Footnotes
[1]The Birds of Ohio, by William Leon Dawson, A. M., B. D., with Introduction and Analytical Keys by Lynds Jones, M. Sc. One and Two Volumes, pp. xlviii. + 671. Columbus, The Wheaton Publishing Company, 1903.
[2]Key to North American Birds, by Elliott Coues, A. M., M. D., Ph. D., Fifth Edition (entirely revised), in Two Volumes; pp. xli. + 1152. Boston, Dana Estes and Company, 1903.
[3]The Birds of North and Middle America, by Robert Ridgway, Curator, Division of Birds, U. S. National Museum, Bulletin of the U. S. N. M., No. 50; Pt. I., Fringillidae, pp. xxxi. + 715 and Pl. XX. (1901); Pt. II., Tanagridae, etc., pp. xx. + 834 and Pl. XXII. (1902); Pt. III., Motacillidae, etc., pp. xx. + 801 and Pl. XIX. (1904); Pt. IV., Turdidae, etc., pp. xxll. + 973 and Pl. XXXIV. (1907).
[4]“The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia,” by John Keast Lord. Two Vols. London. Published by Richard Bentley, 1866. Vol. II., p. 70.
[5]Rep. Pac. R. R. Survey, Vol. XII., Bk. II. [Senate, 1860].
[6]Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VI., p. 140.
[7]The Auk, Vol. III., 1886, p. 167.
[8]Life Histories of N. A. Birds, Vol. II., p. 394.
[9]Handbook Birds of the Western U. S., pp. 278-9.
[10]The Auk, Vol. XVII., Oct. 1900, p. 354.
[11]The Auk, Vol. IX., Jan. 1892, p. 45.
[12]Since writing the above specimens have been taken at Kirkland by Miss Jennie V. Getty (Dec. 1908).
[13]Rep. Nat’l Hist. Coll. in Alaska, pp. 174, 175.
[14]By “shading” here is not meant subspecific relationship, altho this does obtain as regarding both griseonucha and littoralis, but rather suggestive relationship, assumed divergence from a common stock.
[15]“Birds of Illinois,” Vol. I., p. 263.
[16]So called for decades, but now lost to us thru the latest caprice of nomenclature. Varium et mutabile semper A. O. U. Check-List.
[17]Until the season of 1908. See ante under “Migrations.”
[18]“(?) Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. XIX., 1877, 118 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, breeding)” (Ridgway).
[19]Based upon that of Melospiza melodia from which it differs slightly in proportions but chiefly in grayer coloration. The measurements are those of Ridgway, Birds of N. & M. A., Vol. I., p. 358.
[20]Birds of North and Mid. Am., Vol. I., p. 391.
[21]Birds of North and Middle America, Vol. I., p. 401.
[22]Coues, “Birds of the Northwest” (Ed. 1874), p. 177.
[23]Lynds Jones in Dawson’s “The Birds of Ohio,” p. 94.
[24]Applied to P. erythromelas in “The Birds of Ohio,” p. 109, and exactly applicable here.
[25]Handbook of Birds of W. U. S., p. 419.
[26]Coues’ Key to N. A. Birds, Fourth Edition, is especially referred to. The matter has been corrected in the Fifth Edition.
[27]The Condor, Vol. VIII., March 1906, p. 41.
[28]“Narrative,” April 1839, p. 343.
[29]A Review of the Larks of the Genus Otocoris, Proc. U. S. Nat’l Mus., Vol. XXIV., pp. 801-884, 1902.
[30]Much clearer testimony is required on this point. Oberholser, op. cit., p. 839, cites a record for Colton in Whitman County, but I have never seen this form in Yakima County; and it would seem remarkable that a bird should forsake the mild climate of Tacoma to endure the more severe winters and less certain food supply of the East-side.
[31]A near view of this remarkable nest was forbidden by the breaking of a negative.
[32]Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River [etc.], by John K. Townsend (1839), p. 339. Townsend’s “Catalog of birds found in the territory of the Oregon,” which appeared in this work, pp. 331-336, enjoys the distinction of being the first faunal list of this northwestern region. It contains 208 titles but the naturalist included in it mention of many species encountered by him in his passage of the Rocky Mountains, and he does not, of course, distinguish between the regions lying north and south of the Columbia River. Of the total number recorded, therefore, Washington cannot possibly be entitled to above 168 species, and the list has little value in establishing the status of a bird as a resident of Washington.
[33]Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. VI., 1857, p. 82.
[34]Coues, Birds of the Northwest (1874), pp. 95, 96.
[35]Prof. O. B. Johnson in his “List of the Birds of the Willamette Valley, Oregon” [Am. Naturalist, July, 1880, p. 487] has made an excellent characterization of this song in “Holsey, govendy, govindy, goveendy.”
[36]Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. XII., Book II., 1860, p. 171.
[37]Auk, vol. XV., April, 1898, p. 130.
[38]Narrative (1839), p. 344.
[39]Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, Vol. I., p. 65 [Reprint].
[40]Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol XII., 1859, p. 173.
[41]Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, Land Birds, Vol. I., p. 66 [Reprint].
[42]“American Birds,” by William Lovell Finley (1907), p. 170.
[43]First record by R. H. Lawrence: Two seen on Stevens Prairie [Gray’s Harbor County] April 22 [1891] (Vide Àuk, Vol. IX., Jan. 1892, p. 47). Second record by the author: Male and female with five full-grown young encountered near Sluiskin Falls on Mt. Rainier, July 7, 1908, at an altitude of 6500 feet.
[44]Ridgway: Six specimens.
[45]“The present example of an isolated colony of a particular form, or what must be regarded as the same form in the absence of obvious distinctive characters, is one of several instances which are very troublesome to both the systematist and the student of geographic distribution. The birds of this species occurring, exclusively, in the area defined above are clearly intermediates between P. a. septentrionalis, a form larger and paler than P. a. atricapillus, which occupies the region immediately eastward, and P. a. occidentalis, a form smaller and darker than P. a. atricapillus, which inhabits the region immediately westward. It thus happens that, while these puzzling birds are practically, if not absolutely, indistinguishable from P. a. atricapillus they can hardly be considered exactly the same, since they are everywhere widely cut off from the latter by the very extensive area occupied by P. a. septentrionalis.”—Ridgway.
[46]Shading into the following variety, C. f. occidentalis, upon the lower levels.
[47]“The Birds of Cheney, Washington,” The Condor, Vol. VIII., Jan., 1906, p. 25 [No scientific name given].
[48]“The Birds of N. and M. America,” Vol. III., p. 659.
[49]Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. XII., pt. II., 1860, p. 185.
[50]Rev. S. H. Goodwin in “The Condor,” Vol. VII., No. 4, p. 100.
[51]The Auk, Vol. XX., July, 1903, p. 283.
[52]“Pacific Sportsman,” Vol. 2, June, 1905, p. 270.
[53]The Condor, Vol. VII., July, August, 1905, p. 100.
[54]Birds of Gray’s Harbor, Wash., Auk, Vol. IX., Jan., 1892, p. 46.
[55]Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., Vol. III., p. 149.
[56]The Auk, Vol. IX., Oct., 1892, p. 396.
[57]The Auk, Vol. XV., Jan., 1898, p. 18.
[58]Auk, Vol. XIX., Apr., 1902, p. 138.
[59]Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, p. 54.
[60]Cat. B. C. Birds Prov. Mus., Victoria, 1904, p. 52.
[61]C. W. and J. H. Bowles in The Auk, Vol. XV., Apr., 1898, p. 139.
[62]Ridgway (B. of N. & M. Am.) recognizes two color phases of this bird, a white- and a yellow-bellied. In the latter the plumage of upperparts inclines more strongly to olivaceous.
[63]Auk, Vol. IX., Jan. 1892, p. 44.
[64]Bendire, Life Histories N. A. Birds, Vol. II., pp. 217, 218.
[65]Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. Birds, Vol. II., p. 219.
[66]The Hummingbirds (Rep. Nat. Mus., 1890, pp. 253-383, plate I).
[67]These words are used advisedly. The case reported from the sea-wall of Santa Cruz County, California, claims no nest and only one egg. If this be not a case of misidentification, then it is an example of freak nesting utterly at variance with all Swift traditions, and with much that is actually known concerning the habits of this species.
The classic instance reported from Seattle in the columns of the Auk (Vol. V., ’88, p. 424) of a nest “made of straws, chips, paper, etc.,” proved to concern the handiwork of the Purple Martin (Progne subis), but the mistake was a not unnatural one in view of the then rarity of the Martin.
[68]Life Hist. N. A. Birds, Vol. II., 1895, p. 176.
[69]Life Hist. N. A. Birds, Vol. II., p. 185.
[70]Allan Brooks in The Auk, Vol. XXVI., Jan. 1909.
[71]The Auk, vol. V., 1888, p. 253.
[72]“Birds of Ohio,” p. 350.
[73]The Wilson Bulletin, No. 39, June, 1902, p. 63.
[74]Life Histories of N. A. Birds, Vol. II., p. 107.
