Exercise.
Parse in full the pronouns in the following sentences:—
1. She could not help laughing at the vile English into which they were translated.
2. Our readers probably remember what Mrs. Hutchinson tells us of herself.
3. Whoever deals with M. de Witt must go the plain way that he pretends to, in his negotiations.
4. Some of them from whom nothing was to be got, were suffered to depart; but those from whom it was thought that anything could be extorted were treated with execrable cruelty.
5. All was now ready for action.
6. Scarcely had the mutiny broken up when he was himself again.
7. He came back determined to put everything to the hazard.
8. Nothing is more clear than that a general ought to be the servant of his government, and of no other.
9. Others did the same thing, but not to quite so enormous an extent.
10. On reaching the approach to this about sunset of a beautiful evening in June, I first found myself among the mountains,—a feature of natural scenery for which, from my earliest days, it was not extravagant to say that I hungered and thirsted.
11. I speak of that part which chiefly it is that I know.
12. A smaller sum I had given to my friend the attorney (who was connected with the money lenders as their lawyer), to which, indeed, he was entitled for his unfurnished lodgings.
13. Whatever power the law gave them would be enforced against me to the utmost.
14. O thou that rollest above, round as the shield of my fathers!
15. But there are more than you ever heard of who die of grief in this island of ours.
16. But amongst themselves is no voice nor sound.
17. For this did God send her a great reward.
18. The table was good; but that was exactly what Kate cared little about.
19. Who and what was Milton? That is to say, what is the place which he fills in his own vernacular literature?
20. These hopes are mine as much as theirs.
21. What else am I who laughed or wept yesterday, who slept last night like a corpse?
22. I who alone am, I who see nothing in nature whose existence I can affirm with equal evidence to my own, behold now the semblance of my being, in all its height, variety, and curiosity reiterated in a foreign form.
23.
What hand but would a garland cull
For thee who art so beautiful?
24.
And I had done a hellish thing,
And it would work 'em woe.
25. Whatever he knows and thinks, whatever in his apprehension is worth doing, that let him communicate.
26. Rip Van Winkle was one of those foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble.
27.
And will your mother pity me,
Who am a maiden most forlorn?
28.
They know not I knew thee,
Who knew thee too well.
29.
I did remind thee of our own dear Lake,
By the old Hall which may be mine no more.
30.
He sate him down, and seized a pen, and traced
Words which I could not guess of.
31.
Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow:
Such as creation's dawn beheld, thou rollest now.
32.
Wild Spirit which art moving everywhere;
Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh, hear!
33. A smile of hers was like an act of grace.
34. No man can learn what he has not preparation for learning.
35. What can we see or acquire but what we are?
36. He teaches who gives, and he learns who receives.
37. We are by nature observers; that is our permanent state.
38. He knew not what to do, and so he read.
39. Who hears me, who understands me, becomes mine.
40. The men who carry their points do not need to inquire of their constituents what they should say.
41. Higher natures overpower lower ones by affecting them with a certain sleep.
42. Those who live to the future must always appear selfish to those who live to the present.
43. I am sorry when my independence is invaded or when a gift comes from such as do not know my spirit.
44. Here I began to howl and scream abominably, which was no bad step towards my liberation.
45. The only aim of the war is to see which is the stronger of the two—which is the master.
ADJECTIVES.
Office of Adjectives.
139. Nouns are seldom used as names of objects without additional words joined to them to add to their meaning. For example, if we wish to speak of a friend's house, we cannot guide one to it by merely calling it a house. We need to add some words to tell its color, size, position, etc., if we are at a distance; and if we are near, we need some word to point out the house we speak of, so that no other will be mistaken for it. So with any object, or with persons.
As to the kind of words used, we may begin with the common adjectives telling the characteristics of an object. If a chemist discovers a new substance, he cannot describe it to others without telling its qualities: he will say it is solid, or liquid, or gaseous; heavy or light; brittle or tough; white or red; etc.
Again, in pointing out an object, adjectives are used; such as in the expressions "this man," "that house," "yonder hill," etc.
Instead of using nouns indefinitely, the number is limited by adjectives; as, "one hat," "some cities," "a hundred men."
The office of an adjective, then, is to narrow down or limit the application of a noun. It may have this office alone, or it may at the same time add to the meaning of the noun.
Substantives.
140. Nouns are not, however, the only words limited by adjectives: pronouns and other words and expressions also have adjectives joined to them. Any word or word group that performs the same office as a noun may be modified by adjectives.
To make this clear, notice the following sentences:—
Pronoun.
If he be thankful for small benefits, it shows that he weighs men's minds, and their trash.—Bacon.
Infinitives.
To err is human; to forgive, divine.—Pope.
With exception of the "and then," the "and there," and the still less significant "and so," they constitute all his connections.—Coleridge.
Definition.
141. An adjective is a word joined to a noun or other substantive word or expression, to describe it or to limit its application.
142. Adjectives are divided into four classes:—
(1) Descriptive adjectives, which describe by expressing qualities or attributes of a substantive.
(2) Adjectives of quantity, used to tell how many things are spoken of, or how much of a thing.
(3) Demonstrative adjectives, pointing out particular things.
(4) Pronominal adjectives, words primarily pronouns, but used adjectively sometimes in modifying nouns instead of standing for them. They include relative and interrogative words.