SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS.
299. Subordinate conjunctions are of the following kinds:—
(1) PLACE: where, wherever, whither, whereto, whithersoever, whence, etc.
(2) TIME: when, before, after, since, as, until, whenever, while, ere, etc.
(3) MANNER: how, as, however, howsoever.
(4) CAUSE or REASON: because, since, as, now, whereas, that, seeing, etc.
(5) COMPARISON: than and as.
(6) PURPOSE: that, so, so that, in order that, lest, so...as.
(7) RESULT: that, so that, especially that after so.
(8) CONDITION or CONCESSION: if, unless, so, except, though, although; even if, provided, provided that, in case, on condition that, etc.
(9) SUBSTANTIVE: that, whether, sometimes if, are used frequently to introduce noun clauses used as subject, object, in apposition, etc.
Examples of the use of subordinate conjunctions:—
Place.
Where the treasure is, there will the heart be also.—Bible.
To lead from eighteen to twenty millions of men whithersoever they will.—J. Quincy.
An artist will delight in excellence wherever he meets it. —Allston.
Time.
I promise to devote myself to your happiness whenever you shall ask it of me.—Paulding.
It is sixteen years since I saw the Queen of France.—Burke.
Manner.
Let the world go how it will.—Carlyle
Events proceed, not as they were expected or intended, but as they are impelled by the irresistible laws.—Ames.
Cause, reason.
I see no reason why I should not have the same thought.—Emerson.
Then Denmark blest our chief,
That he gave her wounds repose.
—Campbell.
Now he is dead, his martyrdom will reap
Late harvests of the palms he should have had in life.
—H. H. Jackson.
Sparing neither whip nor spur, seeing that he carried the vindication of his patron's fame in his saddlebags.—Irving.
Comparison.
As a soldier, he was more solicitous to avoid mistakes than to perform exploits that are brilliant.—Ames.
All the subsequent experience of our race had gone over him with as little permanent effect as [as follows the semi-adverbs as and so in expressing comparison] the passing breeze.—Hawthorne.
Purpose.
We wish for a thousand heads, a thousand bodies, that we might celebrate its immense beauty.—Emerson.
So many thoughts moved to and fro,
That vain it were her eyes to close.
—Coleridge.
I was again covered with water, but not so long but I held it out.—Defoe.
Condition.
A ridicule which is of no import unless the scholar heed it.—Emerson.
There flowers or weeds at will may grow,
So I behold them not.
—Byron.
Concession.
What though the radiance which was once so bright
Be now forever taken from my sight.
—Wordsworth.
Substantive.
It seems a pity that we can only spend it once.—Emerson.
We do not believe that he left any worthy man his foe who had ever been his friend.—Ames.
Let us see whether the greatest, the wisest, the purest-hearted of all ages are agreed in any wise on this point.—Ruskin.
Who can tell if Washington be a great man or no?—Emerson.
300. As will have been noticed, some words—for example, since, while, as, that, etc.—may belong to several classes of conjunctions, according to their meaning and connection in the sentence.