg. Pref. vi.

[433] Prodromus Entomology.

[434] Ins. Sur. t. xliii. The figure represents only the two spines near the head as thus circumstanced.

[435] Reaum. v. t. xii. f. 8, 14. Plate [XVIII.] Fig. 11.

[436] See above, Vol. II. p. [238.] This, with B. imperatoria, &c. in the modern system, should form a genus.

[437] Ins. Sur. t. xlviii. right hand figure.

[438] Ibid. t. xi.

[439] Ibid. t. xxiii.

[440] Ibid. t. xxix.

[441] Reaum. v. 95.

[442] Huber Mœurs des Fourmis, 79.

[443] See above, Vol. II. p. [276]—.

[444] Reaum. v. 72. t. ix. f. 2-4.

[445] Rös. t. 211.

[446] See above, Vol. I. p. [29], [198]—.

[447] De Geer iii. 111. Comp. 121. It would be as well to adopt the French word flocon, instead of locks or flocks, which strictly mean very different things.

[448] vii. 604. t. xliv. f. 26.

[449] Fn. Germ. Init. xxxvi. 21.

[450] Syst. Rhyng. 311. 29.

[451] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 554.

[452] Natural History of the Slug-worm, 7.

[453] Ins. Surinam. t. xv. xvii.

[454] The larvæ of Carabus L. form one, being generally black.

[455] Annales de Chimie ii.

[456] Wien. Verz. 219.

[457] Wien. Verz. 4.

[458] Reaum. v. 92.

[459] Ins. Surinam. t. xi.

[460] ii. 1017.

[461] De Geer i. 57.

[462] Ibid. 58. Reaum. i. t. xxxix. f. 13, 14.

[463] De Geer ii. 400.

[464] See above, Vol. I. Letters [xii.] [xiii.]

[465] Bonnet (ii. 18) mentions, that the young larvæ of a butterfly (Pieris Cratægi), after devouring the exuviæ of the eggs from which they were hatched, gnawed those which were not so: not, however, so as to destroy the included animal, but rather to facilitate its egress. Those also of Coccinella bipunctata which I lately bred from the egg, as soon as hatched began to devour the unhatched ones around them, which they seemed to relish highly. I am inclined to believe, however, that this unnatural procedure was to be attributed to the circumstance of the female not having had it in her power to place her eggs in the midst of Aphides, their proper food.

[466] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 359.

[467] In the human species, after certain fevers a simultaneous and total moult, if the term may be so applied, takes place. I experienced this myself in my boyhood; when convalescent from Scarlatina, the skin of my whole body, or nearly so, peeled off.

[468] The translator, more ignorant of natural history than his author, has turned the "linguis micat ore trisulcis" of Virgil, into "darts his forky sting."

[469] Vol. I. p. [70].

[470] See above, p. [52]—.

[471] Cuvier Anat. Comp. ii. 596. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. 165.

[472] Cuvier Ibid. 624.

[473] Reaum. i. 182.

[474] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 290.

[475] Those Diptera whose metamorphosis is coarctate (Vol. I. p. 67), bees, the female Cocci, &c. do not cast their skin in the larva state. Reaum. iv. 364. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 365.

[476] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 289. xx. 372. Cuvier Anat. Comp. ii. 548. M. Cuvier (Ibid. 547.) asserts, that most Papiliones and Bombyces moult seven times.

[477] Œuvr. ii. 71.

[478] Reaum. ii. 75.

[479] Bibl. Nat. E. Trans. i. 135. col. b. t. xxvii. f. 6.

[480] Œuvres, viii. 303.

[481] Entwickelungsgeschichte, &c. 34, 88. Swammerdam on the contrary affirms, that "on the hinder part of the cast skin where it is twisted and complicated, whoever accurately examines the skin itself may still observe the coat that was cast by the intestinum rectum." Ubi supr. 136. col. a.

[482] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 290

[483] Reaum. iv. 604.

[484] Ibid. 364. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 365. Huber Fourmis 78. M. Huber does not say expressly that the grubs of ants do not change their skin; but his account seems to imply that they change it only previously to their metamorphosis.

[485] Lyonnet 11.

[486] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 290.

[487] De Bombycibus, 68.

[488] Opusc. i. 27.

[489] Linn. Trans. x. 399.

[490] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 129.

[491] As the larvæ of Ephemeræ usually live in the submerged part of the banks of rivers, perhaps they may be regarded as following the economy of subterranean terrestrial larvæ.

[492] A caterpillar nearly answering to the description of that of Bombyx camelina, which I found upon the hazel, after a few days produced sixteen grubs of some Ichneumon. At first these grubs were green, but they became gradually paler; and after a day or two became pupæ. But I mention this circumstance here for another reason: upon examining them after this last occurrence, I observed that they adhered to the lid of the box in which I kept the larva, arranged somewhat circularly; and at a little distance from the anus of each was a pea-green mass, consisting of about eight oval granules, which appeared like so many minute eggs. These were the excrement evacuated by each grub previously to its becoming a pupa. The appearance of this little group, with their verdant appendage, formed a curious spectacle: they are still pupæ, July 30, 1822.

[493] Except some species of Polyammatus Latr. (Thecla, Argynnis F.), P. Argiolus, Corydon, &c., and Hesperia Rubi, Betulæ F., &c. Some of the larvæ of the former become pupæ within the stalk of some plant, or partly under the earth: those of the latter usually in a leaf to which the abdomen is fastened by various threads. These last are the rouleuses of the butterfly-tribe, living, like some moths, in leaves that they have rolled up. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. 499.

[494] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 1. a.

[495] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 8. a.

[496] Bonnet is of opinion that this twirling process is not with any view to get rid of the exuviæ, but is caused only by the irritation occasioned by the spines of the skin of the caterpillar when they touch that of the pupa. Œuv. ii. 109.

[497] For the above account see Reaum. i. Mem. x. xi.

[498] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 291—.

[499] De Bombyc. 24.

[500] i. 498.

[501] De Bombyc. 43.

[502] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 294.

[503] Lesser. L. ii. 150, note 22. Boyle says an English lady found that the silk of a single cocoon would extend 300 English leagues or 900 miles. But this must be a mistake.

[504] Reaum. i. 555—.

[505] Plate [XVII.] Fig. 5. b.

[506] De Geer i. t. xxxii. f. 3-6.

[507] De Geer i. 463—.

[508] Reaum. ii. Mem. xi. Comp. De Geer ii. 162. Reaum. ii. 424.

[509] B. Catax—Pupa arcte folliculata. Fab.

[510] Travels in Greece, 285.

[511] See above, Vol. I. p. [476]—.

[512] Merian Surinam. t. xv.

[513] Reaum. ii. t. xxiii. f. 5.

[514] Sepp. iv. t. viii. f. 5.

[515] Reaum. i. t. xliv. f. 2.

[516] Plate [XVII.] Fig. 7.

[517] I have a black one from Mr. Francillon's cabinet.

[518] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 294.

[519] See above, Vol. II. p. [298]—.

[520] Reaum. ii. 436.

[521] Reaum. i. 503.

[522] Peck on Locust-tree Insects, 69.

[523] Bonnet ii. 260.

[524] Sepp. iv. t. ii. f. 4.

[525] Brahm. Ins. Kal. 289.

[526] Plate [XVII.] Fig. 8.

[527] The thick cocoons of Attacus Paphia, Polyphemus, &c. are also thus fastened between leaves.

[528] Merian Europ. ii. t. ix.

[529] Reaum. ii. 284.

[530] Ibid. i. 524.

[531] Bonnet ii. 297.

[532] Ibid. ix. 181.

[533] Reaum. v. 102.

[534] Ibid. iv. 269.

[535] De Geer ii. 1084. Comp. Ray Hist. Ins. Præf. xi. It is the opinion of M. P. Huber, that in this case the naked pupæ are deprived of their cocoons by the neuters: he states, indeed, that he has often seen them pulled off by them, and also by those of F. canicularia; and he seems to think that these larvæ are never developed. Mœurs des Fourmis, 84. note 1.

[536] II. viii. 16.

[537] Linn. Trans. vii. t. ii. f. 5, 6.

[538] Wien. Verz. I possess a cocoon of this kind from New Holland, even now quite solid, and retaining its form. No silk appears to have been used in its composition.

[539] Reaum. i. 579.

[540] Ibid. vi. 368.

[541] Ibid. i. 542.

[542] Ibid. 543.

[543] Linn. Trans. i. 196.

[544] Reaum. i. 545—.

[545] Pyral. 8. 3. t. iii. f. 16.

[546] See above, Vol. I. p. [172]—.

[547] Reaum. ii. 491.

[548] Reaum i. 540.

[549] See above, Vol. I. [167]—. II. [264.]

[550] See above, Vol. I. p. [67.]

[551] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 269—. xxii. 76.

[552] Reaum. iv. 32. The author here quoted asserts that the grub of Ichneumon Larvarum L. retains its skin, which, he says, is so transparent that the form of the nymph can be seen through it. Ibid. ii. 447. De Geer, however, found that this really did cast its skin, which is so transparent as to be scarcely visible, by pushing it gradually towards the anus, where it soon dries up and cannot then be discovered. De Geer ii. 893—. According to Rösel the same circumstance attends the transformation of Coccinella renipustulata Illig. (C. Cacti Ent. Brit.), which at first perplexed him not a little. It is probable that in this case the retention of the skin was accidental; for some of the grubs of a Mycetophila, the transformation of which I observed, became pupæ within their last skin, while others wholly disengaged themselves from it. The cause of this variation, I conjectured, arose from the former being too weak to extricate themselves from the skin.

[553] See above, Vol. I. p. [238.] Byrrhus Musæorum belongs to this genus.

[554] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 161.

[555] Pezold. 102.

[556] De Geer i. 339—.

[557] Reaum. ii. 423, and iii. 497.

[558] Ibid. i. 605.

[559] De Geer ii. 941.

[560] Brahm Insek. 72.

[561] Reaum. ubi supra.

[562] In the Hemiptera the male Cocci (Reaum. iv. 32.) and Aleyrodes (Ibid. ii. 311.) belong to the second division.

[563] The terms larva and pupa, applied to the insects of this subdivision, are perhaps not strictly proper.

[564] The larvæ and pupæ of many of the homopterous section of Hemiptera differ often from the imago, not only in their fore-legs (Plate [XVI.] Fig. 4.), but also in other respects. I have the larva of a Centrotus from Canada, given me by Dr. Bigsby, which has a long anal process or tail.

[565] See above, p. [125]—.

[566] iii. 135.

[567] The pupæ of Cassida, Imatidium, &c. seem to vary somewhat from this type, the upper part being neither membranous nor exhibiting distinctly the form of the inclosed imago.

[568] The following arrangement of pupæ is perhaps in some respects better than that above given. But it is scarcely possible to propose one free from objections.

Capable of eating and walking.
1. Like the perfect insect, except in proportion and number of parts.
  1. Except in proportion (Lice, Poduræ, Mites, Spiders, Scorpions, &c).
  2. Except in proportion and number (Centipedes, Millepedes).
2. With rudiments of the organs of flight.
  1. With oral organs resembling those of the perfect insect (Hemiptera).
  2. With oral organs differing from those of the perfect insect (Libellula L., Ephemera L.).
Incapable of eating and walking.
1. Incomplete pupæ.
2. Obtected.
3. Coarctate.

Lamarck divides the pupæ of insects that undergo a metamorphosis into three kinds, which he names—Chrysalis, Mumia, and Nympha.

i. Chrysalis. Under this denomination he includes all inactive pupæ inclosed in an opaque puparium which entirely conceals them. These he further subdivides into two kinds.

1. Chrysalis signata. This term is synonymous with the Pupa obtecta of Linné, or the Chrysalis of Lepidoptera and some Diptera.

2. Chrysalis dolioloides. Equivalent to the Pupa coarctata Linn. peculiar to those Diptera that assume this state in the skin of the larva.

ii. Mumia. All inactive pupæ which are covered by a transparent skin, through which all the parts of the inclosed imago may be seen, subdivided also into two.

1. Mumia coarctata. Corresponding with the Pupa incompleta Linn., which includes the Coleoptera and most of the Hymenoptera.

2. Mumia pseudonympha, confined to the Pupa of Phryganea and some others. This might be named Pupa subincompleta.

iii. Nympha. Under this denomination are included all insects that undergo only a partial metamorphosis, and are active in their pupa state, corresponding with the Pupa semicompleta Linn. and also subsemicompleta MacLeay. See Anim. sans Vertebr. iii. 285—.

M. Latreille has started an ingenious idea on this subject with regard to these kinds of metamorphosis, which comprehends both larva and pupa under a distinct denomination: as thus—

Demilarve and Deminymph, synonymous with the Semicomplete Metamorphosis.
Larve and Nymph, answering to Incomplete Metamorphosis.
Caterpillar and Chrysalis, answering to Obtected Metamorphosis.
Vermilarve and Pupa, answering to Coarctate Metamorphosis. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 272.

[569] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 57.

[570] De Geer ii. 105.

[571] Reaum. ii. 428—.

[572] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. Engl. Tr. ii. 32. t. xli. f. 2. Comp. Reaum. iv. t. xxv. f. 1.

[573] Ibid. i. 144.

[574] Reaum. i. 355.

[575] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ubi sup. 59.

[576] Plate [XVI.] Fig. 14. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 59.

[577] Ins. Surinam. t. xliv.

[578] De Geer v. 47. t. ii. f. 29-31.

[579] In the pupa of Hydrophilus piccus (Lesser L. t. ii. f. 13, 14), the arrangement of the parts is nearly the same, but the tarsi are not reflexed.

[580] Ibid. f. 9, 10. De Geer ii. t. xxxii. f. 5. Reaum. v. t. xxxvi. f. 14.

[581] Reaum. Ibid. t. ii. f. 9.

[582] The legs of Tipula replicata L. are placed in a similar way. De Geer vi. t. xx. f. 12. l.

[583] Rös t. 81.

[584] Ibid. t. 95.

[585] De Geer vi. 237. t. xiv. f. 8.

[586] Reaum. v. t. ii. f. 7. The anal and ventral spines of Tipula replicata are also remarkable. De Geer vi. t. xx. f. 14.

[587] De Geer Ibid. 377. t. xxiii. f. 8, 9. n. Reaum. v. 42. t. vi. f. 9. m n.

[588] The caterpillar consists of twelve segments (Lyonnet t. i. f. 4, 5), excluding the head; on each of which, except the 2d, 3d, and 12th, there is a pair of spiracles. The chrysalis usually exhibits an analogy to this structure, though the first, second, and last pair of spiracles are more or less obsolete in most.

[589] De Geer ii. 847. t. xxix. f. 7. a b.

[590] Animaux sans Vertebres, iii. 287.

[591] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 57.

[592] Sepp ii. t. i. f. 4. t. ii. f. 4. t. iv. f. 5.

[593] Plate [XVI.] Fig. 12.

[594] Plate [XVI.] Fig. 10.

[595] Ins. Surinam. t. lx. It is singular that the chrysalis of its congener, Morpho Teucer, which she figures t. xxiii., exhibits no such process. The larvæ also widely differ.

[596] Plate [XVI.] Fig. 11.

[597] Sepp ii. t. iii. f. 5.

[598] Sepp i. t. vii. f. 5.

[599] De Insectis, ed. Lister. t. 1.

[600] Ins. Surinam. t. liii.

[601] Sepp i. t. ii. f. 6.

[602] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 60.

[603] Ibid. 57.

[604] See above, Vol. I. p. [131.]

[605] Reaum. ii. 158. t. viii. f. 4, 5.

[606] Lesser L. i. 160. note. t. ii. f. 19.

[607] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. 165. Reaum. i. 347. Rösel says this is present only in some individuals. I. ii. 47.

[608] Plate [XVI.] Fig. 13. a.

[609] Ins. Surinam. t. iii.

[610] De Geer ii. 433. t. viii. f. 4. t.

[611] See above, Vol. II. p. [300.]

[612] This description was taken from a puparium in my own cabinet; it is similarly described by De Geer i. 490. t. vii. f. 2.

[613] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 8, 9.

[614] Kliemann Beitrage, 304.

[615] See above, Vol. I. [464.]

[616] Von Scheven in Naturf. stk. xx. 64. t. ii. f. 4.

[617] Plate [XVII.] Fig. 2. Lesser L. t. ii. f. 26.

[618] Plate [XVII.] Fig. 1. Lesser L. t. ii. f. 24, 25.

[619] Whether M. Meigen has separated this fly generically from others, I am not aware: in my catalogue it stands under the name of Tyrophaga.

[620] Reaum. iii. 376. t. xxxi. f. 7.

[621] Ibid. iv. 318. t. xxiii. f. 1-4. xxv. f. 1.

[622] Ins. Surinam. t. xxix.

[623] Ins. Surinam. t. xxxii. Lister imitated the gilding of Chrysalises by putting a small piece of a black gall in a strong decoction of nettles: this produced a scum, which when left on cup-paper, he says, will exquisitely gild it.—Ray's Letters, 87. 90.

[624] Beitrage, 181.

[625] Sepp. pt. ii. t. ii. f. 4.

[626] Rösel. I. i. 61. ii. 5.

[627] Reaum. i. 383.

[628] Lister's Goedart. 122.

[629] Reaum. ii. 10—.

[630] Ibid. 24.

[631] This is a legend of Virgil, of which an account is given in The Lay of the Last Minstrel, Note xv. 12mo ed. 1822, p. 257.

[632] Haworth Lepidopt. Britann. i. 125. An instance is recorded in Scriba's Journal, in which a pupa was not disclosed until the fourth year. B. i. st. iii. 222. Pezold. 170.

[633] Marsham in Linn. Trans. x. 402.

[634] Meinecken found, that of several pupæ of Saturnia pavonia, some kept all winter in a room heated daily by a stove, and others in a cold chamber, some of both parcels appeared in March (none earlier), and some of both had not appeared in July, though evidently healthy. Naturf. viii. 143.

[635] The exclusion of certain moths, &c. from the pupa is probably regulated by the time their eggs require to be hatched, and the appearance of the leaves that constitute their appropriate food.

[636] Mr. Marsham makes a similar observation in Linn. Trans., ubi supr.

[637] See above, p. [245].

[638] The appearance of them sometimes continues to near the end of the month: it began on the 19th, when Reaumur observed them. vi. 480. 488.

[639] Bibl. Nat. E. Transl. i. 103—.

[640] Reaum. vi. 486.

[641] Brahm. 423. 421.

[642] Naturf. xxi. 75.

[643] Reaum. ii. 423.

[644] De Geer ii. 370. It is not certain, however, that De Geer did not, in this instance, mistake the winter habitation of a larva for a cocoon intended to shelter the future chrysalis; since Lyonnet informs us that they spin a habitation to pass the winter in. Traité Anatomique, &c. 9.

[645] De Geer i. 490. t. vii. f. 3, 4.

[646] Œuv. ii. 1.

[647] De Geer v. 229.

[648] Vol. II. [300]—.

[649] Vol. II. [298]—.

[650] I. iv. 101.

[651] Reaum. vi. 407.

[652] Haworth Lepidopt. Britann. i. 127.

[653] De Geer ii. 566.

[654] Reaum. iii. t. xlv. f. 12-14.

[655] For this whole account, see Reaum. iv. Mem. viii.

[656] Ibid. 472.

[657] See above, p. [255]—. and Vol. II. p. [301]—.

[658] Bonnet, Œuv. ii. 169.

[659] Bonnet, Œuvr. ii. 207.

[660] Rös. I. iv. 209. t. lxiii. ccxii.

[661] See above, p. [217].

[662] Bonnet, Œuvr. ii. 229.

[663] De Geer ii. 477.

[664] Sepp. iv. t. xi. f. 8.

[665] Plate [XVII.] Fig. 5. N.B. Sepp's figure represents the exterior funnel; and this, which exhibits the cocoon divided longitudinally, the interior one, or dome.

[666] Rös. I. iv. 31.

[667] Naturf. viii. 133.

[668] De Bombyc. 29.

[669] Reaum. i. 624.

[670] Trans. of the Society of Arts, vii. 131.

[671] Reaum. ubi supr.

[672] ii. 359.

[673] Linn. Trans. vii. 35.

[674] Pezold. 171.

[675] Lyonnet 16.

[676] Some Notice of the Insect which destroys the Locust-trees, 70. This Memoir is in some American periodical work, of which I have not the title.

[677] Huber Fourmis 82.

[678] Vol. I. p. [467].

[679] Vol. II. p. [264].

[680] De Geer ii. 519.

[681] Reaum. iv. 610—.

[682] Ibid. v. 30—. t. v. f. 1-10. See above, p. [153]—.

[683] See above, Vol. II. p. [346.]

[684] Reaum. i. Mem. ult. De Geer i. 73. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 184.

[685] Swamm. Ibid.

[686] Jurine Hymenopt. 16.

[687] iv. 342. Herold also attributes the rapid expansion of the wing to the flow of an aqueous fluid, which he calls blood, into the nervures, the orifices of which open into the breast. Entwickelungs. der Schmetterl. 101. sect. 106.—M. Chabrier, in his admirable Essai sur le Vol des Insectes (Mém. du Mus. 4ieme, ann. 325), having observed a fluid in the interior of the nervures of the wings of insects, thinks it probable that they can introduce it into them and withdraw it at their pleasure: the object of which, he conjectures, is either to strengthen them and facilitate their unfolding, or to vary the centre of gravity in flight, and increase the intensity of the centrifugal force.

[688] Ibid. 340.

[689] Brahm. Insek. ii. 423.

[690] Reaum. vi. 505—. t. xlvi. f. 9. Comp. De Geer ii. 627—.

[691] Reaum. iii. 378.

[692] Ibid. 385.

[693] Insects of the beetle tribe, especially such as undergo their metamorphosis under ground, in the trunks of trees, &c., are often a considerable time after quitting the puparium before their organs acquire the requisite hardness to enable them to make their way to the surface. Thus, the newly-disclosed imago of Cetonia aurata remains a fortnight under the earth, and that of Lucanus Cervus, according to Rösel, not less than three weeks.

[694] See above, Vol. I. p. [34]—.

[695] Jurine Hymenopt. 9. Note 1.

[696] Oliv. N. i. t. i. f. 1. c. f. N. 3. t. iii. f. 22. a b c. t. v. f. 33. t. vi. f. 5. t. xiii. f. 124. a b.

[697] Reaum. vi. 423.

[698] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. t. xvi. f. 12, 13. t. xvii. f. 10-12.

[699] Reaum. iv. 393.

[700] See above, Vol. I. [473]—.

[701] De Geer vii. 304.

[702] Reaum. iv. 30.

[703] Ibid. t. iv. f. 15.

[704] See above, Vol. II. [36.]

[705] De Geer iii. 25.

[706] Linn. Trans. iv. 54—.

[707] ix. 65. n. 110.

[708] vi. 423.

[709] Entomologische, &c. 224.

[710] De Geer ii. 847. 850. Jurine Hymenopt. 100.

[711] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. 296. 264.

[712] Ibid. ii. 142—. 144, 147, 148, &c.

[713] A remarkable anomalous exception to this rule sometimes occurs in the female of D. marginalis, which has smooth elytra like the male (Gyll. Ins. Suec. i. 467-). I have this variety from the Rev. Mr. Dalton, of Copgrove, Yorkshire.

[714] De Geer i. t. vii. f. 11.

[715] See above, Vol. II. 125, Note ^[135].

[716] Melitta ** c. Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 140.

[717] Ibid. t. iv. f. 10. a. b. f. 14.

[718] Ibid. t. xiii. f. 20. a.

[719] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xi. Apis **. d. 2. α. β. f. 18 a. b. c. d.

[720] Coquebert Illustr. Icon. i. t. vi. f. 6.

[721] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. Apis **. c. 1. α. **. c. 1. β. **. c. 2. α. **. c. 2. β. **. c. 2. γ. **. c. 2. δ.

[722] Ibid. t. viii. f. 28. f. g.

[723] Christ. Hymenopt. t. iv. f. 3. b.

[724] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. iv. Melitta **. c. f. 1. a.

[725] Scheven Naturfors. stk. xx. 65. t. ii. f. 4. Compare Ibid. x. 101.

[726] Reaum. iii. t. xv. f. 18, 19.

[727] Oliv. no. 84. Brentus, t. i. f. 1. b. c. t. ii. f. 17. a. b.

[728] Oliv. no. 3. Scarabæus, t. xviii. f. 169.

[729] Oliv. Scarabæus, t. xii. f. 114. t. xv. f. 138. a.

[730] Ibid. t. v. f. 33.

[731] Ibid. t. xii. f. 112.

[732] Linn. Trans. vi. t. xix. f. 12. t. xx. f. 2.

[733] Oliv. no. 57. Tenebrio, t. i. f. 2.

[734] Oliv. ubi supr. No. 3. t. i. f. 1.

[735] Oliv. no. 3. t. iii. f. 20. a.

[736] Ibid. no. 55. Diaperis, t. i. f. 3.

[737] Oliv. Scarabæus, t. xx. f. 185.

[738] As Dynastes Actæon, Elephas, Typhon, &c. differ from D. Hercules, &c., not only in their general habits, horns, &c., but also in their maxillæ and labium,—the former in D. Actæon being simple, and in D. Hercules toothed, and the labium of the first bilobed at the apex, and in the last entire and acute,—according to the modern system they ought, therefore, to be considered as distinct genera. I would restrict the name Dynastes to D. Hercules and its affinities: D. Actæon, &c. I would call Megasoma.

[739] Oliv. Scarabæus, t. xvii. f. 156.

[740] Ibid. t. viii. f. 63.

[741] This insect is beautifully figured in M. Latreille's Insectes sacres des Egyptiens, f. 11. See Luke xi. 15. Heb. בעלןבול Dominus stercoris.

[742] Oliv. no. 83. 160. t. vi. f. 60. ♂. t. v. f. 45. ♀?

[743] Ibid. no. 36. t. ii. f. 12.

[744] Ibid. no. 6. t. vii. f. 61.

[745] See above, Vol. II. [224]—.

[746] Coquebert Illustr. Icon. iii. t. xxi. f. 2.

[747] Stoll Cigales, t. xviii. f. a b c. Grillons t. iv. f. 16-18. This singular animal, which was found by Mr. Patterson at the Cape of Good Hope, is stated to be an aquatic; and affords the only known instance of an Orthopterous insect inhabiting the waters. The Gryllotalpa loves the vicinity of water.

[748] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. Melitta **. b. 139. t. ii. f. 4-6.

[749] Ibid. **. a. f. 4, 5.

[750] Ibid. Apis *. b. 190—. t. v. f. 18 b.

[751] By Rösel, by a friend of De Geer's, and by M. Marechal. De Geer iv. 331—. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xviii. 225.

[752] Oliv. no. i. Lucanus, t. ii. f. 3.

[753] Ibid. t. iii. f. 7.

[754] Linn. Trans. xii. 410. t. xxi. f. 12.

[755] Ibid. vi. 185. t. xx. f. 1.

[756] Oliv. ubi supr. t. ii. f. 4.

[757] Regne Animal, iii. t. xiii. f. 3.

[758] See Vol. I. Plate [I.] Fig. 3.

[759] Christ. Hymenopt. t. xviii. f. 2.

[760] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. Melitta *. a. t. i. f. 5. ♀. 7. ♂.

[761] Ibid. Melitta **. a. t. ii. f. 6. ♀. 7. ♂. and **. b. t. iii. f. 3. ♀. 4. ♂.

[762] Ibid. t. viii. f. 11. ♀. 12. ♂.

[763] Ibid. i. t. viii. f. 9. ♀. 10. ♂.

[764] Ibid. Apis **. c. 2. β. t. ix. f. 6. ♀. 7. ♂.

[765] See above, Vol. II. 125. Note^[135].

[766] Mon. Ap. Angl. ubi supr. t. xiii. f. 13. ♀. 14. ♂.

[767] MacLeay Hor. Entomolog. 4—.

[768] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 488.

[769] Linn. Trans. xii. 425—. t. xxii. f. 6.

[770] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 2.

[771] [Ibid.] Fig. 3.

[772] Oliv. no. xxv. Lymexylon, t. 1. f. 1.

[773] De Geer vii. 249—. t. xiv. f. 20, 21. Treviranus Arachnid. 36—. t. ii. f. 16. a b c. t. iv. f. 35-37.

[774] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. Apis **. c. 2. γ. t. ix. f. 7. ♀. 9. ♂.

[775] Ibid. Melitta **. a. t. ii. f. 8. ♀. 9. ♂. and **. b. t. iii. f. 6. ♀. 7. ♂. **. c. t. iv. f. 11. ♀. 12. ♂.

[776] Jurine Hymenopt. t. 11. f. 2.

[777] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. Apis **. d. 1. t. x. f. 7.

[778] Oliv. no. 80. Macrocephalus, t. i. f. 2.

[779] Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 156.

[780] Jurine Hymenopt. 61. t. vi. f. 8.

[781] Ibid. 289.

[782] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. ix. Apis **. c. 2. γ. f. 9.

[783] Plate [XI.] Fig. 19.

[784] Plate [V.] Fig. 3.

[785] Plate [XI.] Fig. 18.

[786] [Ibid.] Fig. 17.

[787] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 11. Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 4. a.

[788] Ibid. f. 3.

[789] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 22.

[790] De Geer i. t. xix. f. 11, 12.

[791] Jurine Hymenopt. t. vi. f. 8.

[792] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 25, 26.

[793] [Ibid.] Fig. 4.

[794] Reaum. iv. t. xl. f. 2. a a. ♂. t. xxxix. f. 3. ♀. In the last the hairs are too conspicuous.

[795] Plate [XII.] Fig. 24.

[796] Jurine Hymenopt. t. vi. f. 3.

[797] Plate [XII.] Fig. 25, 26. [XXV.] Fig. 17, 32.

[798] [Ibid.] Fig. 12.

[799] Plate [XI.] Fig. 22.

[800] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. 395.

[801] Plate [XII.] Fig. 7.

[802] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 1.

[803] [Ibid.] Fig. 21.

[804] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 8. e. ♂. f. ♀.

[805] Hist. Nat. des Fourmis, 195—. 270—.

[806] De Geer ii. 1094.

[807] Ibid. 650. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xi. Apis xx. c. 1. f. 2. ♂. t. xii. f. 3. ♀.

[808] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 39. De Geer ii. 651. 659.

[809] Voet Coleopt. i. t. xxxix. f. 47, 48. ♂. 46. ♀.

[810] Oliv. no. 3. t. vi. f. 46. a. ♂. b. ♀.

[811] Ibid. t. i. f. 1. iv. x. f. 31. xi. f. 102. xii. f. 114.

[812] Ibid. t. xxvi. f. 219.

[813] Ibid. t. i. f. 2.

[814] Ibid. t. xxiii. f. 35.

[815] Ibid. t. ii. f. 7.

[816] Ibid. t. v. f. 40.

[817] Ibid. xix. f. 175.

[818] Ibid. t. xii. f. 115.

[819] Copris floriger Kirby in Linn. Trans. xii. 396.

[820] Oliv. no. 3. t. ii. f. 18.

[821] Ibid. t. xxii. f. 32.

[822] Ibid. t. ix. f. 85.

[823] Ibid. t. iii. f. 22.

[824] Ibid. t. xiii. f. 124. a.

[825] Ibid. t. v. f. 38.

[826] Ibid. t. xxviii. f. 242. t. xviii. f. 169.

[827] Ibid. t. xvi. f. 152.

[828] Ibid. t. xxviii. f. 247.

[829] Ibid. t. xv. f. 138. a. t. v. f. 33.

[830] Samouelle's Compend. t. i. f. 1.

[831] Oliv. no. 3. t. v. f. 36. a.

[832] Schon. Synon. i. t. 1.

[833] Oliv. no. 3. t. xxiv. f. 208.

[834] Ibid t. x. f. 88.

[835] Ibid. f. 87.

[836] Ibid. t. xx. f. 185.

[837] Ibid. t. vi. f. 42. a.

[838] Ibid. n. 83. Curculio t. xxii. f. 295.

[839] Oliv. no. 81. Attelabus t. ii. f. 27. b. 28.

[840] De Geer ii. t. xxxi. f. 18-22.

[841] Ibid. iii. 21.

[842] Lesser L. i. 185.

[843] De Geer iii. 308.

[844] See above, Vol. II. [394]—.

[845] Linn. Trans. i. 145. 135—.

[846] Ibid. t. xiii. f. 1. 2. ♂. 3. ♀.

[847] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xi. Apis **, a. 2. α. β. f. 18.

[848] Oliv. no. 68. Saperda t. i. f. 8.

[849] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. viii. f. 28. c.

[850] Ibid. t. ix. Apis **. c. 2. β. f. 12.

[851] Clairv. Ent. Helv. ii. t. xii. f. B.

[852] Oliv. Ins. no. 66. t. iii. iv. f. 12.

[853] Ibid. no. 3. t. iv. f. 27.

[854] Punaises, t. iii. f. 20.

[855] Mr. Marsham has made two species of this from this circumstance, viz. Necydalis Podagrariæ and simplex.

[856] Oliv. n. 3. t. xxvii. f. 27. ♀. and t. iv. f. 27. ♂.

[857] Ibid. t. vii. f. 58. ♂. f. 57. ♀.

[858] Ibid. n. 95. Hispa t. i. f. 4. Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 24.

[859] Plate [XV.] Fig. 3.

[860] De Geer i. t. vii. f. 14, 15.

[861] Coquebert Illust. Icon. i. t. vi. f. 6. Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 32.

[862] Illig. Mag. iv. 214. Gyllenhal. Insect. Suec. i. 168.

[863] Plate [XV.] Fig. 9.

[864] [Ibid.] Fig. 8.

[865] Christ. Hymenopt. 118. t. iv. f. 3.

[866] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xi. Apis **. e. 1. ♂. f. 8. e. and t. xii. **. e. 1. neut. f. 19. c.

[867] Hor. Entomolog. 144.

[868] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 45. a.

[869] De Geer ii. t. xxviii. f. 2.

[870] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. v. Apis **. a. f. 10. ♂. 11. ♀.

[871] Ibid. t. vii. Apis **. c. 1. α. 17. ♀. 18. ♂.

[872] Ibid. t. viii. f. 30. ♂. 31. ♀.

[873] Ibid. t. xi. Apis **. e. 1. mas. f. 9. t. xii. Apis **. e. 1. fem. f. 9. and neut. f. 22.

[874] De Geer vi. t. xviii. f. 12, 13.

[875] De Geer v. 151—.

[876] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 177. t. ix. Apis **. c. 2.γ. f. 11. a, d.

[877] Ibid. f. 13. a.

[878] See above, Vol. II. [395.]

[879] Plate [XXIX.] Fig. 13. Stoll. Spectres, &c. t. xxv. f. 99.

[880] Sparrman. Voyage, i. 312—.

[881] Coleopt. Micropt. 16.

[882] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. viii. f. 25. De Geer iii. 255. t. xiv. f. 8.

[883] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. viii. f. 24.

[884] Ibid. t. ix. Apis xx. c. 2. γ. f. 12.

[885] Ibid. Apis **. c. 2. β. f. 11.

[886] Ibid. t. vii. Apis **. c. 1. α. f. 11, 12. ♀. 13, 14. ♂.

[887] Plate [XV.] Fig. 12. De Geer ii. t. xxiv. f. 9, 10. ♀. t. xxv. f. 2, 3. ♂.

[888] Reaum. vi. 494. t. xliv. f. 3-11.

[889] De Geer ii. t. xvii. f. 5-7.

[890] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. 443.

[891] See above, Vol. II. [110], [118.]

[892] Vol. I. [283].

[893] II. i. 6.

[894] Clairville Ent. Helvet. ii. 214—. I have seen it asserted in some popular work on Natural History, (the title of which I do not recollect,) that Mantis religiosa has been known to live ten years; and a flea, when fed and taken care of, six. But this is so contrary to experience in other cases, that the statement seems quite incredible.

[895] Rösel III. 379. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 285.

[896] Dumeril Traité Elément. ii. 87. n. 683.

[897] De Geer ii. 288.

[898] Huber i. 106.

[899] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 553.

[900] Vol. II. [173]—.

[901] Morier's Second Journey through Persia, 100.

[902] Vol. II. [175].

[903] Lamarck Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vertèbr. i. 311, 214.

[904] Ibid. 162. Compare the Systême des Anim. sans Vertèbr. of the same author, p. 12—.

[905] The doctrine of Epicurus—that the Deity concerns not himself with the affairs of the world or its inhabitants, which, as Cicero has judiciously observed (De Nat. Deor. 1. 1. ad calcem), while it acknowledges a God in words, denies him in reality; has furnished the original stock upon which most of these bitter fruits of modern infidelity are grafted. Nature, in the eyes of a large proportion of the enemies of Revelation, occupies the place and does the work of its Great Author. Thus Hume, when he writes against miracles, appears to think that the Deity has delegated some or all of his powers to nature, and will not interfere with that trust. Essays, ii. 75—. And to name no more, Lamarck, treading in some measure in the steps of Robinet (who supposes that all the links of the animal kingdom, in which nature gradually ascends from low to high, were experiments in her progress towards her great and ultimate aim—the formation of man. Barclay On Organization, &c. 263), thus states his opinion: "La nature, dans toutes ses opérations, ne pouvant procéder que graduellement, n'a pu produire tous les animaux à-la-fois: elle n'a d'abord formé que les plus simples; et passant de ceux-ci jusques aux plus composés, elle a établi successivement en eux différens systêmes d'organes particuliers, les a multipliés, en a augmenté de plus en plus l'énergie, et, les cumulant dans les plus parfaits, elle a fait exister tous les animaux connus avec l'organisation et les facultés que nous leur observons." (Anim. sans Vertèbr. i. 123.) Thus denying to the Creator the glory of forming those works of creation, the animal and vegetable kingdom (for he assigns to both the same origin, Ibid. 83), in which his glorious attributes are most conspicuously manifested; and ascribing them to nature, or a certain order of things, as he defines it (214)—a blind power, that operates necessarily (311); which he admits, however, to be the product of the will of the Supreme Being (216). It is remarkable, that in his earlier works, in which he broaches a similar opinion, we find no mention of a Supreme Being. (See his Systême des Animaux sans Vertèbres, Discours d'Ouverture.) Thus we may say that, like his forerunner Epicurus, Re tollit, dum oratione relinquit Deum. But though he ascribes all to nature; yet as the immediate cause of all the animal forms, he refers to the local circumstances, wants, and habits of individual animals themselves; these he regards as the modifiers of their organization and structure (162). To show the absurd nonplus to which this his favourite theory has reduced him, it will only be necessary to mention the individual instances which in different works he adduces to exemplify it. In his Systême, he supposes that the web-footed birds (Anseres) acquired their natatory feet by frequently separating their toes as far as possible from each other in their efforts to swim. Thus the skin that unites these toes at their base contracted a habit of stretching itself; and thus in time the web-foot of the duck and the goose were produced. The waders (Grallæ), which, in order to procure their food, must stand in the water, but do not love to swim, from their constant efforts to keep their bodies from submersion, were in the habit of always stretching their legs with this view, till they grew long enough to save them the trouble!!! (13—). How the poor birds escaped drowning before they had got their web feet and long legs, the author does not inform us. In another work, which I have not now by me, I recollect he attributes the long neck of the camelopard to its efforts to reach the boughs of the mimosa, which, after the lapse of a few thousand years, it at length accomplished!!! In his last work, he selects as an example one of the Molluscæ, which, as it moved along, felt an inclination to explore by means of touch the bodies in its path: for this purpose it caused the nervous and other fluids to move in masses successively to certain points of its head, and thus in process of time it acquired its horns or tentacula!! Anim. sans Vertèbr. i. 188. It is grievous that this eminent zoologist, who in other respects stands at the head of his science, should patronize notions so confessedly absurd and childish.

[906] Lyonnet Traité, &c. Pref. xxii. Want of due encouragement, it is to be feared, caused the abortion of these valuable treatises. The MSS. are, I believe, still in existence. It would probably answer now to publish them.

[907] See above, p. [52]—.

[908] See above, p. [43]—.

[909] There are certain processes which are a continuation of the internal surface of the crust; and serve, as well as the rest of it, for points of attachment to the muscles: these, though completely internal, must be considered as parts of the external skeleton.

[910] See above, p. [28]—.

[911] The crust which covers the body of insects is lined internally with a kind of fibrous cuticle. Query, Whether in any degree analogous to the Periosteum of Vertebrate animals?

[912] We employ this term instead of Instrumenta Cibaria F., to avoid circumlocution.

[913] Plates [VI.] [VII.] &c. a´, and [XXVI.] Fig. 30-33.

[914] Ibid. Fig. 30. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 139. Melitta **. b. t. ii. f. 4, 5.

[915] Plates [VI.] [VII.] &c. and [XXVI.] Fig. 23-29. b´.

[916] Plates [VI.] and [VII.] a´´, and [XXVI.] Fig. 34, 35.

The part in this work regarded as the mentum, does not in all cases accord with what MM. Latreille, Savigny, &c. have regarded as entitled to that denomination. Thus in Hymenoptera, their Mentum is what we term the Labium, while our Mentum is the small piece upon which that part sits (Plate [VII.] Fig. 3. a´´). This is called the Fulcrum in Mon. Ap. Angl. (See i. Explan. of the Plates.) Our Mentum may generally be known by its situation between the hinges and base of the Maxillæ.

[917] Plates [VI.], [VII.], and [XXVI.] b´´.

[918] [Ibid.]

[919] Plate [XIII.] Fig. 7. c´´.

[920] Marcel de Serres Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des Orthoptères. 7. Ann. du Mus. 11.

[921] Plate [VI.] Fig. 6. c´, a´´´. and [XIII.] Fig. 5. a´´´.

[922] Plate [VI.] Fig. 12. b´´´. and [XIII.] Fig. 5. b´´´.

[923] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 16. c´´´.

[924] [Ibid.] Fig. 20. d´´´.

[925] Cuv. Anat. Comp. iii. 322—.

[926] Plates [VI.] [VII.] d´. and [XXVI.] Fig. 9-15.

[927] [Ibid.] c´´.

[928] [Ibid.] f´´.

[929] [Ibid.] and [XXVI.] Fig. 13-15.

[930] Plate [VI.] Fig. 3. d´´´.

[931] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 11. d´´´.

[932] Plate [VI.] Fig. 6, 12. d´´´.

[933] [Ibid.] Fig. 3, 6, 12. and [XXVI.] Fig. 9, 10. e´´´.

[934] Ibid. [VI.] Fig. 3, 12. f´´´.

[935] Plates [VI.] [VII.] h´´. [XIII.] Fig. 1-4, 8. h´´. and [XXVI.] Fig. 1-8.

[936] Plate [VI.] Fig. 6, 12. e´.

[937] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 26, 29. e´.

[938] Plate [VII.] Fig. 2, 3, e´.—What is here called the Lingua in Hymenoptera has been usually regarded as the Labium; but surely that organ which collects, and as it were laps the honey, and passes it down to the Pharynx, is properly to be considered as the tongue. The Labium itself appears to be represented by what has been called the Mentum, and the true Mentum, as was lately observed, is at the base of the part last mentioned, in the usual situation of that piece. This, though long since noticed (Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 103—), has not been much attended to by modern entomologists.

[939] Huber Fourmis, 4—.

[940] Plate [VII.] Fig. 2, 3. and [XXVI.] Fig. 28. i´´.

[941] Plate [VII.] Fig. 14. f´.

[942] [Ibid.] Fig. 2. k´´. This is M. Savigny's name for this part. It has also been called Epiglossa. Latreille Organisation Extérieure des Insectes, 185.

[943] Vide Savigny Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 12—.

[944] The majority of Hymenopterous insects, though they have the ordinary Trophi, are not masticators, using their mandibulæ only for purposes connected with their economy.

[945] See his Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, I. i.

[946] I have used this word here and on a former occasion (see above, p. [29]), perhaps not with strict propriety, in the sense of the French word remplacer, for which we seem to have no single corresponding word in our language.

[947] Plate [VI.] Fig. 7-9.

[948] Plate [VI.] Fig. 7, 9. b´.

[949] [Ibid.] c´.

[950] [Ibid.] d´.

[951] Ibid. [VII.] Fig. 5, 6.

[952] [Ibid.] b´.

[a][953] [Ibid.] Fig. 6. b´.

[954] [Ibid.] a. The Labella have been usually thought confined, or nearly so, to the genus Musca L.; but they may be traced in all genuine Diptera, i. e. excluding Hippobosca L.

[955] Plate [VII.] Fig. 5. a´, c´, d´.

[956] Plate [VII.] Fig. 5, 6. a´.

[957] [Ibid.] c´.

[958] [Ibid.] d´. It has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained, whether all the ordinary Trophi are represented in every Dipterous mouth, the number of the lancets seeming in some cases to vary.

[959] Plate [VI.] Fig. 13.

[960] [Ibid.] a.

[961] [Ibid.] b.

[962] [Ibid.] Labrum a´; Mandibulæ c´; Maxillary Palpus h´´.

[963] Plate [VII.] Fig. 8.

[964] [Ibid.] c´.

[965] [Ibid.] d´. Maxillary Palpi h´´.

[966] [Ibid.] e´.

[967] Plate [VII.] Fig. 11, 13. f´.

[968] [Ibid.] Fig. 11. d´.

[969] See above, p. [18], &c.

[970] Plate [VI.] Fig. 10. c´.

[971] Plate [VI.] Fig. 1, 4, 10. â.

[972] [Ibid.] a.

[973] [Ibid.] g´.

[974] Plate [VI.] c.

[975] [Ibid.] d.

[976] [Ibid.] e.

[977] [Ibid.] f.

[978] [Ibid.] g.

[979] Plates [VI.] [VII.] and [XXVI.] h.

[980] Plate [VI.] Fig. 1. and [VII.] Fig. 2. h´.

[981] Plate [VI.] Fig. 4, 10. [VII.] Fig. 1, 2, 4. and [XXVI.] Fig. 39-41. i.

[982] Plates [XI.] [XII.] and [XXV.]

[983] Plate [VI.] Fig. 1, 2. and [VII.] Fig. 1. i´.

[984] Ibid. [XII.] Fig. 6. 9. k´.

[985] [Ibid.] l´´.

[986] [Ibid.] l.

[987] [Ibid.] Fig. 6. m´.

[988] [Ibid.] Fig. 6, 8-10. m´´.

[989] Plate [VI.] Fig. 2, 8. ê.

[990] Plate [VII.] Fig. 2. l. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiii. f. 1. a, e.

[991] Plate [VI.] Fig. 2. m.

[992] [Ibid.] î.

[993] [Ibid.] n.

[994] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 1, 3, 4. n.

[995] Plate [VI.] Fig. 2. o.

[996] Plate [IX.] Fig. 7, 10, 11, &c. and [XVI.] Fig. 4, 8. B.

[997] M. Chabrier, in his admirable Mémoires sur le Vol des Insectes. uses the term Tronc Alifère, which suggested the terms here employed.

[998] Plate [IX.] Fig. 3, 12, 16, &c.

[999] [Ibid.] Fig. 1, 2, 10, 11, &c.

[1000] [Ibid.] Fig. 2. a´.

[1001] Ibid. [IX.] Fig. 4.

[1002] Ibid. [VIII.] Fig. 3, 11.

[1003] Plate [XXIX.] Fig. 12. c´.

[1004] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 2, 11. d´.

[1005] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 7. e´.

[1006] M. Latreille, in his Organisation Extérieure des Insectes (Mem. du Mus. viii. 198.) proposes calling the fore-legs of Hexapods Propedes; but having long ago applied this term to the false legs of caterpillars (see above, Vol. II. p. [288.] &c.), we shall not adopt it.

[1007] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 36. a´.

[1008] Plate [XV.] Fig. 6-9.

[1009] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 59. a.

[1010] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 3, 4, 12-14, 16, 17. [IX.] Fig. 1, 3, 7, 8, 10-12, 15.

[1011] [Ibid.] c.

[1012] Plate [IX.] Fig. 7, 11, 12, 15, 19. g´. The Collare of Hymenoptera and Diptera has usually been regarded as representing the Prothorax of Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c. But this difference obtains between them—the latter evidently belongs to the Manitrunk, and its muscles do not appertain at all to the Alitrunk; whereas the Collare as evidently is a part of the latter, its muscles belong to it, and its functions in assisting in flight are important. These reasons, and others we shall state hereafter, induced us long ago to consider this part as not representing the Prothorax; and they seem to have induced M. Chabrier almost to adopt a similar opinion. Sur le Vol des Insectes. Ann. du Mus. 3eme Ann. 414. et 4eme Ann. 54—.

[1013] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 8, 11. h´.

[1014] [Ibid.] Fig. 8. Plate [VIII.] Fig. 3, 12, 14, 16. [IX.] Fig. 1, 7, 8, 10-12, 15, 19, 21. i´.

[1015] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 14, 20. [IX.] Fig. 11, 12. and [XXII.] Fig. 8. b´´.

[1016] Plate [X.] Fig. 1.; and [XXVIII.] Fig. 1-8, 10.

[1017] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 3-5. b´´´.

[1018] Plate [X.] Fig. 1. c´´´.

[1019] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 6-8. d´´´.

[1020] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 6. e´´´.

[1021] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 2. a´´´.

[1022] [Ibid.] Fig. 19. and Plate [X.] Fig. 2.

[1023] The upper organs of flight of many of the homopterous section of the Hemiptera seem altogether membranous, and may almost be included under the term Alæ Superiores.

[1024] Plate [X.] Fig. 3.

[1025] [Ibid.] f´´´.

[1026] Plate [X.] Fig. 3. g´´´.

[1027] [Ibid.] Fig. 5-9, 11-15. and Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 18.

[1028] [Ibid.] h´´´.

[1029] N.B. In the Plate the Costal Area is red, the Intermediate white, and the Anal yellow. When the Hemelytra are considered as divided into Areas, the Membrana might be denominated the Apical Area.

[1030] Plate [X.] Fig. 2, 3, b^..

[1031] [Ibid.] c^..

[1032] Plate [X.] Fig. 2, 3. d^..

[1033] [Ibid.] Fig. 7-15. e^..

[1034] [Ibid.] f^..

[1035] [Ibid.] g^..

[1036] [Ibid.] h^..

[1037] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Insectes, Ann. du Mus. 3eme ann. 428, 4eme ann. 325—. 3d Cahier 78.

[1038] Linn. Trans. i. t. xiii. f. 2. 3. d.

[1039] Plate [X.] Fig. 5-15. i^..

[1040] [Ibid.] a*.

[1041] [Ibid.] Fig. 6. k^..

[1042] [Ibid.] l^..

[1043] [Ibid.] Fig. 5, 6, 13. b*.

[1044] [Ibid.] Fig. 5-15. m^..

[1045] [Ibid.] Fig. 5, 6, 13. c*.

[1046] Plate [X.] Fig. 5-15. n^..

[1047] [Ibid.] o^..

[1048] [Ibid.] Fig. 14. p^..

[1049] [Ibid.] Fig. 11. m´´´.

[1050] [Ibid.] Fig. 14, 15. n´´´.

[1051] Plate [IX.] Fig. 5, 11. g´´.

[1052] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] [XXVIII.] k´.

[1053] [Ibid.] l´.

[1054] Plate [IX.] Fig. 7. m´.

[1055] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 4, 13, 17.; and [IX.] Fig. 3, 8, 12. d.

[1056] [Ibid.] n´.

[1057] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] o´.

[1058] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 4, 8, 13, 17. p´.

[1059] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 6. q´.

[1060] Plate [XVI.] Fig. 4-6. r´.

[1061] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 3, 12.; and [IX.] Fig. 1, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15. c.

[1062] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 9, 11. s´.

[1063] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 3, 12, 20. and [IX.] Fig. 7, 10-12, 15, 20. t´.

[1064] [Ibid.] u.

[1065] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] [XXVIII.] v´.

[1066] Plates [VIII.] and [IX.] w´.

[1067] Plate [X.] Fig. 4, 10.

[1068] Plate [X.] Fig. 4. o´´´.

[1069] Linn. Trans. i. t. xiii. f. 1. b. 3. a.

[1070] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiii. f. 19.

[1071] De Geer ii. t. ix. f. 9. d.

[1072] Ibid. vi. t. ii. f. 23. a a.

[1073] Plate [IX.] Fig. 19. p´´´.

[1074] [Ibid.] Fig. 7. and Plate [XXII.] Fig. 14. k´´.

[1075] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 10, 11. x´.

[1076] [Ibid.] Fig. 9-11. l´´.

[1077] Plates [VIII.] and [IX.] f.

[1078] [Ibid.] y´.

[1079] [Ibid.] z´.

[1080] Plate [XXIX.] Fig. 15. m´´.

[1081] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] a†.

[1082] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 50.

[1083] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 3. b†.

[1084] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 18; and [XXII.] Fig. 13. c†.

[1085] Plate [XIV.] Fig. 5-8.

[1086] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 2, 4, 11, 13, &c. o´´.

[1087] [Ibid.] Fig. 18. q´´´.

[1088] Plate [XIV.] Fig. 6-8; and [XXVII.] Fig. 12. p´´.

[1089] [Ibid.] q´´.

[1090] Plate [XIV.] Fig. 5-8; and [XXVII.] Fig. 6-8. r´´.

[1091] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 7, 8, 15. r´´´.

[1092] Plate [XIV.] Fig. 5-8. s´´.

[1093] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 21. s´´´.

[1094] [Ibid.] Fig. 9, 10, 16, 17. t´´´.

[1095] [Ibid.] Fig. 34-36. u´´´.

[1096] Plate [XIV.] Fig. 6; and [XXVII.] Fig. 29-36. v´´´.

[1097] Plate [XIV.] Fig. 5-8; and [XXVII.] Fig. 44, 45, 62, 63. t´´.

[1098] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 25, 26, 41. w´´´.

[1099] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 25, 26. x´´´.

[1100] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 47, 48; and [XXVII.] Fig. 43. r^..

[1101] [Ibid.] s^..

[1102] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 47, 48. d*.

[1103] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 37-57. e*.

[1104] [Ibid.] Fig. 56, 57. f*.

[1105] [Ibid.] Fig. 56. a ψ.

[1106] [Ibid.] Fig. 59. y´´´.

[1107] Plate [XV.] Fig. 9; and [XXVII.] Fig. 35, 59-61. t^..

[1108] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 5, 6, 9, 15, 18, 19.

[1109] [Ibid.] Fig. 5, 15. A.

[1110] [Ibid.] A´.

[1111] [Ibid.] Fig. 5, 9. B´.

[1112] [Ibid.] Fig. 5, 9, 15. A´´.

[1113] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 6, 9, 15. B.

[1114] The scientific reader must recollect that these terms are employed, not because these parts are thought to be true representatives of the Epigastrium and Hypochondria of vertebrate animals, but merely on account of some analogy between them.

[1115] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 6. C´.

[1116] [Ibid.] D´.

[1117] [Ibid.] B´´.

[1118] [Ibid.] Fig. 18, 19. C´´.

[1119] [Ibid.] Fig. 6, 9, 15. E´.

[1120] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 9. D´.

[1121] Plate [IX.] Fig. 17, 18. C.

[1122] [Ibid.] Fig. 13. F´.

[1123] [Ibid.] G´.

[1124] [Ibid.] Fig. 17. H´.

[1125] [Ibid.] Fig. 18. I´.

[1126] Plate [XV.] Fig. 12. D.

[1127] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 5, 15. K´.

[1128] [Ibid.] Fig. 6, 15, 18. L´.

[1129] Plate [XV.] Fig. 18-22; and [XVI.] Fig. 1-3.

[1130] Plate [XV.] Fig. 18. E´.

[1131] Plate [XV.] Fig. 22; and [XVI.] Fig. 2, 3.

[1132] [Ibid.] Fig. 20, 21; and [XVI.] Fig. 1. F´´.

[1133] Plate [XV.] Fig. 20. G´´.

[1134] [Ibid.] Fig. 20, 21; and [XVI.] Fig. 1. II´´.

[1135] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. Apis **. e. 1. neut. f. 23-25; and t. xiii. f. 27, 28.

[1136] Ibid. t. xiii. f. 30, 31.

[1137] Ibid. a.

[1138] Plate [XV.] Fig. 12. L´´.

[1139] Plate [XV.] Fig. 14. M´´.

[1140] [Ibid.] Fig. 17. N´´.

[1141] [Ibid.] Fig. 15. O´´.

[1142] [Ibid.] Fig. 13. P´´.

[1143] [Ibid.] Fig. 23. Q´´.

[1144] De Geer iii. t. xxii. f. 10. a a.

[1145] Ibid. t. xxiv. f. 2. c; and f. 11.

[1146] Plate [XV.] Fig. 16. R´´.

[1147] [Ibid.] S´´.

[1148] [Ibid.] Fig. 10; and Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 16, 17. T^*´´.

[1149] [Ibid.] Fig. 12. B´´´. 15.

[1150] De Geer ubi supr. t. iii. f. 5, 20, 21. c.

[1151] See above, p. [86], [110], [243]—.

[1152] Many species of Hister, Curculio L., Doryphora Illig. are extremely hard, while Cantharis Geoffr., Meloe F., and Telephorus Geoffr., are very soft.

[1153] Thenard Traité de Chimie Elémentaire, iii. 637. n. 2005. The other products he mentions are—a green oil, a yellow substance, a black ditto, acetic acid, uric acid, phosphate of magnesia. The vesicant matter consists of little micaceous laminæ soluble in boiling alcohol and oil, but insoluble in water.

[1154] Coquebert Illustr. Icon. ii. t. xviii. f. 14, 15.

[1155] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 16.

[1156] This name I would give to Locusta F., reserving, with Dr. Leach, the latter name to the true locust (Gryllus F.). The name Conocephalus, by which Locusta F. has been distinguished, is better restricted to those with a conical head.

[1157] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 1, 2.

[1158] Huber Nouv. Obs. ii. 317.

[1159] Vol. I. p. [502]—.

[1160] Hair, in the Holy Scriptures, is used as the symbol of strength or power. Judges xvi. 17—. 1 Cor. xi. 10.

[1161] Anat. Compar. ii. 624.

[1162] Anat. Compar. i. 119.

[1163] Ibid. ii. 540.

[1164] Ibid. 547.

[1165] Ibid. 553.

[1166] Anat. Compar. ii. 553.

[1167] Ibid. 557.

[1168] Ibid. 560.

[1169] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 2. a´´´.

[1170] Anat. Compar. ii. 557.

[1171] A harmonic suture is when the margins of two flat bones simply touch each other, without any intermediate substance; and a squamose, when the thin margin of one covers that of the other. Anat. Compar. i. 124. With regard to the flat portions of the integument of insects, they have some motion; whereas a suture is an articulation without movement. Ibid.

[1172] Their connexion by means of a ligament classes them under Synneurosis (Monro On the Bones, Dr. Kirby's edit. 29), but even this not strictly, since a common ligament connects them all. Those of the trunk, as admitting a slight degree of motion, belong to Amphiarthrosis (Anat. Compar. i. 126), and those of the abdomen, which are capable of larger movements, to Diarthrosis (Ibid. 127).

[1173] See above, p. [309]—.

[1174] In the hornet and other wasps, this line on the inside of the head furnishes a foundation for a septum, which in the sides of the nose is very high, and connects also with the hind part of the head.

[1175] Anat. Compar. i. 445—.

[1176] Ibid. 447.

[1177] Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i, 11—. Comp. Anat. Compar. iii. 314—.

[1178] It is probable that M. Cuvier took his idea of this first kind of articulation, by contact of solid parts, from this individual insect; since, besides its very prominent throat, there is on each side of the lower part of the occiput a small elevation, or approach to a tubercle.

[1179] Gen. des Crustac. et Ins. ii. 246. Regne Anim. iii. 325.

[1180] This was written directly after the experiment recommended in the text had been tried, with the result there stated.

[1181] Reaum. iv. 40. Latreille Fourmis, 328—.

[1182] Plate [VII.] Fig. 2. k´´.

[1183] Clairville (Ent. Helvet. i. 44) appears to have been the first who classed insects according to their mode of taking their food.

[1184] Plate [VI.] [VII.] [XXVI.] a´.

[1185] In Lucanus, Lamprina, &c. the labrum seems to form the under-side of the nose, and to be connate with it.

[1186] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. v. Apis *. b. f. 18. b.

[1187] Ibid. t. ii. Melitta **. b. f. 4, 5. Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 30.

[1188] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 31. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. x. Apis **. c. 2. δ. f. 13. c.

[1189] Plates [VI.] [VII.] and [XXVI.] b.

[1190] De Geer iv. 124. t. iv. f. 12. iii. 415. t. xxi. f. 4.

[1191] Ibid. iv. 281—. t. xi. f. 7.

[1192] Ibid. 329. t. xii. f. 3.

[1193] Ibid. ii. 775—. t. xxvi. f. 10. b c, b c.

[1194] Philos. Entom. 18.

[1195] Syst. Eleuth. i. Præf. iv.

[1196] Gen. Crustac. et Ins. i. 180.

[1197] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 246.

[1198] Plate [VI.] Fig. 6. b´. a´´.

[1199] Plate [VII.] Fig. 3. b´. a´´.

[1200] Kirby Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 8. f.

[1201] Ibid. t. xxi. f. 10. d. MacLeay Hor. Entomol. i. t. iii. f. 26, 27.

[1202] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 35.

[1203] [Ibid.] Fig. 34.

[1204] Plate [VII.] Fig. 3. b´.

[1205] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 24. b´.

[1206] Plate [VII.] Fig. 3. a´´.

[1207] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. 171.

[1208] Plate [VI.] Fig. 6. e´.

[1209] Plate [VII.] Fig. 3. i´´.

[1210] Plate [VI.] Fig. 12. e´.

[1211] Plate [VI.] Fig. 6. b´.

[1212] [Ibid.] Fig. 12. b´.

[1213] Plates [VI.] [VII.] [XXVI.] b´´.

[1214] Plate [VI.] Fig. 6. b´´.

[1215] Hor. Entomolog. i. t. i. f. 1. g.

[1216] Ibid. t. ii. f. 18. g.

[1217] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. neut. f. 1. g. c.

[1218] Ibid. 93. 103—. t. vi. Apis **. b. f. 3. b. c.

[1219] Ibid. t. i. *. a. f. 3. b.

[1220] Ibid. t. ix. Apis **. c. 2. γ. f. 3. b.

[1221] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. t. xxiv. f. 1. c.

[1222] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 24, 28. b´´.

[1223] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. ii. Melitta **. b. f. 2. c.

[1224] Plate [XIII.] Fig. 2. Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 6. b.

[1225] This is the case with Oxyporus F. Plate [XIII.] Fig. 4.

[1226] Plate [VI.] Fig. 12. b´´. Latreille, N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. 545, seems not to regard these as palpi; but from their tubular form, and insertion in the socket of the labium, it is clear that they ought to be so considered.

[1227] Plates [VI.] [VII.] [XXVI.] c´.

[1228] A corresponding articulation takes place between the tibia and thigh of some of the Scarabæidæ, which will be hereafter described. See Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 8-11.

[1229] Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des Orthoptères, 2.

[1230] Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des Orthoptères, 2.

[1231] See above, p. 407. note^[1174].

[1232] Ubi supra, 4.

[1233] Ibid.

[1234] Ibid. 5.

[1235] Oliv. Ins. no. 66. Prionus. t. xiii. f. 54.

[1236] Ibid. no. 83. Curculio. t. iv. f. 37.

[1237] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 12.

[1238] For Mandibles of Locusta see Plate [VI]. Fig. 6. c´. of Lampyris Oliv. Ins. no. 28. t. i. f. 1. of Buprestis, Ibid. no. 32. t. iii. f. 17. of Lucanus, Ibid. no. 1. t. i-v. and of Prionus, Ibid. no. 66. t. ii. f. 8.

[1239] Gomphosis is, when one bone is immoveably fixed in another as a nail in a board.

[1240] Marcel de Serres ubi supra. 7.

[1241] See Plate [XIII]. Fig. 7. Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiii. f. 13. and t. xii. neut. f. 10.

[1242] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 19.

[1243] Oliv. Ins. no. 42. t. i. f. 1. and no. 2. t. i. f. 1. b.

[1244] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 16, 18.

[1245] [Ibid.] Fig. 21.

[1246] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. iv. Melitta. f. 5-8.

[1247] Drury Ins. ii. t. xlviii. f. 3. See above, p. [315].

[1248] Oliv. no. 1. t. v. f. 16. &c. t. iii. f. 7.

[1249] Comparaison des Organes, &c. 7—.

[1250] Plate [VI.] Fig. 6. and [XIII.] Fig. 5. a´´´.

[1251] Plate [VI.] Fig. 12. and [XIII.] Fig. 5. b´´´.

[1252] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 16.

[1253] I was not aware that Knoch had observed this part, till some time after the publication of my paper On Mr. William MacLeay's Doctrine of Affinity and Analogy (see Linn. Trans. xiv. 105—), when I happened to meet with it in a letter from a friend, received more than thirteen years ago; but without any reference to the work of Knoch, in which it was stated. It was doubtless taken from his Beiträge zur Insektengeschichte.

[1254] Anat. Comp. iii. 321—.

[1255] One of those mandibles is represented in Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 20. a´´´. incisive teeth d´´´. molary plate. Comp. Linn. Trans. ubi supr. t. iii. f. 4. c a b.

[1256] Vol. II. p. [275]—.

[1257] In the Myrmeleon, or ant-lion, the suction is promoted by the action of a piston, that pumps up the juices. Reaum. vi. 369.

[1258] De Geer iv. 386—. t. xv. f. 10. See above, p. [121].

[1259] Plate [XIII.] Fig. 7. c´´.

[1260] Oliv. Ins. no. 42. Staphylinus. t. i. f. 1. b.

[1261] Plates [VI.] [VII.] [XXVI.] d´.

[1262] Plate [VI.] Fig. 3, 6, 12. [VII.] Fig. 3. c´´.

[1263] Plate [VII.] Fig. 3. a´´. e´´. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiii. f. 1. e.

[1264] Ibid. f. 3. a.

[1265] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. 146. t. xxiii. f. super. b.

[1266] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 243.

[1267] In Anoplognathus, however, though it has neither teeth nor spines, it is as hard as the mandibles.

[1268] See above, p. [317].

[1269] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 10, 11. d´´´. e´´´.

[1270] [Ibid.] Fig. 9. d´´´. e´´´.

[1271] Plate [VI.] Fig. 6, 12. d´´´. e´´´. Oliv. Ins. no. 45. Meloe. t. i. f. 1. c. These are what Fabricius calls galeate maxillæ, on which he founded his class Ulonata.

[1272] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 11. d´´´. e´´´.

[1273] Plate [VI.] Fig. 3. d´´´.

[1274] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. t. i. t. xviii. f. super. b.

[1275] Ibid. t. xix. b. This genus may be the analogue of some heteromerous one yet undiscovered, as Calosoma is of Adelium (Kirby Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 2.)

[1276] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. t. xxiv. f. super. b.

[1277] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 11.

[1278] Oliv. Ins. no. 19. Trogosita. t. 1. f. d. no. 41 bis. Dryops. t. i. f. 1. c.

[1279] See above, Vol. I. p. [238.]

[1280] Oliv. Ins. no. 17. Ptinus. t. i. f. 1. c.

[1281] Ibid. no. 60. Blaps t. i. f. 2. c.

[1282] Ibid. no. 88. Languria. t. i. f. 2. c.

[1283] Ibid. no. 89. Erotylus. t. ii. f. 12. c.

[1284] Oliv. Ins. no. 41. Gyrinus. t. i. f. 1. e.

[1285] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 13. Hor. Entomolog. i. t. iii. f. 29, 30. E.

[1286] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. ii. Melitta. **. a. f. 2. t. v. Apis. *. b. f. 4. &c.

[1287] Oliv. Ins. no. 48. Cerocoma. t. i. f. 1. c.

[1288] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 10-12.

[1289] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. Cicindela. t. xxiv. f. super. b. for Carabidæ, Dytiscidæ, his other plates.

[1290] Hor. Entomolog. i. t. ii. f. 13. E.

[1291] Plate [VI.] Fig. 6, 12. f´´´.

[1292] Hor. Entomolog. t. i. f. 3. E.

[1293] Ibid. f. 4. E.

[1294] Oliv. Ins. no. 7. Hexodon. t. i. f. 1. e.

[1295] Ibid. no. 3. Scarabæus. t. l. f. 1. f.

[1296] Kirby in Linn. Trans. xiv. 102. t. iii. f. 4. d.

[1297] De Geer v. 417. t. iv. f. 12.

[1298] Plates [VI.] [VII.] h´´.

[1299] See above, p. [443].

[1300] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. ix. 2. c. 2. β. f. 2. d. g. 4. t. xii. neut. f. 6. d. t. xiii. f. 3. b.

[1301] Clairv. Ent. Helv. ii. t. xxiii. f. 1.

[1302] Plate [VII.] Fig. 3. b´´. h´´.

[1303] Plate [VI.] Fig. 12. b´´. f´´´.

[1304] [Ibid.] Fig. 13. h´´. Savigny Anim. sans Vertèbr. l. i. 29—. t. i.-iii. ȯ.

[1305] De Geer vi. t. xix. f. 4. d.

[1306] Ibid. t. ix. f. 8. b b. t. xii. f. 20. b. t. xiv. f. 15. i i.

[1307] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 6.

[1308] [Ibid.] Fig. 5.

[1309] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. x. Apis. **. c. 2. δ. f. 3. a. and **. d. 1. f. 1. d.

[1310] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. t. xxxi. f. super. b. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiv. f. 1. h. f. 3, 5. c.

[1311] See above, p. [317].

[1312] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 1. As the very remarkable maxillary palpi of that extraordinary Coleopterous genus Atractocerus seem not to have been so fully described as they deserve, I shall give here a minute detail of their composition. They consist of four joints: the first is wide and short, and somewhat platter-shaped; the second is much smaller and shorter: the third is concavo-convex, or shaped like a shallow bowl: towards the breast this joint is elevated, and on the elevated edge sits the last joint, which is longer than all the rest taken together. In my specimen it points towards the breast; its under side is entire and slightly curved, but in the upper side are two rows of lamellæ (b), placed alternately nine on each side, with an odd one at the end: these lamellæ are full of minute papillæ, and furrowed on the side next the mouth. From between the first pair a slender exarticulate hairy branch or appendage emerges (a), which forms nearly a right angle with the main stem. The labial palpi appear to consist of three joints; the two first very short, and the last large, ovate, and acute. This description is not taken from A. necydaloides, but from a Brazilian species more than five times its size, which I have named A. grandis.

[1313] Plate [VI.] [VII.] [XXVI.] e´.

[1314] Plate [VI.] Fig. 6, 12. e´. Cuvier Anat. Compar. iii. 347.

[1315] Cuvier Ibid.

[1316] Huber Fourmis, 4—.

[1317] Anim. sans Vertèbr. iii. 304.

[1318] See above, p. [440].

[1319] Reaum. v. 309—.

[1320] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 23.

[1321] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. Pref. xxii.

[1322] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiv. (1) 2. b.

[1323] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 24. e´.

[1324] Clairv. ubi supr. t. xx. c.

[1325] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 28. e´.

[1326] Kirby ubi supr. fig. (8) 1. c c. The lateral pieces in the tongue in Vespa (Ibid. c c.) have been regarded as lobes of it, but they are rather Paraglossæ.

[1327] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 29. e´.

[1328] Clairv. ubi supr. t. xxx. c.

[1329] Kirby ubi supr. no. 2. f. 1, 3.

[1330] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 24. b.

[1331] Kirby ubi supr. t. x. Apis. c. 2. δ. f. 5. t. xii. neut. f. 2, 3. t. xiii. f. 1. h.

[1332] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 26, 29.

[1333] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 28. i´´.

[1334] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. neut. f. 1. h h. t. xiii. f. 1. f f.

[1335] Ibid. t. x. **. d, 1. f. 2. b b.

[1336] See above, p. [425].

[1337] Plate [VII.] Fig. 14. f´.

[1338] Reaum. v. 317.

[1339] Organisation exterieur des Ins. 184.

[1340] Ubi supra.

[1341] Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 12.

[1342] De Geer ii. 778—. t. xxvi. f. 11. m. Plate [VII.] Fig. 2. k´´.

[1343] Ubi supra.

[1344] See above, p. [455].

[1345] Organisation &c. 182.

[1346] Under this name M. Savigny includes the Myriapoda, Arachnida, and Crustacea. Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 40.

[1347] Ibid. 43.

[1348] Vol. II. p. [275]—. Also see above, p. [121]—.

[1349] Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. t. ii. f. 2. a. a´.

[1350] Plate [VII.] Fig. 13. c´.

[1351] [Ibid.] d´.

[1352] Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 106. Plate [VII.] Fig. 13. b´.

[1353] Ubi supr. 45—.

[1354] Plate [VII.] Fig. 11. f´, a´´.

[1355] Ubi supra, 45.

[1356] Ibid. 44—.

[1357] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 275—. Plate [VII.] Fig. 10. c´.

[1358] De Geer t. xl. f. 4. t. x. f. 7, 8.

[1359] See above, p. [18], [30].

[1360] Savigny Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 62.

[1361] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 277.

[1362] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 276.

[1363] Ibid.

[1364] Ubi supr. 58.

[1365] Plate [XV.] Fig. 7.

[1366] Plate [VI.] Fig. 7-9. a´, b´, c´, d´.

[1367] Magaz. 1806.

[1368] Plate [VI.] Fig. 7. a´.

[1369] Ibid. Labium b´. Mandibulæ c´. Maxillæ d´.

[1370] Savigny Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 37.

[1371] De Geer iii. 137—. t. ix. f. 4.

[1372] Reaum. iii. 335. t. xxviii. f. 8-14.

[1373] De Geer iii. 117. t. viii. f. 22. b.

[1374] Plate [VII.] Fig. 5, 6. a´, b´, c´, d´.

[1375] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 253.

[1376] Plate [VII.] Fig. 5, 6. a´.

[1377] [Ibid.]

[1378] Reaum. iv. t. xvi. Fig. 13. z.

[1379] Authors are not agreed as to the precise number of lancets contained in a gnat's proboscis. Swammerdam affirms there are six, including the labrum. i. 156. b. t. xxxii. f. 3. Reaumur could find only five. iv. 597—. t. xlii. f. 10. And Leeuwenhoeck only four.

[1380] Plate [VII.] Fig. 5.

[1381] Plate [VII.] Fig. 5. This figure is copied from Reaumur, and was engraved before this discovery was made.

[1382] M. Savigny is of opinion that the central lancet or lancets represent the Epipharynx and Hypopharynx; for which he does not state his reasons: but as these are properly covers of the pharynx, the idea seems incorrect. Ubi supr. 15.

[1383] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 489. and iv. 253—.

[1384] Ubi supr. 36.

[1385] Ibid. t. iv. f. 1. o. o.

[1386] Vol. I. p. [48], [110]—.

[1387] Plate [VI.] Fig. 13. a´, b´, c´, d´.

[1388] Vol. I. p. [394]—.

[1389] Plate [VI.] Fig. 13. a´. Savigny Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 3—. t. i.-iii. a.

[1390] Ibid. i. Plate [VI.] Fig. 13. c´.

[1391] [Ibid.] Fig. 13. h´´. Savigny ubi supr. o.

[1392] Plate [VI.] Fig. 13. d´. Savigny ubi supr. t. 1-3. o.

[1393] [Ibid.] ö. Plate [VI.] Fig. 13. b´.

[1394] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. 467.

[1395] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 253.

[1396] Plate [VII.] Fig. 8. c´, d´, e´, h´´.

[1397] [Ibid], c´.

[1398] [Ibid], d´.

[1399] [Ibid], h´´.

[1400] [Ibid.] e´.

[1401] Rösel. ii. t. iii. f. 15. Latreille Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 365.

[1402] Swammerdam Bibl. Nat. t. ii. f. 4.

[1403] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. 266.

[1404] Ibid. xvi. 432. De Geer vii. t. vi. f. 4. Not quite accurate.

[1405] Plates [VI.] [VII.] [XXVII.] a.

[1406] Organisat. Extér. des Ins. 196.

[1407] In the Transactions of the Royal Society, this part in Anobium tessellatum is so called. xxxiii. 159—.

[1408] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 4. a.

[1409] Plate [VII.] Fig. 2. a.

[1410] Observ. Nouv. sur les Hyménoptères (Ann. du Mus.) 5.

[1411] Those beetles whose posterior pair of tarsi have only four joints, and the two anterior five, are so called.

[1412] Kirby in Linn. Trans. xii. 464. t. xxiii. f. 6.

[1413] Ibid. xiii. t. i. f. 1. b.

[1414] Plate [VI.] Fig. 10. g´.

[1415] [Ibid.] Fig. 7. a.

[1416] [Ibid.] g´.

[1417] Plate [VI.] Fig. 4. g´.

[1418] Plates [VI.] [VII.] b.

[1419] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. i. Melitta. *. b. f. 3.

[1420] Plate [VI.] Fig. 4. b.

[1421] Plates [VI.] [VII.] c.

[1422] Vol. II. p. [317]—.

[1423] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 41. i.

[1424] Stoll Punaises, t. xxxix. f. 279, 280.

[1425] Plates [VI.] [VII.] [XXVI.] d.

[1426] Plates [VI.] [VII.] e.

[1427] Plates [VI.] [VII.] f.

[1428] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 4. f.

[1429] Cuv. Regne Animal. iii. t. xiii. f. 4.

[1430] This insect was taken both at Matlock and Exmouth. The body and thighs are of a light-brown, wings testaceous, legs pale; antennæ between setaceous and filiform, two-thirds the length of the body; first joint not much thicker than the rest.

[1431] Plate [VI.] [VII.] g.

[1432] De Geer iii. 561. t. xxvii. f. 1.

[1433] Plates [VI.] [VII.] [XXVI.] h.

[1434] Plate [VII.] Fig. 8, 9. [XXVI.] Fig. 43. h.

[1435] Viz. one on each side above, and one below.

[1436] Walckenaer Aranéïdes, t. v. f. 50, 52. t. viii. f. 82.

[1437] Treviranus (Arachnid. 4.) says that Scorpio Europæus has only two eyes. He appears to have overlooked the two on the anterior side of a tubercle at each angle of the head, where they are large, but not conspicuous, at least in my specimen.

[1438] De Geer vii. t. iii. f. 8, 9, 12.

[1439] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 43., h.

[1440] Walck. Aran. t. i. f. 3.

[1441] Ibid. t. v. f. 42-48.

[1442] Ibid. t. iv. f. 41.

[1443] Walck. Aran. t. i. f. 2.

[1444] Ibid. t. i. f. 7.

[1445] Ibid. t. ii. f. 18, 20.

[1446] Vol. I. p. [323].

[1447] De Geer vii. 138. t. viii. f. 15. y y.

[1448] Ibid. t. xl. f. 3. o o, y y.

[1449] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 43. h.

[1450] Segestria perfida, Walck. Aran. t. v. f. 52. &c.

[1451] Tetragnatha and Latrodectes, Ibid. t. vii. f. 64. and t. ix. f.. 84.

[1452] Nyssus coloripes, Ibid. t. vi. f. 58.

[1453] Dolomeda, Ibid. t. ii. f. 18, 20.

[1454] Sphasus, Ibid. t. iii. f. 24.

[1455] Mygale avicularia, Ibid. t. i. f. 3.

[1456] Sparasus, Ibid. t. iv. f. 41. Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 37.

[1457] Eresus, Ibid. t. iii. f. 26.

[1458] Storena, Ibid. t. ix. f. 86.

[1459] Argyroneta, Ibid. f. 88.

[1460] Pholeus, Ibid. t. viii. f. 80.

[1461] Plate [XIII.] Fig. 11.

[1462] Plate [XXIX.] Fig. 11. h.

[1463] [Ibid.] a.

[1464] Plate [XIII.] Fig. 10.

[1465] See above, p. [117]—.

[1466] Reaum. iv. 245.

[1467] Microgr. 176.

[1468] Epist. Mar. 6. 1717.

[1469] Amœn. Academ. vii. 141.

[1470] I possess a specimen in which the eye is partly black and partly white: the lenses are invisible in the black part, but very visible in the white.

[1471] Philos. Entomolog. 19.

[1472] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 38.

[1473] Hooke Microgr. schem. xxiv.

[1474] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 3.

[1475] Cuvier Anat. Compar. ii. 442—. Compare Swammerdam Bibl. Nat. i. 211. t. xx. f. 45.

[1476] Vol. II. p. [4], [364], &c.

[1477] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 36. h. Fabricius, and after him Olivier, though both quote Forster, regard one of these eyes in Lamia Tornator as a spot; but they could not have examined it attentively. Saperda præusta F. has also four eyes.

[1478] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 39. h.

[1479] Latreille Gen. Crust. et Ins. iii. 73.

[1480] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. 479.

[1481] Vol. II. [320].

[1482] De Geer vii. 562.

[1483] Vol. II. p. [228].

[1484] Ent. Helvet. i. t. xii.

[1485] Plate [VI.] Fig. 10.

[1486] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xi. Apis. **. e. 1. f. 2.

[1487] De Geer iii. t. xxxiv. f. 17, 18, 24. o o.

[1488] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiv. no. 11. f. 1. f. Linn. Trans. xi. t. ix. f. 10. d.

[1489] Plate [XIII.] Fig. 9. Fuessly Archiv. t. vi.

[1490] Schellenberg Cimices t. xiii. ix. f. 1. a. De Geer ii. t. xviii. f. 10.

[1491] Stoll Spectres, &c. t. iv. f. 14. t. x. f. 38, &c.

[1492] Vol. I. p. [261]—.

[1493] Linn. Trans. ubi supr.

[1494] Schellenberg Mouches, t. xxvii. f. 1, 2. a, d.

[1495] Ibid. t. ix. f. 3. a.

[1496] Ibid. t. ii. f. 2. a.

[1497] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 148.

[1498] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 4. h´.

[1499] This circumstance proves that Mr. W. S. MacLeay is correct in considering this as a subgenus; but it militates against its being connected with Lamprima.

[1500] Plate [VI.] Fig. 4, 10. [VII.] Fig. 1, 2, 4. [XXVI.] Fig. 39-42. i.

[1501] Bibl. Nat. i. 214.

[1502] Reaum. iv. 245.

[1503] Ibid. v. 287—.

[1504] Magas. der Entomolog. iv. 410.

[1505] Latreille speaks of Phasma as having no stemmata; but it should seem that he examined only the apterous ones, all the winged individuals, at least so far as I have examined them, having three very visible ones. It may, I think, be laid down as a rule, that the larvæ and pupæ of Orthoptera have not these organs. Probably their use is principally in flying?

[1506] Flata phalænoides F. and affinities have no stemmata, while Flata reticulata and affinities have them: a proof that these tribes are distinct genera.

[1507] Plate [VI.] Fig. 10. i.

[1508] Reaum. iv. 243. He refers for this insect to plate xiv. without adding any number for the figure; but no such is in that plate.

[1509] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 40. i.

[1510] Cercopis, Ibid. Fig. 42; and Fulgora, Fig. 41. i.

[1511] Plate [VI.] Fig. 4. i.

[1512] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 40. i.

[1513] [Ibid.] Fig. 42. i.

[1514] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 41. i.

[1515] De Geer iii. t. xxvii. f. 1. Reaum. iii. t. xxxii. f. 3, 9.

[1516] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 40. i.

[1517] See above, p. [318]—.

[1518] Linn. Trans. xiii.

[1519] Mag. der Entomolog. iv. 5.

[1520] Palpi quatuor, subæquales, cylindrici, ad basin clypei. Germ.

[1521] See above, p. [18], &c.

[1522] Plate [VI.] Fig. 1, 4. i´.

[1523] See above, p. [321]. Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 3.

[1524] Ibid. f. 7.

[1525] Plate [VI.] Fig. 4. c. i´.

[1526] Plate [XII.] Fig. 9. l´´. This circumstance was very recently discovered; which will account for this plate not being quite correct in this respect, the bulb being represented as a distinct joint in Fig. 6, 10, 26.

[1527] See above, p. [498].

[1528] Vol. I. p. [231], [238.]

[1529] Oliv. Ins. no. 80. Macrocephalus t. i. f. 1-4.; Anthribus f. 5-12; and no. 83. Curculio t. ii. Calandra f. 16.

[1530] Schellenberg Cimices t. xiv. f. 1. b.

[1531] De Geer vii. t. iv. f. 7. a a.

[1532] Vol. II. p. [421].

[1533] Plates [XII.] Fig. 28; and [XXV.] Fig. 9, 24.

[1534] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 4.

[1535] Plates [XII.] Fig. 29; and [XXV.] Fig. 28. a.

[1536] Plates [XI.] [XII.] [XXV.] k´´.

[1537] Plates [XI.] [XII.] [XXV.] l´.

[1538] [Ibid.] m´.

[1539] Plates [XII.] Fig. 28; and [XXV.] Fig. 13. m´´.

[1540] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 2, 5, 21. m´´.

[1541] Plate [XII.] Fig. 10. m´´.

[1542] [Ibid.] Fig. 4. m´´.

[1543] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 1. m´´.

[1544] Plate [XI.] Fig. 23.

[1545] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 24.

[1546] [Ibid.] Fig. 30.

[1547] Jurine Hymenopt. t. vii. f. 3.

[1548] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 28.

[1549] [Ibid.] Fig. 13.

[1550] [Ibid.] Fig. 5.

[1551] [Ibid.] Fig. 1.

[1552] Plate [XI.] Fig. 12.

[a][1553] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 3.

[1554] Latreille says six, but only five are discernible; the three last form a kind of bristle.

[1555] Latr. Fourmis, 323.

[1556] Jurine Hymenopt. t. vi. f. 3.

[1557] Ibid. f. 2.

[1558] Ibid. f. 1. Plate [XXV.] Fig. 7.

[1559] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 25, 26.

[1560] Plate [XII.] Fig. 16-22.

[1561] [Ibid.] Fig. 19. a.

[1562] Linn. Trans. xxii. t. xxi. f. 3, 4. Plate [XXV.] Fig. 11.

[1563] Plate [XI.] Fig. 17.

[1564] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 184. t. x. **. d. 1. f. 8.

[1565] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 27.

[1566] Plate [XII.] Fig. 26.

[1567] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 32.

[1568] Plate [XII.] Fig. 25.

[1569] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 17.

[1570] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxiii. f. 5. f.

[1571] Ibid. t. xxi. f. 8 g. 9, 10. c.

[1572] De Geer iv. 219. t. viii. f. 20.

[1573] See Vol. II. p. [65], [201]—.

[1574] De Geer iv. t. vii. f. 22.

[1575] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 35.

[1576] De Geer vi. t. i. f. 5.

[1577] Plate [XI.] Fig. 21.

[1578] Plate [XII.] Fig. 29. a.

[1579] Plate [VI.] m.

[1580] [Ibid.]

[1581] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 1, 3-5. n´.

[1582] [Ibid.] Fig. 3.

[1583] [Ibid.] Fig. 4.

[1584] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 1.

[1585] For the reason which induced the authors to use this word instead of Terminology, before employed, see Vol. I. Pref. p. [xii]—. They are gratified to see that M. Latreille has adopted this term in the work quoted on the other side, p. 194.

[1586] Organisation Extérieure des Insectes, Mém. du Mus. t. viii.

[1587] Ibid. 199—. I have never been able to procure M. Audoin's Mémoire on this subject.

[1588] Fundament. Entomolog. in Amœn. Acad. vii. 143.

[1589] Terminologie, 1578, &c. He afterwards called the trunk Stethidium: Terminologie der Insekten Magaz. 1806. 14.

[1590] Organisation, &c. 198.

[1591] In Nirmus Anseris, &c. however, in this Order, the same distinction is observable.

[1592] Plates [VIII.] & [IX.] á.

[1593] Plate [VIII.] a.

[1594] If the head of any individual of these two Orders be carefully taken off, it will be found that above there is a very short piece representing the prothorax, and quite unlike the collar of Hymenoptera.

[1595] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 1.

[1596] [Ibid.] Fig. 2. a´.

[1597] [Ibid.] Fig. 1, 10. a.

[1598] [Ibid.] b.

[1599] [Ibid.] c.

[1600] [Ibid.] b.

[1601] [Ibid.] a.

[1602] See above, p. [327]—.

[1603] Coquebert Illustr. Ic. ii. t. xviii. f. 2, 4.

[1604] Stoll Cigales t. xxi. f. 116.

[1605] Ibid. t. xi. f. 53.

[1606] Plate [II.] Fig. 4.

[1607] Plate [XIII.] Fig. 18. a.

[1608] Stoll Cigales t. xxviii. f. 163.

[1609] Ibid. t. xxi. f. 115. Coquebert Illust. Ic. ii. t. xviii. f. 5.

[1610] Stoll Spectres t. xi. f. 42. t. xii. f. 45. t. xvi. f. 58, 59.

[1611] Plate [IX.] Fig. 4.

[1612] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. vii. 374. t. xviii. f. 9. i i.

[1613] Plate [IX.] Fig. 5.

[1614] Theatr. Ins. 98.

[1615] De Geer iv. 74.

[1616] Organisation Extérieure des Ins. 177.

[1617] A subgenus, related to Lebia (Hexagonia K. MS.) and some Cimicidæ, are so circumstanced.

[1618] Regne Animal iii. t. xiii. f. 6.

[1619] See above, p. [398].

[1620] Plate [XIII.] Fig. 17.

[1621] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 10.

[1622] [Ibid.]

[1623] Linn. Trans. vi. t. xxi. f. 10.

[1624] Ibid. f. 8.

[1625] Plate [VIII.] b.

[1626] See above, p. [536].

[1627] Something of the kind is observable at the base of the other legs in this tribe.

[1628] Monro On the Bones, 160.

[1629] Plate [VIII.] d´.

[1630] [Ibid.] Fig. 7. d´.

[1631] Kirby in Linn. Trans. xiv. t. iii. f. 4. i.

[1632] It is doubtful whether M. Latreille's Harpalus megacephalus is synonymous with Carabus megacephalus Fab. Comp. Gen. Crust. et Ins. i. 206. with Syst. Eleuth. i. 187. 95.

[1633] Vol. II. p. [317]—.

[1634] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 11. b.

[1635] Linn. Trans. iv. 53.

[1636] Syst. Nat. i. Cancer. Scorpio.

[1637] Moses, when he describes insects as going upon four legs, evidently considers the anterior pair as arms; Bochart does the same. Levit. xi. 20—. Hierozoic. ii. 497.

[1638] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 31.

[1639] Plate [XV.] Fig. 5, 6.

[1640] Samouelle t. v. f. 4.

[1641] Plate [IX.] g.

[1642] Latreille Organization &c., 199. Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 412. c. iv. 54, &c.

[1643] In Chlorion, Ammophila, &c., this part separates more readily from the alitrunk.

[1644] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 413—. c. iv. 54. This author seems to regard the collar as something peculiar to Hymenoptera.

[1645] See above, p. [536].

[1646] Plate [IX.] Fig. 11.

[1647] Plate [IX.] Fig. 6. a.

[1648] [Ibid.] Fig. 7. g´.

[1649] M. Chabrier (Vol. des Ins.) supposes that the humming of insects is produced by the exit of the superfluous air from their thoracic spiracles, &c.; in Melolontha he thinks they are in the metathorax under the wings (c. i. 457—. Plate [XXII.] Fig. 13. c. †. represents the operculum of one of those of Dytiscus marginalis): in the Hymenoptera, in the mesothorax, near the posterior lobes of the collar (Ibid. 459. c. iv. 50.); and in the Diptera, in the metathorax, near the poiser (c. i. 457). I observed myself lately, that Elophilus tenax, if held by the anterior part of the body, when it hummed, alternately opened and shut this spiracle. The wings during the sound vibrated intensely. The hum ceased and was renewed, as they were restrained from this motion or released from restraint; when the wing was moved towards the head, a different sound was emitted from that produced when it merely vibrated.

[1650] Plate [IX.] Fig. 11. g´.

[1651] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] i´.

[1652] When the prothorax is separated from the elytra by a kind of isthmus, as in Scarites, Passalus, &c., the dorsolum is more or less uncovered.

[1653] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 16. 20. i´.

[1654] Plate [IX.] Fig. 7. i´.

[1655] [Ibid.] Fig. 10. i´. k´.

[1656] [Ibid.] Fig. 1. i´. k´.

[1657] [Ibid.] Fig. 11. i´.

[1658] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] [XXVIII.] k´.

[1659] Audoin, Chabrier, &c.

[1660] Olivier. He seems also to have thought that neither the Orthoptera nor Homopterous Hemiptera have this part. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. x. 112.

[1661] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 3. k´.

[1662] In Macraspis MacLeay it is often half as big as an elytrum.

[1663] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 12. k´.

[1664] Mr. W. S. MacLeay opposes the Hemiptera to the Orthoptera, the Homoptera to the Neuroptera, and the Aptera to the Coleoptera: but if analogous structure be made the guide, I think my arrangement will be found most correct. Hor. Entomolog. 367.

[1665] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 20. k´.

[1666] [Ibid.] Fig. 16. k´.

[1667] Plate [IX.] Fig. 1. k´. N. B. This is from Cossus F.

[1668] Plate [IX.] Fig. 7. k´.

[1669] [Ibid.] Fig. 11, 15. k´.

[1670] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. vi. Apis. ** a. f. 2. a a.

[1671] Stoll Cigales t. xxviii. f. 164.

[1672] Plate [IX.] Fig. 12. k´.

[1673] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] [XXVIII.] l'.

[1674] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 6. e´´´.

[1675] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 12. l´.

[1676] [Ibid.] Fig. 20. l´.

[1677] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 11. l´.

[1678] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. iii. t. viii-v. B. i.

[1679] Plate [IX.] Fig. 7. m´.

[1680] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. iii. 354.

[1681] From πνυμι to breathe and σέγω to cover.

[1682] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] n´.

[1683] At first I had named this piece the antecosta, and the mesostethium the postcosta; and there is certainly some analogy between the thorax of insects, consisting of several pieces that follow each other, and the vertebral column; between their three sternums and the sternum, and between their other pieces and the ribs of vertebrate animals. Comp. Chabrier, ubi supr. c. iv. 49. note 1.

[1684] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] o´.

[1685] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 12. 13. o´. z´.

[1686] [Ibid.] Fig. 17. o´.

[1687] Plate [IX.] Fig. 8. o´. z´.

[1688] [Ibid.] o´.

[1689] Plate [IX.] Fig. 8. a.

[1690] [Ibid.] Fig. 12. o´.

[1691] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 3, 13. p´.

[1692] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 4.

[1693] A remarkable instance of analogy is afforded by this genus. In Erotylus there are two groups; one distinguished by gibbous elytra, and the other by flatter ones. The same distinction is observable in Spheniscus; for to this genus belongs Helops fasciatus Oliv., which represents the flat Erotylí, and even individually Erotylus trifasciatus Oliv., E. fasciatus F.

[1694] I would restrict this name to the conical-headed Locustæ F.

[1695] Plate [VIII.] [IX.] t´. Linn. Trans. xi. t. ix. f. 16. c.

[1696] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 3. t´.

[1697] [Ibid.] Fig. 12. Comp. i´, k´, l´, with t´, u´, v´.

[1698] Plate [IX.] Fig. 7. t´.

[1699] [Ibid.] Fig. 11. t´.

[1700] Plate [IX.] Fig. 19, 20. t´.

[1701] See above, p. [558]—.

[1702] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] u´.

[1703] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 3. u´.

[1704] Ibid. [VIII.] Fig. 12. u´. Plate [IX.] 7. u´.

[1705] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] v´.

[1706] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 3. v´.

[1707] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 12, 16.; and Plate [IX.] Fig. 7. v´.

[1708] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 3. w´.

[1709] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 14. w´.

[1710] Plate [XXIX.] Fig. 25. w´.

[1711] Ibid. and Plate [VIII.] Fig. 12.; and Plate [IX.] Fig. 7. k´´.

[1712] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. iii. 354.

[1713] See above, p. [572].

[1714] Plate [IX.] Fig. 15. k´´.

[1715] Plate [IX.] Fig. 11. k´´.

[1716] [Ibid.] Fig. 20. k´´.

[1717] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] y´.

[1718] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 4. z´.

[1719] [Ibid.] p´´.

[1720] [Ibid.] y´.

[1721] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 13. y´. a´ †.

[1722] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 50.

[1723] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] z´.

[1724] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 4. z´.

[1725] Plate [XXIX.] Fig. 15. z´.

[1726] Plate [IX.] Fig. 8. z´.

[1727] Plates [VIII.] [IX.] a †.

[1728] See above, p. [565].

[1729] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 8. a †.

[1730] De Geer iv. t. iv. f. 3. d d. c c.

[1731] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 13. a †.

[1732] The history of this parasite has been traced by Dr. Reid; but alas! this learned and acute observer of nature did not live to give his discoveries to the world: it is hoped, however, they will not be lost, being in most able hands.

[1733] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 18. and [XXII.] Fig. 13. c †.

[1734] Vol. II. p. [405].

[1735] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 459.

[1736] Ibid. 457—.

[1737] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 13. c †.

[1738] Mem. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr. 45—. Hor. Entomolog. 411—.

[1739] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 3. x´. [IX.] Fig. 2. s´. and [XXII.] Fig. 5-14.

[1740] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 8-11.

[1741] Vol. II. p. [318].

[1742] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 8, 11. h´.

[1743] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 9, 11. s´.

[1744] [Ibid.] Fig. 9. a a.

[1745] [Ibid.] Fig. 11. a.

[1746] [Ibid.] b.

[1747] Plate [IX.] Fig. 2. s´.

[1748] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 10, 11. x´. Comp. Linn. Trans. xi. t. ix. f. 16. g.

[1749] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 10, 11. d.

[1750] [Ibid.] Fig. 9. c.

[1751] [Ibid.] Fig. 10. a.

[1752] [Ibid.] Fig. 9-11. l´´.

[1753] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 5-7.

[1754] [Ibid.] Fig. 7.

[1755] [Ibid.] a.

[1756] [Ibid.] e´.

[1757] See above, Vol. I. p. [191]. and II. p. [257], [366].

[1758] This machine is described by Dr. Eschscholtz, Beiträge zur Naturkunde, &c. Heft. i. 24—. t. i. ii.

[1759] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 6.

[1760] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 6. a.

[1761] [Ibid.] b.

[1762] [Ibid.] Fig. 5. b †.

[1763] MacLeay, Horæ Entomolog. 9. Chabrier, Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 417.

[1764] Plate [XXII.] Fig. 5. b b b.

[1765] [Ibid.] c.

[1766] Luke xii. 7.

[1767] See above, p. [397]—.

[1768] See above, p. [580].

[1769] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 413—.

[1770] See above, p. [402].

[1771] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 446, 448, 451—.

[1772] Ibid. 412.

[1773] Ubi supr. c. ii. 333.

[1774] According to M. Chabrier, who agrees with him, M. Latreille also is of opinion, that the parapleura is the analogue of the posterior coxæ. Ubi supra, c. ii. 312. Note 2.

[1775] M. Latreille has changed the denomination of this Order to Rhiphiptera, because at first he thought that these organs were not at all analogous to elytra or wings; but since, upon further investigation, he appears to admit that they assist in flight (Annales Génér. des Scienc. Phys. VI. xviii. 8. Compare MacLeay, Hor. Entom. 423. Note *), in common justice he is bound to restore the name originally given to the Order. In the same place of the work here quoted, M. Latreille also speaks of these pseudelytra, as I would call them, as appendages of the mesothorax: but whoever consults Mr. Bauer's admirable figures of Xenos Peckii (Linn. Trans. xi. t. ix.), and is aware of the unimpeached and minute accuracy of that admirable microscopic artist, will be convinced that they belong to the anterior legs, and consequently to the prothorax.

[1776] Plate [X.] and Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 18-23.

[1777] Chabrier, Analyse, &c. 27.

[1778] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 568. We have seen above (p. 578.) that the wings of insects are connected with their legs by the scapula and parapleura.

[1779] MacLeay, Hor. Entomolog. 413—. Mr. MacLeay's opinion seems to receive some confirmation from a circumstance overlooked when the larvæ of insects were treated of above (p. 130—), and to which he alludes (411); namely, that in that state they consist of two segments more than in the imago; these follow the three pedigerous segments, have no pro-legs, and are supposed to belong to the trunk rather than to the abdomen. To make this circumstance bear upon the question, it must be proved that in the perfect insect these segments in some manner become the back of the trunk and bear the wings. This would not be more wonderful than many changes that are known to occur in insects.

[1780] Latreille, Organization extérieure des Ins. 173—.

[1781] For instance Meloe, the female glow-worm, Lygæus brevipennis, Ephemera diptera, Cynips aptera, neuter ants, &c. &c.

[1782] See above, p. [559].

[1783] Chionea araneoïdes Dolm.

[1784] See above, p. [560], and Vol. II. [348], [352]—.

[1785] See above, p. 591, Note^[1775].

[1786] De Geer, iii. t. xvii. f. 10, 11. f f. M. Savigny has noticed a part in some Annelides, which he regards as analogous to elytra. Système des Annelides, 4, 9, 11.

[1787] Vol. II. p. [346]—.

[1788] Plates [X.] and [XXVIII.] b^..

[1789] [Ibid.] c^..

[1790] [Ibid.] d^..

[1791] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 3-5. b´´´.

[1792] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 439.

[1793] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 10.

[1794] Chabrier ubi supr.

[1795] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 6-8. d´´´.

[1796] [Ibid.] Fig. 3-5. b´´´.

[1797] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 3.

[1798] Plate [X.] Fig. 1. c´´´.

[1799] Plate [X.] Fig. 1. c.

[1800] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 6-8. d´´´.

[1801] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 8.

[1802] See above, p. [582].

[1803] See above, p. [402]—.

[1804] Ibid. [399].

[1805] Sur le Vol des Ins. i. c. 428—. c. ii. 325.

[1806] Oliv. Ins. No. 97. Cassida, t. i. f. 10.

[1807] See above, p. [397]—.

[1808] See above, p. [399]—.

[1809] M. Chabrier says that the arc described by the wings of Melolontha vulgaris to that of the elytra, is as 200 to less than 50. Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 440.

[1810] Plate [X.] Fig. 2. and [XXVIII.] Fig. 18-20.

[1811] Magas. 1806. Terminologie der Insekt. 18. 1675.

[1812] Plate [X.] Fig. 2. is the tegmen of a Blatta divided into areas.

[1813] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. ii. 327—.

[1814] Plate [X.] Fig. 2. b^..

[1815] [Ibid.] c^..

[1816] [Ibid.] d^..

[1817] Stoll, Cigales, t. viii. f. 39.

[1818] Plate [X.] Fig. 2.

[1819] Stoll Grillons t. i. c. f. 2.

[1820] Ibid. Spectres t. xxv. f. 95. and xi. f. 42.

[1821] Ibid. t. ii. f. 5. Grillons t. i. c. f. 1.

[1822] Ibid. Spectres t. xvi. f. 58.

[1823] Ibid. Sauterelles à Sabr. t. iii. f. 7. By this name (Pterophylla) I distinguish those Locustæ F. without a conical head that are veined like leaves.

[1824] Stoll Ibid. t. vi. a. f. 18. and Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 19.

[1825] Stoll Sauterel. à Sabr. t. i-iii.

[1826] Ibid. Spectres t. iv. f. 14.

[1827] Ibid. Cigales t. i. f. 1, 3-5. and t. vi. f. 31.

[1828] Stoll Cigales t. iii. f. 12-15. and t. xvii. f. 92.

[1829] Linn. Trans. xii. 449, no. 96.

[1830] Vol. I. p. [395]—.

[1831] Linn. Trans. xiii. t. i. f. 14. Flata should come before this genus.

[1832] Of this kind is one of Stoll's Cigales, t. xxv. f. 141.

[1833] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 18.

[1834] Stoll Cigales t. i. f. 1. t. x. f. 46. t. xxix. f. 170. t. v. f. 22. t. iv. f. 19. &c.

[1835] Plate [X.] Fig. 3.

[1836] In Latreille's whole genus Pentatoma, including several Fabrician genera, the Hemelytra are more substantial than in the subsequent tribes.

[1837] See above, p. [607].

[1838] Ibid. p. [600].

[1839] My insect, which nearly resembles the Coleopterous genus Cerylon Latr., agrees with Latreille's description in all respects, except that it cannot be said to be membrana nulla apicali.

[1840] Chabrier Analyse, &c. 24.

[1841] Plate [X.] Fig. 3. b^..

[1842] [Ibid.] c^..

[1843] [Ibid.] d^..

[1844] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 23. f´´´ is the corium and g´´´ the membrana of a species of Reduvius F.

[1845] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 23.

[1846] Chabrier Analyse, &c. 23.

[1847] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. ii. 325—. and 326. Note 1.

[1848] See above, p. [572]—.

[1849] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 9. a.

[1850] See above, p. [572].

[1851] Ibid. p. [560]. and Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 11. a.

[1852] Plate [IX.] Fig. 5.

[1853] [Ibid.] Fig. 11. 12. g´´.

[1854] Stoll Sauterelles à Sabr. t. iv. f. 12. t. vi. f. 21. &c.

[1855] Sur le Vol. des Ins. c. i. 424.

[1856] The idea of dividing the wing of an insect into larger areas seems first to have been acted upon in Monogr. Apum Angl. (1801), in which those of Hymenoptera were stated to consist of three portions, viz. Basis, Medium, Apex (i. 211.); which mode of dividing them was at first adopted by M. Latreille (Gen. Crust. et Ins. iii. 226. Note 1.) The same learned author (Ibid. iv. 239.), with regard to the Diptera, made a near approximation to the plan of dividing wings into longitudinal areas, but by the addition of a basal area, which interrupts the attention to the communication of the areas with their axes, he has rendered his system less perfect. Two of his terms—Costal Area and Intermediate Area, are here adopted; but his Internal is changed to the Anal Area, for the term internal belongs rather to the base of the wing. M. Latreille afterwards relinquished both these plans, N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. 248—.

[1857] Plate [X.] and [XXVIII.] b^.. i^.. is the Postcostal Nervure.

[1858] [Ibid.] c^.. n^.. is the Anal Nervure.

[1859] [Ibid.] d^..

[1860] Plate [X.] Fig. 7. h^.. i^.. k^..

[1861] [Ibid.] Fig. 8. 9. 12. a *.

[1862] Sur le Vol. des Ins. c. i. 428.

[1863] See above, p. [600]. [616].

[1864] Vol. II. p. [358]—. See above, p. [559].

[1865] Vol. II. p. [346]—.

[1866] Jurine Hymenopt. 19. and t. v.

[1867] Plate [X.] Fig. 4.

[1868] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. 251.

[1869] See above, p. [564], [578], [591].

[1870] Plate [X.] h^..

[1871] [Ibid.] Fig. 4, 11. m´´´.

[1872] Plate [X.] Fig. 14. k^..

[1873] [Ibid.] Fig. 12. k^..

[1874] [Ibid.] Fig. 8. 9.

[1875] Jurine Hymenopt. t. v. Gen. 47.

[1876] Plate [X.] Fig. 4.

[1877] [Ibid.] a. n^., o^..

[1878] [Ibid.] m^..

[1879] [Ibid.] l^..

[1880] [Ibid.] a.

[1881] [Ibid.] o´´´.

[1882] Plate [II.] Fig. 1. Comp. Linn. Trans. xi. t. ix. f. 1.

[1883] Plate [X.] Fig. 5.

[1884] [Ibid.] n^., o^., p^..

[1885] Stoll Spectres, t. xviii. f. 65.

[1886] See above, p. [624].

[1887] Stoll figures Empusa as without them, t. ix. f. 35. but? I have a nondesc. Phasma? without them.

[1888] Jones in Linn. Trans. ii. t. viii. f. 2.

[1889] Ibid. f. 5.

[1890] Jones in Linn. Trans. ii. t. viii. f. 7.

[1891] Ibid. f. 9.

[1892] Ibid. f. 2, 3, 6-9.

[1893] I wonder Mr. Jones's plan of ascertaining the divisions or subgenera of butterflies by the neuration of their wings has never been followed up; it would I think furnish an easy clue for the extrication of the tribes of all the Lepidoptera. I mean as subsidiary to more important characters.

[1894] Plate [X.] Fig. 6. l^., m^..

[1895] [Ibid.] Fig. 8.

[1896] Plate [X.] Fig. 8. basal e^., medial f^., apical g^..

[1897] Jurine Hymenopt. t. v. Gen. 48.

[1898] Ibid. Gen. 47.

[1899] Ibid. Gen. 45, 46. Comp. Plate [X.] Fig. 11.

[1900] Jurine Ibid. Gen. 43.

[1901] Ibid. t. iv. Gen. 47.

[1902] Ibid. t. v. Gen. 40.

[1903] Ibid. t. ii. Gen. 2.

[1904] This is a remarkable insect belonging to Vespa L., related to the hornets (V. Crabro), distinguished by having a semicircular piece taken out of the internal margin of each mandible, so that when these organs are closed there is a circular orifice,—whence the name Cyclostoma.

[1905] Jurine Hymenopt. t. ii. Gen. 2.

[1906] Ibid. Ord. ii. Gen. 2.

[1907] Ibid. t. iii. Gen. 3.

[1908] Ibid. t. v. Gen. 41.

[1909] Ibid. t. xii. Gen. 40.

[1910] Ibid. t. v. Gen. 39.

[1911] Ibid. t. iv. Gen. 29.

[1912] Ibid. t. v. Gen. 42.

[1913] This Cynips inhabits a long polythalamous gall of the bramble.

[1914] Jurine Ibid. t. ii. Gen. 11.

[1915] Ibid. Ord. ii. Gen. 1.

[1916] Ibid. t. iv. Gen. 23.

[1917] Ibid. Gen. 30-32.

[1918] Ibid. t. v. Gen. 40.

[1919] Plate [X.] Fig. 12, 15. c^..

[1920] [Ibid.] Fig. 15. f^..

[1921] [Ibid.] Fig. 12. g^..

[1922] [Ibid.] Fig. 13.

[1923] [Ibid.] Fig. 15. c.

[1924] [Ibid.] d.

[1925] [Ibid.] Fig. 14. e.

[1926] Leach on Eproboscideous Insects, Mem. Wern. Soc. 1817. t. xxv. f. 3, 5, 8, &c.

[1927] Ibid. t. xxvi. f. 7, 10, 13.

[1928] Insects with short elytra of course must fold their wings nearer the base than those with long ones.

[1929] Plate [X.] Fig. 4. o´´´.

[1930] See above, p. [611].

[1931] See above, p. [613], and Chabrier Analyse, &c. 24.

[1932] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 5.

[1933] Plate [X.] Fig. 5.

[1934] Plate [XXVIII.] Fig. 22.

[1935] See above, p. [608]—.

[1936] Stoll Grillons, t. iii. c. f. 11-13.

[1937] Ibid. t. i. c. f. 1, 2.

[1938] See above, p. [636].

[1939] See above, p. [625].

[1940] Ibid. p. [635], [637]. &c.

[1941] Plate [X.] Fig. 4, 5. and [XXVIII.] Fig. 21, 22.

[1942] Plate [X.] Fig. 6-14.

[1943] [Ibid.] Fig. 4, 5. and [XXVIII.] Fig. 21, 22.

[1944] Plate [X.] Fig. 4.

[1945] [Ibid.] Fig. 5.

[1946] Plate [X.] Fig. 6.

[1947] [Ibid.] Fig. 8-11.

[1948] [Ibid.] Fig. 12-15.

[1949] Plate [XIV.] Fig. 4.

[1950] [Ibid.] Fig. 2.

[1951] In Gastropacha quercifolia, &c., amongst the Nocturnal Lepidoptera, these sinuses exist, in the upper wing ten, and in the lower nine, but without the folds.

[1952] Plate [XIV.] Fig. 1. s.

[1953] [Ibid.] Fig. 3.

[1954] For some uses of hairs, see above. p. [399]—.

[1955] Analyse, 24. He seems to think that certain crooked hairs, in some wings, supply the place of folds. Ibid.

[1956] Plate [X.] Fig. 13.

[1957] Reaum. iv. t. xxxix. f. 4-11.

[1958] A portion of the antenna of the insect here mentioned is figured Plate [XII.] Fig. 23.

[1959] De Geer i. 63—.

[1960] Reaum. i. 200.

[1961] Hoole's Leeuwenhoek. i. 63—.

[1962] De Geer has given 34 figures of different scales (i. t. iii. f. 28); and in Plate [XXII.] Fig. 6. a-w. 22 others, collected from Reaumur, are given.

[1963] Stoll Sauterelles à Sabre. Pterophylla ocellata t. i. ii., Cigales, Fulgora laternaria t. i. f. i., and F. serrata t. xxix. f. 170.

[1964] Ibid. Sauter. de Passage, Locusta Dux t. i. 5. L. carinata t. v. b. f. 16. L. cristata t. ix. b. f. 30. &c. &c.

[1965] Plate [XXV.] Fig. 30.

[1966] Scopoli, Hubner.

[1967] Plate [III.] Fig. 1.

[1968] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. viii. 257.

[1969] See above, p. [303].

[1970] Sepp. I. i. t. vii. f. 6.

[1971] Rœmer Genera t. xxii. f. 2.

[1972] Sepp I. iii. t. ii. f. 7.

[1973] Ibid. i. t. vi. f. 7.

[1974] Rœmer ubi supr. t. xiv. f. 1.

[1975] Plates f^., r^., d†.

[1976] See above, p. [546]—.

[1977] Ibid. [131]—.

[1978] Vol. II. p. [307].

[1979] De Geer i. t. xx. f. 11.

[1980] Règne Animal. iii. 546.

[1981] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 44, 45.

[1982] Vol. II. p. [312], [363], [365].

[1983] See above, p. [546]—.

[1984] Anatom. Compar. i. 453.

[1985] See above, p. [308].

[1986] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 18, 19.

[1987] Mr. Montague describes the legs of Nycteribia, as dorsal (Linn. Trans. xi. 13); but Dr. Leach calls them lateral (Samouelle, 303).

[1988] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. 247.

[1989] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 4.

[1990] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 58. M. Savigny affirms that these insects cannot have, and really have not, but one pair to each segment; only that the segments are alternately membranous and shelly, and that the former are concealed under the latter (Anim. sans Vertebr. I. i. 44.): but, pace tanti viri, I cannot discover that any suture separates these portions from each other: so that, admitting his theory, they must be regarded as two segments soldered together.

[1991] It is by this arrangement of the legs that Pachysoma is principally distinguished, as a subgenus, from Scarabæus M^cL.

[1992] See above, p. [37].

[1993] Monogr. Ap. Angl. i. t. xi. Apis **. d. 2. α. f. 18. ii. 296—.

[1994] Oliv. Ins. 68. t. i. f. 8.

[1995] Ibid. n. 6. t. iv. f. 22.

[1996] See above, p. [305]—.

[1997] This variety appears to differ very little from the Curculio imperialis of Fabricius and Olivier, except in the remarkable hairiness of its legs.

[1998] Vol. II. p. [563].

[1999] Oliv. Ins. n. 67. t. xx. f. 156.

[2000] See above, p. [591]. Some physiologists have been of opinion, that in birds, what is called the thigh should properly be denominated the tibia, and that this last is really the tarsus. Illiger, Terminologie, 184. § 185. n. 1246.

[2001] Plates [XIV.] [XV.] [XXVII.] p.

[2002] Plate [XV.] Fig. 1. p´´, r´´.

[2003] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 27.

[2004] L. Dufour, Descr. des six Arachn. &c.: Annales Generales, &c. 1820. 19. t. lxix. f. 7. d.

[2005] Plate [XIV]. [XV]. [XXVII.] q´´.

[2006] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 195. xxvi. 157.

[2007] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 12. b.

[2008] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 20. q´´.

[2009] [Ibid.] Fig. 28.

[2010] Plate [XIV.] [XV.] [XXVII.] r´´.

[2011] See above, p. [591], [662].

[2012] Vol. II. p. [314]—.

[2013] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 12.

[2014] Stoll Spectres t. xvi. f. 58, 59.

[2015] Ibid. t. xviii. f. 65.

[2016] Stoll Spectres t. vii. f. 25.

[2017] Ibid. t. viii. f. 30.

[2018] Ibid. ubi supr.

[2019] Ibid. t. x. f. 40.

[2020] Plate [XIV.] Fig. 5. This appearance of scales on the thighs is principally confined to this tribe.

[2021] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 23.

[2022] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 16.

[2023] Plate [XIV.] Fig. 5, and [XXVII.] Fig. 15. r´´´.

[2024] Plates [XIV.] [XV.] [XXVII.] s´´.

[2025] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 21. s´´´. M. Savigny (Anim. sans Vertèbr. 1. i. 46. Note b.) seems to think that this structure obtains in all his Apiropods; viz. the Octopod Aptera, Arachnida, and Myriapoda: but it seems to me evident only in the two tribes mentioned in the text.

[2026] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 6, 16, 17. t´´´.

[2027] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 15. r´´´.

[2028] [Ibid.] Fig. 11. r´´´.

[2029] [Ibid.] Fig. 10. t´´´.

[2030] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 8. Thigh. a. Protuberance. b. Semicircular cavity, c. Ridge. Fig. 9. Tibia. a. Central cavity. b. Ridge. c. Exterior cavity.

[2031] [Ibid.] Fig. 6. a.

[2032] [Ibid.] Fig. 7. a.

[2033] [Ibid.] Fig. 15. Thigh of Locusta Leach, a. Sinus in which the condyle of the tibia works. Fig. 16. Tibia of Do. aa. Lateral condyles. b. Intermediate one.

[2034] Stoll Punaises, t. x. f. 67. t. xvi. f. 114.

[2035] Stoll Punaises, t. ii. f. 14. t. viii. f. 54. t. xxviii. f. 201. Plate [XV.] Fig. 2.

[2036] See above, p. [671].

[2037] Oliv. Ins. n. 66. t. iii. f. 12. Compare Scarabæus longimanus, Ibid n. 3. t. iv. f. 27.

[2038] Stoll Punaises, t. iii. f. 20.

[2039] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 31.

[2040] See above, p. [306]—.

[2041] Oliv. Ins. n. 68. t. i. f. 8. comp. n. 67. t. xii. f. 83. and Plate [XII.] Fig. 25. a.

[2042] Vol. II. p. [365]. and Plate [XV.] Fig. 5. 6.

[2043] See above, p. 433, Note^[1239]. and 404, Note^[1172].

[2044] Plate [XIV.] Fig. 5.

[2045] It is remarkable that in this tribe all the legs may be called raptorious, though the thighs are not incrassated, for they are armed with a double series or more of fine long spurs, which enable them to catch and retain their prey.

[2046] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 35. v´´´. Philos. Trans. 1816. t. xix. f. 8, 9. See above, Vol. II. p. [331].

[2047] See above, p. [591], [667], &c.

[2048] Règne Animal, iii. 191. I have never had an opportunity to consult Bonelli's Observ. Entomolog. on the genus Carabus L. in the Memoirs of the Turin Academy.

[2049] Plate [XV.] Fig. 6. v´´´.

[2050] Coquebert Illustr. Ic. iii. t. xxi. f. 3. D.

[2051] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 29. v´´´.

[2052] Most of Latreille's genera of ants are confirmed by differences in their spurs. Thus Formica is 1:1:1; Ponera 1:2:2 with the internal intermediate one pectinated: Myrmica 1:2:2 with all symmetrical, &c.

[2053] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 29. v´´´.

[2054] [Ibid.] Fig. 33. v´´´.

[2055] Linn. Trans. iv. 200. Note a.

[2056] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 32. v´´´.

[2057] [Ibid.] Fig. 36. a^..

[2058] Plates [XIV.] [XV.] [XXVI.] [XXVII.] a´´, t´´.

[2059] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 44, 46, 47. a.

[2060] By Geoffroy—Hist. Ins. i. 58.

[2061] The Cleridæ, which M. Latreille has placed in the pentamerous section, vary considerably in the number of their tarsal joints. Thus in general in Thanasimus the tarsi are pentamerous; but in T. formicarius they appear to be heteromerous; and in Enoplium, Opilo, Clerus and Necrobia they are tetramerous. M. Latreille's expression, (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 172.) "le premier article etant fort court et caché sous le second," seems to indicate that there is a fifth joint in some of these, the first being concealed under the second; but I have never been able to discover it. Perhaps he reckoned the pulvillus as a joint?

[2062] The term heteromerous properly belongs to all insects in which the different pairs of tarsi vary inter se in the number of their joints, and it is here used in that large sense.

[2063] These three genera appear really to have only six legs, since the pedipalps or maxillary legs are not armed with claws, while the real representatives of the legs, or three last pair, are so distinguished. In Phrynus and Thelyphona the anterior pair are chelate; but in Galeodes they are pediform, as in the Araneidæ, and the great chelæ are the mandibles.

[2064] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 47, 48. d *.

[2065] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 49. s^.. a.

[2066] Vol. II. p. [330].

[2067] Dr. Leach says there are three joints in this tribe. Nat. Misc. iii. 80.

[2068] From De Geer's description this insect seems related to Agathidium (iv. 221—. t. viii. f. 21-23). M. Leclerck de Laval discovered it to be monomerous. Règne Animal, iii. 365.

[2069] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 22.

[2070] See above, p. 311. Note^[738].

[2071] Melolontha sericea and aurulenta. Linn. Trans. xii. 463. 400. belong to this subgenus.

[2072] See above, p. [335]—.

[2073] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 25.

[2074] Plate [XIV.] Fig. 7. t´´.

[2075] [Ibid.] Fig. 6. t´´.

[2076] Plate [XXVI.] Fig. 47.

[2077] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 41.

[2078] Plate [XV.] Fig. 9.

[2079] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. neut. f. 20.

[2080] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 44. s^..

[2081] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 26. w´´´.

[2082] See above, p. [396].

[2083] L. Dufour Descr. de six Arachnides. Annales, &c. 1820. 19.

[2084] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 51. is the posterior claw of Hoplia.

[2085] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 14.

[2086] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 52.

[2087] [Ibid.] Fig. 46.

[2088] [Ibid.] Fig. 53, 54.

[2089] [Ibid.] Fig. 49.

[2090] [Ibid.] Fig. 38.

[2091] [Ibid.] Fig. 39.

[2092] This structure is not general in this genus.

[2093] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 40.

[2094] Plate [XXIII.] Fig. 14.

[2095] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 43.

[2096] [Ibid.] Fig. 47.

[2097] [Ibid.] Fig. 48.

[2098] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 53.

[2099] [Ibid.] Fig. 51.

[2100] [Ibid.] Fig. 47.

[2101] [Ibid.] Fig. 56. aψ, f*.

[2102] [Ibid.] Fig. 49. aψ, f*.

[2103] Vol. II. p. [326]—.

[2104] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 1.

[2105] For other instances of this structure, see above, p. [336].

[2106] De Geer, iii. 7.

[2107] Ibid. vii. 84. Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 60, 63.

[2108] [Ibid.] Fig. 61.

[2109] Vol. II. p. [327]—.

[2110] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 59.

[2111] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 3.

[2112] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 53.

[2113] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 54. Philos. Trans. 1816. t. xviii. f. 9-11.

[2114] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 55. t.

[2115] Plate [XV.] Fig. 9. a.

[2116] [Ibid.] b.

[2117] Philos. Trans. 1816. t. xx. f. 9, 12-15.

[2118] Philos. Trans. 1816. t. xx. f. 4, 11.

[2119] See above, p. [305]—.

[2120] Plate [XXVII.] Fig. 50.

[2121] Amouroux Insectes Venimeux, 44.

[2122] Observations Nouvelles, &c. Mém. du Mus. viii. 177.

[2123] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xii. 370.

[2124] Descr. de six Arachnides, &c. Annales Gen. des Scienc. Phys. 1820. 19. t. lxix. f. 7. d.

[2125] Anatom. Compar. i. 450.

[2126] Anatom. Compar. i. 451.

[2127] De Geer notices something of the kind in Cimbex femorata. ii. 947.

[2128] It was omitted to be observed, when the supposed pneumatic pouches in the genus Vespa were mentioned (see above, p. [585]), that they have also a very conspicuous metaphragm, as probably have most Hymenoptera, to which the muscles that move the wings are attached.

[2129] Plate [IX.] Fig. 13. F´ is the tendon, G´ the aperture in the abdomen C, and a, the aperture in the trunk B.

[2130] Plate [XV.] Fig. 11. Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 16.

[2131] Surely these Epeiræ, of so different a habit from the rest, form a distinct genus?

[2132] See above, p. [339].

[2133] There is reason to suppose that in Chelonus and the Chrysidæ several segments are retracted within the abdomen, and if the cavity of its under side in the latter be examined, it will be discovered that the epigastrium is divided in the middle into two pieces, and that both the sides of this and the following segments are covered by three narrow accessory plates, one to each, the last being the shortest. De Geer (ii. 833.) describes Chrysis ignita as having four abdominal rings; but this is only in appearance, there being really only three. This appearance is produced by the apex of the last dorsal segment being more depressed and marked with several deep little excavations that look like holes. In some species of Stilbum this segment consists as it were of three ridges or steps.

[2134] In this genus the ventral segments are replaced by a long narrow central plate, succeeded by a minute one.

[2135] In this genus the bed of the posterior coxæ appears to consist of two segments, which are beautifully fringed with parallel short bristles.

[2136] Anatom. Compar. i. 451.

[2137] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 9. A´´, B´.

[2138] [Ibid.] Fig. 5. A´´.

[2139] Plate [XV.] Fig. 10.

[2140] Reaum. v. t. xvii. f. 14. a. a.

[2141] Linn. Trans. v. t. xii. f. 15.

[2142] Daldorf (Asiatic Society's Trans. vii.) has divided Geotrupes into two families, one with the podex covered (G. vernalis, &c.) which he calls modesti, the other with it uncovered (G. stercorarius, &c.) which he calls obscæni.

[2143] Plate [VIII.] E´.

[2144] [Ibid.] D´.

[2145] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. Addend. 299.

[2146] In Dytiscus marginalis the upper side of the margin of the Hypochondria is curiously cut into transverse corrugations.

[2147] Plate [VIII.] Fig. 6. C´.

[2148] [Ibid.] B´´.

[2149] Plate [VIII.] L´.

[2150] Linn. Trans. xi. t. ix. f. 15. b.

[2151] Plate [IX.] Fig. 18. I´.

[2152] [Ibid.] Fig. 17. H´.

[2153] Rœmer. Genera, &c. t. xxiv. f. 4.

[2154] Stoll Spectr. t. vii.

[2155] Plate [XV.] Fig. 10-23.

[2156] See above, p. [339]—.

[2157] This tubercle I find only in a specimen from Sweden, sent to me by Major Gyllenhal, but not in any British one I possess. In this specimen the declivity before mentioned (see above, p. [709].) is observable in the first segment, but in the others it is formed by the second.

[2158] See above, p. [617].

[2159] Punaises, t. xiii. f. 84.

[2160] Stoll Punaises, t. xiii. f. 101.

[2161] Ibid. t. xvii. f. 117.

[2162] Ibid. t. xxxvi. f. 253.

[2163] See above, p. [339]—.

[2164] De Geer, vi. 260. t. xv. f. 8. d.

[2165] Plate [XXIX.]

[2166] Plate [XXIX.] Fig. 22. is part of the back of the abdomen of the pupa of a Pentatoma. a the pseudo-spiracle, b the connecting corrugations.

[2167] [Ibid.] Fig. 24. a.

[2168] [Ibid.] Fig. 27. a.

[2169] Treviranus. Arachnid. 23—.

[2170] See above, p. [702], [706].

[2171] Plate [XXIX.] Fig. 26. represents one of them.

[2172] Vol. II. p. [319]—.

[2173] Plate [XV.] Fig. 14. M´´. De Geer, vii. t. ii. f. 5, 10, 21.

[2174] Ibid. t. iii. f. 4, 14.

[2175] See above, p. [154].

[2176] Plate [XVIII.] Fig. 5. a.

[2177] Plate [XXIX.] Fig. 3, 4. De Geer, ii. t. xvii. f. 12. and t. xviii. f. 2.

[2178] Ibid. t. xvi. f. 8-13.

[2179] Plate [XV.] Fig. 16. S´´.

[2180] [Ibid.] Fig. 12. L´´.

[2181] Philos. Trans. 1818. t. xxii.

[2182] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 275—. Hoole's Leeuwenh. i. t. ii. f. 19. I.

[2183] Leeuwenh. Epist. 17. Octobr. 1687. f. 10. C.

[2184] Hoole's Leeuwenh. i. t. v. f. 12, 13.

[2185] Treviranus, Arach. 4.

[2186] Treviranus, ubi supr. 14.

[2187] In my specimen including the first joint there are twenty, and some seem to have been broken off. In Rœmer's figure (Genera, t. xxix. f. 11.) there are only ten. Perhaps they vary in number according to the age of the animal.

[2188] Plate [XV.] Fig. 13, 16, 17.

[2189] See above, p. [391]—.

[2190] I have heard it stated upon good authority that 40,000 species of insects are already known, as preserved in collections. How great, then, must be the number existing in this whole globe!

[2191] 2 Cor. ii. 16.

[2192] Recourse must be had to the synoptical table of the nomenclature of the parts of the external crust of Insects (Vol. III. p. [354]) for the explanation of the reference letters not here given.

[2193] Vol. I. p. [394]—. III. p. [355]—, [394]—. IV. p. [305]—.

[2194] [Ibid.]

[2195] Probably e´ is resolvable into two pieces.

[2196] Vol. III. p. [367]—, [529]—. IV. p. [326]—.

[2197] Vol. III. p. [367]—, [529]—. IV. p. [326]—.

[2198] Vol. II. p. [347]—. III. p. [372]—, [595]—.

[2199] Vol. III. p. [366], [510]—. IV. p. [316]—.

[2200] Vol. IV. p. [307]. iii, iv. [309]. b. [310]. d. [313]. viii. [328], [334].

[2201] Vol. IV. p. [286]—, [338], [345]—.

[2202] Ibid. p. [345]—, [350]—.

[2203] Vol. IV. p. [351]. ii. III. Letter [XXXII.] Vol. I. p. [65]—.

[2204] Ubi supr.

[2205] Vol. III. Letter [XXXI.]

[2206] Vol. III. Letter [XXXI.]

[2207] Ubi supr. and Letter [XXX.]

[Tanscriber's Notes:]

Obvious punctuation and spelling errors have been fixed throughout.
Inconsistent hyphenation is as in the original.
The Errata mentioned on Page vi for this volume and Page viii for Volumes I and II have been made to the appropriate volumes. The footnote references for Volumes I and II have been updated to the new numbers in those volumes.
For high resolution scans of the Plates, click the Plate name in the caption.
Elements in the Figures that have an asterisk above them are referred in the text as a superscipt asterisk, since most fonts won't display the asterisk above.
Footnote [953]: There is no anchor for this in the original, left as is.
Footnote [1553]: There is no anchor for this in the original, left as is.