APPENDIX.
I.
THE CHAIRMAN’S GUIDE.
ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS IN VARIOUS MEETINGS.
When the business of an assembly is limited to hearing one man speak, there is little need of rules. But when there are several speeches, and various kinds of business are mingled with them, the subject of order becomes important. Many a fluent speaker may be embarrassed because he does not know just when he ought to speak, and how to introduce what he desires. A member of Congress, for instance, cannot be efficient, no matter what his talents, until he masters the rules of business. Even in smaller and less formal assemblies it is of great advantage to every one, especially if called upon to preside, as all may be in this land of discussions, to know just how to fulfil the duties imposed on him. In this short, and necessarily imperfect sketch, we will only aim to give those simple forms of parliamentary law that will often be needed by every man who essays to speak at all.
Every society has the right to form its own laws, and whenever it does positively determine any matter, the general rules of order are superseded to that extent. But it would be an endless task for any body to provide beforehand for every case that might occur, and the greater part of these are always left to be decided by general usage. This usage, which has been growing up for years, now covers almost every possible point. An eminent authority says: “It is much more material that there should be a rule to go by than what that rule is, for then the standard cannot be changed to suit the caprice or interest of the chairman, or more active members, and all are assured of justice.”
The same rules apply to all assemblies, with a few modifications, which are readily suggested by the nature of the assembly. We will give a few of the special applications first, and afterward the general rules.
RELIGIOUS ASSEMBLIES.
The regular public service of churches which have a ritual is governed by it, and in those which have none, usage always fixes a course from which the preacher should not vary without good reasons. The most common mode of procedure in churches that are governed by unwritten custom is, first, a short invocation of God’s blessing on the service. This is omitted in the Methodist church and some others. Then follows the reading and singing of a hymn; prayer, the reading of a Scripture lesson (which is frequently omitted in evening service), singing again and preaching. There are several modes of closing. Sometimes the order is: prayer; singing a hymn, with doxology attached; and benediction. Sometimes singing comes first, then prayer, and the benediction pronounced while the congregation is in the attitude of prayer. Sometimes there are four distinct acts; singing a hymn; prayer; singing the doxology; and benediction. The order in which these modes of closing are stated is, in our opinion, also the order of preference.
Business and congregational meetings are governed by the common rules of order.
ANNIVERSARIES, CELEBRATIONS, ETC.
In meetings of this character, the object usually is to enjoy a pleasant time, hear speeches, and pass resolutions that have been prepared beforehand, and on which no discussion is expected. In Sunday-school celebrations, and other meetings of the same nature, let a programme be formed, with each performance in its order, and either printed and distributed or read as soon as the meeting is called to order. This must be done at the proper time by the superintendent, or some one appointed for the purpose, who will act as chairman, and introduce each speaker in his turn. Any resolutions offered should be in writing, and also read by him, and put to vote in the regular form. When the exercises are closed the meeting will be dismissed without waiting for a motion to adjourn.
In anniversary meetings of a more formal character, it is common to have each speaker supplied, in advance, with a resolution on which he is to speak. At the proper time he will arise, offer the resolution, and make his address. If it is desirable to have more than one speech on that resolution, the next can second the motion and speak in the same way. Then the resolution may be put in the common form. This can be continued until all the resolutions and speakers are disposed of.
LITERARY AND EDUCATIONAL SOCIETIES.
In the societies usually attached to colleges, everything should be done with the most scrupulous regularity, and thus the rules of public business fully learned. It is well also for them to have a certain order by which all their exercises shall be governed, and everything made to move on with the regularity of clockwork. A committee can easily construct such a plan, and it can be amended as desired. It should always have a department for miscellaneous business.
Literary societies and debating clubs are very commonly formed in villages and school districts, and when properly carried on can scarcely fail to be profitable. Many a person has received his first lesson in eloquence in such a school, and the fluency and confidence a boy or young man can acquire in them may be of life-long advantage. Their organization may be very simple. A meeting has been called by some one who is interested in the matter, and when the people are met he calls them to order, nominates a chairman, puts the question, and at the request of the chair explains the object of the meeting. Some one then moves to appoint a committee to draft a Constitution and By-laws. It is best for the committee to have these previously prepared, that no time may be lost. The following form, taken from “How to Talk,” with a few modifications, will be all that is needed in most cases:
CONSTITUTION.
Article I.—Name.
This Society shall be known as the of
Article II.—Objects.
The object of this Society shall be the improvement of its Members in debating, and the promotion of their intellectual, social, and moral advancement.
Article III.—Membership.
Any person of good moral character may become a member of this Society, by signing the Constitution and paying the initiation fee. [In some cases it may be necessary to receive Members by a vote of the Society, after being regularly proposed.]
Article IV.—Officers and their Duties.
The Officers of this Society shall consist of a President, a Vice-President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer; each of whom shall be elected by ballot, and their duties shall be the same as are generally required of such officers in similar societies.
Article V.—Amendments.
No addition, alteration, or amendment shall be made to this Constitution without a vote of two-thirds of the Members present, and no motion to amend shall be acted upon at the same meeting at which it is proposed.
BY-LAWS.
Article I.—Meetings.
Sec. 1.—This Society shall meet on the of each for the promotion of its objects and the transaction of business.
Sec. 2.—There shall be an annual meeting on the of for the election of Officers, and to hear the reports of the Secretary and Treasurer.
Sec. 3.—Special meetings may be called by the President at the request of Members.
Article II.—Initiation Fee.
All persons received into this Society shall pay the sum of on signing the Constitution.
Article III.—Dues.
All Members shall pay the sum of per month, to be appropriated, with the initiation fees, to defraying the expenses of the Society; and no Member who may be in arrears for dues more than two months shall be allowed to speak or vote on any question till such arrearages shall be paid.
Article IV.—Expulsions.
Any Member who shall refuse to conform to the Constitution and By-laws, or shall be guilty of repeated disorderly conduct, shall be subjected to expulsion by a vote of two-thirds of the Members present; but no motion to expel a Member shall be acted upon at the same meeting at which it is offered.
Article V.—Amendments.
The same rule in reference to amendments shall apply to the By-laws as to the Constitution.
The Constitution when presented may be discussed, and put to vote, altogether, or article by article; if adopted, it becomes the law of the meeting. A list of members will then be made out, including all who desire to be enrolled, and are willing to pay the initiation fee. Then a new election of officers should be held, with those only who are members voting. The old chairman will retain his seat until the new one is elected. When it is intended to have performances of different kinds, as essays, orations, debates, etc., it is well to appoint a committee to draw up a regular order in which these will be called for. The society being now organized, may proceed to business, or fix the time for next meeting and adjourn.
WARD, DISTRICT, OR TOWNSHIP MEETINGS.
When one or more persons desire to call a meeting for any purpose, there is often great confusion and uncertainty as to the mode of procedure. A few simple rules will go far to obviate all difficulty. In the call, those only who are favorable to the intended object should be invited, and if others attend, they should take no part in the meeting, unless challenged to discussion.
The responsibility for the guidance of the meeting until its regular organization, rests on those who have called it. When the people have met at the appointed time, one of these will ask them to come to order, and will then nominate a chairman; when this is seconded, he will put it to vote, and call the man elected to the chair, who will put all other motions. A secretary also should be elected, and then the meeting is regularly organized. The chairman next states the object of the meeting, or if he prefers, calls upon one of those interested to do it.
Some one will then move the appointment of a committee (which is said to be the American panacea for everything) to prepare resolutions expressive of the wishes or opinion of the meeting. If the names of the persons to compose the committee be not mentioned in the original motion, it is usual for the chairman to name them, putting the name of the mover first on the list. The chairman may, for good reasons, excuse any one of the committee from acting, if there be no objections on the part of the assembly. But if there are, he can only be excused by vote. The committee then require some time to make their report, and it is common for the chairman to call on some one, who ought to be notified beforehand, for a speech. When the committee have finished their business they will return, and waiting until no one is speaking, their chairman will address the chairman of the meeting, telling him that they are ready to report. If no objection is made, the resolutions prepared are then read, and are at the disposal of the meeting. They may be treated separately, or together, amended, adopted or rejected. The resolutions may be prepared beforehand, in which case the appointment of the committee may be dispensed with. If the resolutions should not be satisfactory, they may be recommitted.
When the resolutions have been disposed of, the speaker will announce that there is no business before the house, which will either bring a motion to adjourn, or new business.
DELEGATED BODIES.
All legislatures, boards of directors, etc., hold their power only in trust for others who are not present, and are therefore held to stricter limitations in the performance of business than those assemblies which act only for themselves. In case the right of any delegate is disputed, this must be settled as soon as possible. In nearly all such meetings it is also provided that many things shall not be considered as determined until referred back to those by whom the members were chosen. With these exceptions, and the special rules that such bodies may provide, they are under the strict government of parliamentary law.
CONTINUED MEETINGS.
When any body holds sessions at intervals, it becomes necessary to bear in mind what has been previously done. This is accomplished by having the minutes of each meeting read at the beginning of the next, and if any mistakes exist they are corrected. This enables the assembly to take up the business where it closed, and proceed as if there had been no interruption. It is also well to have a certain order of business fixed, which shall always suggest what is proper to be done and prevent confusion. This order will necessarily differ in the various kinds of meetings. Legislative bodies, from the great variety of business brought before them, can seldom fix on any order that can be followed from day to day, but they often establish a regular order for a certain time. Matthias suggested the following arrangement for business meetings of bank directors, railway stockholders, etc.:
1. Presenting communications from parties outside of the meeting. A communication is read, and motions for action on it may be made, amended, and passed or rejected. After this has been done, or if no motion is made, the next communication is taken up.
2. Reports of standing committees. The chairman will call for these in their order, and each one, if prepared, will be read by the chairman of the committee. It should close with a resolution of some kind, and when it is moved and seconded that this be adopted, it may be discussed and determined as the assembly see fit. The minority of a committee may make a separate report if they wish.
3. Treasurer’s report.
4. Unfinished business.
5. New business.
II.
GENERAL RULES OF ORDER.
QUORUM—RULES—DECISION.
1. In bodies which have a fixed number of members, a certain proportion most be present to make the transaction of business valid. The number may be fixed by the expression of the assembly, or its general custom. In the absence of any other rule, a majority is sufficient. The chairman should not take his seat until he sees that a quorum is present, and if the assembly is at any time reduced below this number, nothing but adjournment is in order.
2. The assembly may make its own rules in whole or in part, but whatever it does not determine, shall be subject to the common rules of order.
Any member has a right to insist on the enforcement of the rules, but this duty belongs especially to the chair.
3. In the absence of any special rule, the consent of a majority of the members voting is requisite to determine any point. A plurality, where more than two issues are presented, is not sufficient.
OFFICERS.
Presiding and recording officers are necessary in every meeting, and must be chosen by an absolute majority. When the assembly has financial matters to manage, a treasurer must also be elected.
PRESIDING OFFICER.
This officer is known by various titles, such as chairman, president, speaker, moderator, etc. We will use the first. The chairman represents the assembly, declares its will, and obeys it implicitly. He must be treated with great respect, although his power is only a delegated one, and may be set aside by the declared will of the assembly. His principal duties are:
1. To begin the session by taking the chair and calling the members to order.
2. To announce business in its order.
3. To submit all motions and propositions.
4. To put all questions and announce the result.
6. To restrain members within rules of order.
6. To receive all communications and announce them to the assembly.
7. To sign public documents.
8. To decide points of order, subject to an appeal to the assembly.
The chairman should fully understand all the rules of business, be kind and courteous to all, but prompt and firm, for on him, more than any other, the order and harmony of every meeting depends.
In the absence of the chairman, the vice-president takes the chair, and when there is no such officer, a temporary chairman must be elected.
The chairman may read while sitting, but should rise to state a question or take a vote.
RECORDING OFFICER.
Secretary or clerk is the name usually bestowed on this officer. We will employ the first. It is his duty to keep a true record of all that is done in the assembly. Speeches and motions that do not prevail, need not be recorded. But it is sometimes customary, when it is intended to publish the proceedings, and no reporter is present, for the secretary to make the minutes take the form of a journal.
2. The secretary must keep all papers that belong to the society in safety; read them when ordered; call the roll; notify committees of their appointment and business; and sign all orders and proceedings of the assembly.
3. A temporary secretary must be elected during the absence of the permanent one, unless there is an assistant to take his place.
4. The secretary should always stand in reading, or calling the roll.
MEMBERS.
1. All members are on a footing of absolute equality, and in every form of business the same courtesy and attention should be shown to each one by the chair and by all other members.
2. Every member is expected to observe strict decorum in his behavior. Standing, walking about, interrupting speakers, hissing, whispering, taking books or papers from the speaker’s table, are all breaches of decorum.
3. Any member accused of disorderly behavior may, when the charge is stated, be heard in his own behalf, and is then required to withdraw, until the assembly decides as to his guilt and punishment. He may be reprimanded, required to apologize, or expelled.
MOTIONS.
1. Business can only be introduced into an assembly by a motion. Persons, not members, may make communications, or send petitions asking for the doing of certain things; but these must be taken by one of the members, and by him read or presented to the assembly. It is then before the body for consideration, but nothing can be done with it until a motion is made by some one belonging to the assembly.
2. An assembly expresses its opinion by a resolution, commands by an order, and determines its own action by a vote. A member who wishes to secure either of these, draws it up in the form he desires it to bear, and moves that the assembly adopt what he proposes. He must first obtain the floor. This is done by rising and addressing the chairman by his title. If there be no previous claimant, the chairman responds by mentioning the speaker’s name, when he is at liberty to go on. When he has made his motion, another member must second it before the assembly will receive it or pay any attention to it. The chair or any member may insist on the motion being written, unless it is one of the kind that have a certain form, such as to adjourn, etc. The motion when seconded, is to be stated by the chair, when it becomes the property of the assembly, and is ready for debate or such other action as may be preferred. Suggestions and modifications of the motion may be made, or it may be withdrawn altogether, before this; but not after, without leave of the assembly formally expressed. No other motion, with some exceptions to be hereafter explained, can be entertained until the first is disposed of.
When a motion is made the assembly may do one of five things with it.
1. Decide it in the shape it then has.
2. Suppress all consideration of it or action on it.
3. Postpone it until a future time.
4. Refer it to a committee to be put in a better form.
5. Amend it themselves before deciding it.
We will consider these different ways of treating a question in their order.
1.—DECISION.
It is always to be taken for granted that the assembly is willing to decide a motion at once, unless some one moves to adopt one of the other courses. It may be repeated first, and when no one rises, the chair asks if they are ready for the question; if no one responds, it is put to vote.
2.—SUPPRESSION.
1. Sometimes the assembly does not wish to discuss a motion at all. In that case a member may move that it be indefinitely postponed. If this is debated, the matter remains as it was before. If it prevails, the matter is ended, and can only be brought up as a new question.
2. The motion to lay a subject on the table has nearly the same effect. If it prevails, the subject cannot be taken up without a motion to that effect.
3. The famous “previous question” has a totally different purpose in this country and England. There it is used to postpone a question. Its form is, “Shall the main question now be put?” and it is moved by those who wish to obtain a negative decision, the effect of which is to remove the question from before the house for that day, and by usage for the whole session.
4. In this country it is used to prevent debate, and is only moved by those who wish an affirmative decision. When this is carried the question must be voted upon without further remarks. A majority ought to use this power of stopping debate very sparingly, and never without good reason.
3.—POSTPONEMENT.
If the assembly is not prepared to act upon a question, or has more important business before it, the proper course is for some one to move that it be postponed until a certain time. If no time is fixed the question is suppressed altogether. If the assembly is dissolved before the appointed day, the effect is the same.
4.—COMMITMENT.
If the form of the motion is crude, it may be given into the hands of a committee to perfect. If it first came from a committee, it may be given back to them, which is called a recommitment. The whole or a part of a subject may be committed, and the assembly may, by vote, give such instructions as it desires. This motion is sometimes made use of for the purpose of procuring further information.
5.—AMENDMENT.
The assembly may alter, increase, or diminish any proposition at its pleasure. Its nature is often changed entirely.
1. Every complicated question may be divided by a regular vote. This is usually done, if no objection is offered, without a vote, but it cannot be required by a single member as is sometimes stated. A motion to divide should specify the manner of division.
2. If blanks are left in resolutions, these must be filled by motion. If these embrace figures, and several numbers are proposed, that which includes the others may be put to vote first. But it is usually as well to put first that which is moved first.
3. All motions to amend, except by division, must be to amend by inserting or adding, or by striking out, or both.
4. An amendment may be accepted by the mover of a resolution, if no objection is made, for then general consent is presumed; but not otherwise.
5. It is strict parliamentary law to begin with the beginning of a proposition, and after the latter part is amended, not to return to a former part; but this is seldom insisted on in common societies.
6. Every amendment is susceptible of amendment, but this can go no further. But the second amendment may be defeated, and then a new one made to the principal amendment.
7. Whatever is agreed to, or disagreed to by the acceptance or rejection of an amendment cannot again be changed.
8. What is struck out cannot be inserted by another amendment, unless with such additions as to make it a new question. Neither can what is retained be changed.
9. Before putting the question on an amendment, the passage should be read as it was; then the amendment; lastly the passage as amended.
10. A paragraph that is inserted by vote Cannot be changed, but it may be amended before the question is put.
11. When the amendment is both to strike out and insert, these two may be divided by vote or general consent, and then the question is taken first on striking out.
PREFERRED MOTIONS.
When a motion is before the assembly, it must be disposed of before anything else can be brought forward, with the exception of three classes of questions. These are privileged, incidental, and subsidiary questions.
1.—PRIVILEGED QUESTIONS.
1. The motion to adjourn takes precedence of every other, except when it has been moved and defeated, when it shall not be moved again until something else has been done. It cannot be moved while a member is speaking, or a vote being taken. But to be entitled to such precedence, it must be a simple motion to adjourn, without question of time or place. If these are added, it must take its regular turn. An adjournment without any time being fixed, is equivalent to a dissolution, unless this has been provided for by custom or especial rule. At adjournment every pending question is taken from before the assembly, and can only be brought up again in the regular way.
2. Any question affecting the rights and privileges of members, as in quarreling, the intrusion of strangers, etc., comes next in order to adjournment, and displaces everything else.
3. If the assembly fix on an order of business for a certain time, when that time arrives, a motion to take up this order has precedence of all questions, but the two preceding.
2.—INCIDENTAL QUESTIONS.
Incidental questions are those that grow out of other questions, and must be decided before them.
1. Questions of order. If there is a breach of rules it is the duty of the chair to enforce them, and any member to call for their enforcement. This should be done at once. When there is a doubt as to what constitutes a breach of the rules, it is first decided by the chair, subject to an appeal to the assembly, which may be put in this form, “Shall the decision of the chair stand as the decision of the assembly?” On this the chair may debate as well as others, but the vote is final.
2. When papers are laid on the secretary’s table for the information of the assembly, any member may demand to have them read; but other papers can only be read after a regular motion is carried to that effect.
3. After a motion is stated by the chair, permission may be given to withdraw it by a regular vote.
4. A rule that interferes with the transaction of any business may be suspended by a unanimous vote, or in accordance with the provisions of a special rule which points out the majority requisite, such as two-thirds, three-fourths, etc.
3.—SUBSIDIARY QUESTIONS.
These relate to the principal question as secondary planets do to their primaries. They are of different degrees among themselves, and with a few exceptions are not applied to one another.
1. “Lie on the table.” This takes precedence of all the subsidiary motions. If carried, it takes the principal question and all that belongs to it from the consideration of the assembly, and they can only be brought up by a new motion. If decided in the negative, this question, like all the others of the same class, except the previous question, has no effect whatever.
2. “Previous question.” This motion can only be superseded by that to lay on the table. If lost, the question is not before the house for the remainder of that day.
3. A motion to postpone may be amended by fixing the time or changing it. If several days are mentioned, the longest time should be put first.
4. A motion to commit takes precedence of a motion to amend, but stands in the same rank with the others, except to lay on the table, and cannot be superseded by them, if moved first.
5. A motion to amend may be amended. It is not superseded by the previous question, or a motion for indefinite postponement, but is by a motion to postpone till a time certain, or to commit.
It is very important that the order of these secondary questions be carefully observed, as there may be many of them pending at once.
DEBATE.
Debate in a society organized for the purpose of discussion, and in a deliberative body are quite different. In the former reply is expected, and may be bandied back and forth several times. In the latter the object is supposed to be giving information, and each member is limited to one speech, unless special permission is received to speak again. The chair must not take part in debates.
1. When a member wishes to speak, he obtains the floor in the same manner as if to offer a motion. The mover of a resolution is usually allowed the floor first, but this is a matter of courtesy rather than right.
2. When a speaker gives up the floor for any purpose, he loses his right to it, though as a favor he is often allowed to continue his speech.
3. No names are to be used in debate, but when it becomes necessary to designate an individual, some description may be used, as, the gentleman on the right, etc.
4. Every member must stand, when speaking, unless sick or disabled.
5. Motions to adjourn, to lay on the table, for the previous question, or the order of the day cannot be debated.
6. No member shall use abusive language against any of the acts of the assembly, or indulge in personal denunciations of other members. Wrong motives must not be attributed to any one. If a speaker digresses widely from the subject, and appears to misunderstand its nature, he may be called to order.
7. A member who is decided to be out of order loses his right to the floor, but this is seldom insisted on.
8. A member cannot speak more than once on the same question without special permission, which must not be given until all have spoken; but he may speak on amendments, and on the same subject, when it is returned from a committee.
10. A member who has been misrepresented has the right to explain, but not to interrupt any one who is speaking for that purpose.
11. Debate may be stopped by the previous question; by determining in advance that at a certain time, the question shall be decided; or by adopting a rule limiting each member to so many minutes. In the latter case, the chair announces the expiration of the time, and the member takes his seat.
12. Every member should be listened to with respect, and no attempt made to interrupt him, unless he transgress the bounds of order. Calling for the question, hissing, coughing, etc., should be restrained by the chair if possible. The speaker may learn from these things that the assembly does not wish to hear him, but he is not bound to heed them. If necessary, the chair will name the obstinate offenders for punishment, who may be heard in their own defence, but must then withdraw while the assembly determines what punishment should be inflicted. But if all means of preserving order fail, and the chairman’s repeated calls are unnoticed, he is not responsible for this disorder, although it would be better then to resign an office that he can no longer make respected, unless so bound by public duty that he cannot take this course.
13. If a member in speaking makes use of disorderly words, notice should be taken at once. The words used, if the offence is serious, should be reduced to writing while fresh in the memory of all. If necessary, the assembly may determine what words were used, whether they were offensive or not, and at its pleasure require an apology, censure, or expel the offender. If other business is done before attention is called to the disorderly words, they cannot again be taken up.
PUTTING THE QUESTION.
When discussion and all preliminary matters are finished, the next step is to ascertain the will of the assembly. There are six ways of doing this. We will put first those that are most used:
1. The chair asks, “Are you ready for the question?” No objection being made, he first puts the affirmative, asking those who favor the motion to say, “Aye;” those who are opposed, “No.” He judges from the volume of sound, and declares which he believes has the majority. If any one doubts this, he may require the vote to be taken in a more exact way.
2. In place of saying “aye,” the affirmative may be asked to hold up their hands; then when these are down the same is asked of the negative. The determination in this case is the same as in the former case.
3. The affirmative may be required to rise to their feet and be counted; and when seated the negative will rise. These will also be counted, and this is the mode most commonly resorted to, when the result as declared by the chair, from the former methods, is doubted.
4. In this the affirmative and negative may stand up at once, but in different parts of the house, and be counted. This is a real “division.”
5. The method by ballot may be employed; each man writing his wish on a ticket. These are collected and counted. This mode is often employed in the election of officers, but seldom in the determination of simple questions.
6. The roll may be called by the secretary, and each man in his place answer, “Aye,” or “No.” These are marked by the secretary, and others who keep tally, and the result announced. Sometimes the names are entered on the journals, in two lists of “Aye” and “No.” The word “Yea,” is often used in place of “Aye.”
The chair has a casting vote in case of equal division.
A member who voted with the affirmative may move the reconsideration of any question, and if his motion is carried, the whole matter is opened up as it was at first, and may be discussed as before.
COMMITTEES.
The use of a committee is to give a subject more careful consideration than it could receive in a full assembly. They are of three kinds. From their great importance they are said to be the eyes and ears of the assembly.
1. Standing committees are those that are appointed to take charge of all subjects of a certain character during a session, or other specified time.
2. Select committees are appointed to take charge of some one thing, and when that is finished they are dissolved, although they may be revived again by a vote of the assembly.
In appointing a committee, the first thing is to fix on a number: if several are named, the largest should be put first. The committees may be chosen by ballot; appointed by the chair; or elected by nomination and vote. The latter is the regular mode when there is no special rule, but the second is most frequently practised. Sometimes a committee is appointed to nominate all other committees, but this is not usually the case. The mover and seconder of a resolution should have place on a committee appointed to consider it, and, as a general rule, none but those who are friendly to the object to be accomplished should be appointed. Those opposed can make their opposition when it is returned to the assembly.
It is the duty of the secretary of the assembly to make out a list of the members of a committee, and hand to the person first named on it, who is its chairman, unless the committee shall choose to elect another.
The assembly can fix the times and places of the meeting of a committee; if this is not done, it can choose for itself, but cannot sit while the assembly is in session without a special order.
In all forms of procedure the committee is governed by the same rules as the assembly, but a little less strictness is observed in their enforcement.
Disorderly conduct in a committee can only be noted down and reported to the assembly.
When any paper has been referred to a committee, it must be returned as it was, with proposed amendments written separately. They cannot reject any matter, but can return it to the assembly without change, stating their reasons for taking no action.
When a committee is prepared to report, its chairman announces the fact, and he, or an other member, may make a motion that the report be received at that, or some other specified time. If nothing is said, it is assumed that the assembly is ready to receive it immediately.
At the time fixed, the chairman reads the report, and passes it, with all the papers belonging to it, to the secretary’s table, where it awaits the action of the assembly.
Any report from a committee may be treated by amendment, etc., just as if it originated in the assembly.
The final question is on the adoption of the report; if this is agreed to, it stands as the action of the whole assembly.
3. The third form of committee is the “committee of the whole.” It embraces the entire assembly. When the assembly wishes to go into committee, a motion to that effect is made, seconded, and put; if carried, the chairman nominates a person as chairman of the committee, who takes his seat at the secretary’s table. The chairman of the assembly must remain at hand in readiness to resume his seat when the committee shall rise. The secretary does not record the proceedings of the committee, but only their report. A special secretary must be appointed for their use.
The following are the main points of difference between the “committee of the whole” and the assembly:
1. The previous question cannot be moved, but the committee may rise and thus stop debate.
2. The committee cannot adjourn; it may rise, report progress, and ask leave to sit again.
3. In committee a member may speak as often as he can get the floor; in the assembly, but once.
4. The committee cannot refer a matter to another committee.
5. The chairman of the assembly can take part in committee proceedings.
6. The committee has no power to punish its members, but can report them.
When the committee is prepared to close, a motion is made and seconded that it rise; if carried, the chairman leaves his seat, the chairman of the assembly takes his usual place, and the committee report is given in the same form as from a special committee.
This brief synopsis has been compiled from various sources. The excellent manuals of Cushing and Matthias have been especially consulted. It is believed to embrace all that is essential for conducting business in ordinary assemblies. The man who masters these simple rules, which may be done in a few hours, is prepared to assist in the performance of any public business, and if called upon to act as chairman, as any one may be, he will be free from embarrassment.
Sent Prepaid by Post at Prices Annexed.
A LIST OF WORKS
PUBLISHED BY
SAMUEL R. WELLS, No. 389 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
STANDARD WORKS ON PHRENOLOGY.
American Phrenological Journal and Life Illustrated.—Devoted to Ethnology. Physiology, Phrenology, Physiognomy, Psychology, Sociology, Biography, Education, Art, Literature, with Measures to Reform, Elevate and Improve Mankind Physically, Mentally and Spiritually. Edited by S. R. Wells. Published monthly, in quarto form, at $3 a year, or 30 cents a number. It may be termed the standard authority in all matters pertaining to Phrenology and the Science of Man. It is beautifully illustrated. See Prospectus.
Constitution of Man; Considered in Relation to External Objects. By George Combe. The only authorized American Edition. With Twenty Engravings, and a Portrait of the Author. 12mo. 436 pp. Muslin. Price, $1 75.
The “Constitution of Man” is a work with which every teacher and every pupil should be acquainted. It contains a perfect mine of sound wisdom and enlightened philosophy; and a faithful study of its invaluable lessons would save many a promising youth from a premature grave.—Journal of Education, Albany, N. Y.
Defence of Phrenology; Containing an Essay on the Nature and Value of Phrenological Evidence: A Vindication of Phrenology against the Attack of its opponents, and a View of the Facts relied on by Phrenologists as proof that the Cerebellum is the seat of the reproductive instinct. By Andrew Boardman, M. D. 12mo, 222 pp. Muslin. Price, $1 50.
These Essays are a refutation of attacks on Phrenology, including “Select Discourses on the Functions of the Nervous System, in Opposition to Phrenology, Materialism and Atheism.” One of the best defences of Phrenology ever written.
Education: Its Elementary Principles founded on the Nature of Man. By J. G. Spurzheim, M. D. With an Appendix by S. R. Wells, containing a Description of the Tem craments, and a Brief Analysis of the Phrenological Faculties. Twelfth American Edition 1 vol. 12mo. 334 pp. Illustrated. Price, $1 50.
It is full of sound doctrine and practical wisdom. Every page is pregnant with instruction of solemn import; and we would that it were the text-book, the great and sovereign guide, of every male and female in the country with whom rests the responsibility of rearing or educating a child.—Boston Medical and Surgical Journal.
Education and Self-Improvement Complete; Comprising “Physiology—Animal and Mental”—“Self-Culture and Perfection of Character,” “Memory and Intellectual Improvement.” One large vol. Illus. Muslin, $4.
This book comprises the whole of Mr. Fowler’s series of popular works on the application of Phrenology to “Education and Self-Improvement.”
Lectures on Phrenology.—By George Combe. With Notes. An Essay on the Phrenological Mode of Investigation, and an Historical Sketch. By Andrew Boardman, M. D. 1 vol. 12mo, 391 pages. Muslin, $1 75.
These are the reported lectures on Phrenology delivered by George Combe in America in 1839, and have been approved as to their essential correctness by the author. The work includes the application of Phrenology to the present and prospective condition of the United States, and constitutes a course of Phrenological instruction.
Matrimony; Or, Phrenology and Physiology applied to the Selection of Congenial Companions for Life, including Directions to the Married for living together Affectionately and Happily. Thirty-Fourth Edition. Price, 50 cents.
A scientific expositor of the laws of man’s social and matrimonial constitution: exposing the evils of their violation, showing what organizations and phrenological developments naturally assimilate and harmonize.
Memory and Intellectual Improvement, applied to Self-Educational and Juvenile Instruction. Twenty-Fifth Edition. 12mo. Muslin, $1 50.
This is the third and last of Mr. Fowler’s series of popular works on the application of Phrenology to “Education and Self-Improvement.” This volume is devoted to the education and development of the Intellect; how to cultivate the Memory; the education of the young; and embodies directions as to how we may educate OURSELVES.
Mental Science. Lectures on, according to the Philosophy of Phrenology. Delivered before the Anthropological Society of the Western Liberal Institute of Marietta, Ohio. By Rev. G. S. Weaver. 12mo, 235 pp. Illustrated, $1 50.
This is a most valuable acquisition to phrenological literature. It is instructive and beneficial, and should be made accessible to all youth. Its philosophy is the precept of the human soul’s wisdom. Its morality is obedience to all divine law, written or unwritten. Its religion is the spirit-utterings of devout and faithful love. It aims at and contemplates humanity’s good—the union of the human with the divine.
Phrenology Proved, Illustrated and Applied; Embracing an analysis of the Primary Mental Powers in their Various Degrees of Development, and location of the Phrenological Organs. Presenting some new and important remarks on the Temperaments, describing the Organs in Seven Different Degrees of Development: the mental phenomena produced by their combined action, and the location of the faculties, amply illustrated. By the Brothers Fowler. Sixty-Second Edition. Enlarged and Improved. 12mo, 492 pp. Muslin, $1 75.
Self-Culture and Perfection of Character; Including the Management of Children and Youth. 1 vol. 12mo, 312 pp. Muslin, $1 75.
This is the second work in the series of Mr. Fowler’s “Education and Self-Improvement Complete.” “Self-made or never made,” is the motto of the work which is devoted to moral improvement, or the proper cultivation and regulation of the affections and moral sentiments.
Self-Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology. New Illustrated. With over One Hundred Engravings, together with a Chart for the Recording of Phrenological Developments, for the use of Phrenologists. By the Brothers Fowler. Muslin, 75 cents; Paper, 50 cents.
This is intended as a text-book, and is especially adapted to phrenological examiners, to be used as a chart, and for learners, in connection with the “Phrenological Bust.”
Moral Philosophy. By George Combe. Or, the Duties of Man considered in his Individual, Domestic and Social Capacities. Reprinted from the Edinburgh Edition. With the Author’s latest corrections. 1 vol. 12mo, 884 pp. Muslin, $1 75.
This work appears in the form of Lectures delivered by the Author to an association formed by the industrious classes of Edinburgh; they created at the time considerable excitement. The course consisted of twenty consecutive lectures on Moral Philosophy, and are invaluable to students of Phrenology, Lecturers on Morality and the Natural Laws of Man. Address, Samuel R. Wells, No. 389 Broadway, New York.
Miscellaneous Works on Phrenology.
Annuals of Phrenology and Physiognomy.—By S. R. Wells, Editor of the Phrenological Journal. One small yearly 12mo volume. For 1865, ‘66, ‘67 and ‘68. The four, containing over 200 illustrations, for 60 cts. For 1867, one small 12mo vol., 58 pp. Containing many portraits and biographies of distinguished personages, together with articles on “How to Study Phrenology,” “Bashfulness, Diffidence, Stammering,” etc., 20 cents. For 1868, 12mo, 70 pp. Containing an elaborate article on “The Marriage of Cousins,” etc., etc., 25 cents.
Charts for Recording the Various Phrenological Developments.—Designed for Phrenologists. By the Brothers Fowler. Price, only 10 cents.
Chart of Physiognomy Illustrated.—Designed for Framing, and for Lecturers. By S. R. Wells, Author of New Physiognomy. In map Form. Printed on fine paper. A good thing for learners. Price, 85 cents.
Domestic Life, Thoughts On; Or, Marriage Vindicated and Free Love Exposed. By Nelson Sizer. 12mo, 72 pp. Paper, 25 cents.
This is a work consisting of three valuable lectures, part of an extended course delivered in the city of Washington. The favor with which they were received, and the numerous requests for their publication, resulted in the present work.
Phrenology and the Scriptures.—Showing the Harmony existing between Phrenology and the Bible. By Rev. John Pierpont. Price 25 cents.
“A full explanation of many passages of Scripture.”—New York Mirror.
Phrenological Guide.—Designed for Students of their own Character. Twenty-Fifth Edition. Illustrated. 12mo, 54 pp. Paper, 25 cents.
Phrenological Specimens; For Societies and Private Cabinets. For Lecturers; including Casts of the Heads of most remarkable men of history. See our Descriptive Catalogue. Forty casts, not mailable, $35.
Phrenological Bust.—Showing the latest classification, and exact location of the Organs of the Brain, fully developed, designed for Learners. In this Bust, all the newly-discovered Organs are given. It is divided so as to show each individual Organ on one side; and all the groups—Social, Executive, Intellectual, and moral—property classified, on the other side. It is now extensively used in England, Scotland and Ireland, and on the Continent of Europe, and is almost the only one in use here. There are two sizes—the largest near the size of life—is sold In Box, at $1 75. The smaller, which is not more than six inches high, and may be carried in the pocket, is only 75 cents. Not mailable.
Phrenology at Home.—How can I learn Phrenology? What books are best for me to read? Is it possible to acquire a knowledge of it without a teacher? These are questions put to us daily; and we may say in reply, that we have arranged a series of the best works, with a Bust, showing the exact location of all the Phrenological Organs, with such Illustrations and Definitions as to make the study simple and plain without the aid of a teacher. The cost for this “Student’s Set,” which embraces all that is requisite, is only $10. It may be sent by express, or as freight, safely boxed—not by mail—to any part of the world.
“Mirror of the Mind;” Or, Your Character from your Likeness. For particulars how to have pictures taken, inclose a prepaid envelope, directed to yourself, for answer. Address, Samuel R. Wells, No. 389 Broadway, New York.
Standard Work on Physiognomy.
New Physiognomy; Or, Signs of Character, as manifested through Temperament and External Forms, and especially in the “Human Face Divine.” With more than One Thousand Illustrations. By S. R. Wells. In three styles of binding. Price, in one 12mo volume, 708 pp., handsomely bound in muslin, $5; in heavy calf, marbled edges, $8; Turkey morocco, full gilt, $10.
This work systematizes and shows the scientific basis on which each claim rests. The “Signs of Character” are minutely elucidated, and so plainly stated as to render them available. The scope of the work is very broad, and the treatment of the subject thorough, and, so far as possible, exhaustive. Among the topics discussed are—“General Principles of Physiognomy;” “the Temperaments;” “General Forms” as Indicative of Character; “Signs of Character in the Features”—the Chin, the Lips, the Nose, the Eyes, the Cheeks, the Ears, the Neck, etc.; “The Hands and Feet;” “Signs of Character in Action,”—the Walk, the Voice, the Laugh, Shaking Hands, the Style of Dress, etc.; “Insanity;” “Idiocy;” “Effects of Climate;” “Ethnology;” “National Types;” “Physiognomy of Classes,” with grouped portraits, including Divines, Orators, Statesmen, Warriors, Artists, Poets, Philosophers, Inventors, Pugilists, Surgeons, Discoverers, Actors, Musicians; “Transmitted Physiognomies;” “Love Signs;” “Grades of Intelligence;” “Comparative Physiognomy;” “Personal Improvement; or, How to be Beautiful;” “Handwriting;” “Studies from Lavater;” “Physiognomy Applied;” “Physiognomical Anecdotes,” etc.
It is an Encyclopædia of biography, acquainting the reader with the career and character, in brief, of many great men and women of the past one thousand years, and of the present—such, for instance, as Aristotle, Julius Cæsar, Shakspeare, Washington, Napoleon, Franklin, Bancroft, Bryant, Longfellow, Barnes, Irving, Rosa Bonheur, Theodosia Burr, Cobden, Bright, Lawrence, Whately, Thackeray, Knox, Richelieu, Dickens, Victoria, Wesley, Carlyle, Motley, Mill, Spencer, Thompson, Alexander, etc.
Apparatus for Phrenological Lectures.
Phrenological Specimens, for the use of Lecturers, Societies, or for Private Cabinets. Forty Casts, not mailable. May be sent as freight. Price, $35
These specimens were cast from living heads, and from skulls. They afford as excellent contrast, showing the organs of the brain, both large and small. Lecturers may here obtain a collection which affords the necessary means of illustration and comparison. This select cabinet is composed, in part, of the following:
John Quincy Adams, Aaron Barr, George Combe, Elihu Burritt, Col. Thomas H. Benton, Black Hawk, Henry Clay, Rev. Dr. Dodd, Thomas Addis Emmet, Clara Fisher, Dr. Gall, Rev. Sylvester Graham, M. D., Gosse, Gottfried, Harrawaukay, Joseph C. Neal, Napoleon Bonaparte, Sir Walter Scott, Voltaire, Hon. Silas Wright, Water-Brain, Idiot, etc. Masks of Brunell, Benjamin Franklin, Haydn, etc. Casts from the Skulls of King Robert Bruce, Patty Cannon, Carib, Tardy, Diana Waters. A Cast from the Human Brain. A Human Head, divided, showing the naked Brain on one side, and the Skull on the other, and the Phrenological Bust.
The entire list, numbering Forty of our best phrenological specimens, may be packed and sent as freight by railroad, ship, or stage, to any place desired, with perfect safety.
Human Skulls, from $5 to $10, or $15. Articulated, $25 to $80.
Human Skeletons, from $35 to $75. French Manikins, to order.
Sets of Forty India Ink Drawings, of noted Characters, suitable for Lecturers. Price, $30. On Canvass, in sets, $40.
Oil Paintings—Portraits,—can be had to order, from $5 each, upwards.
Anatomical and Physiological Plates Mounted.—Weber’s, 11 in number, $100. Trall’s, 6 in number, $20. Lambert’s, 6 in number, $20. Kellogg’s, from the French of Bourgeoise and Jacobs. Very fine. 20 in number, $50.
For additional information, descriptive Circulars, inclose Stamps, and address S. R. WELLS, 389 Broadway, New York.
Works on Physiology.
Food and Diet, A Treatise.—With observations on the Dietetical Regimen, suited for Disordered States of the Digestive Organs, and an account of the Dietaries of some of the Principal Metropolitan and other Establishments for Paupers, Lunatics, Criminals, Children, the Sick, etc. By Jonathan Pereira, M.D., F. R. S. and L. S. Edited by Charles A. Lee, M. D. Octavo. 318 pp. Muslin, $1 75.
An important physiological work. Considerable pains have been taken in the preparation of tables representing the proportion of some of the chemical elements, and of the alimentary principles contained in different foods. The work is accurate and complete.
Fruits and Farinacea the Proper Food of Man.—Being an attempt to Prove by History, Anatomy, Physiology and Chemistry, that the Original, Natural and Best Diet of Man, is derived from the Vegetable Kingdom. By John Smith. With Notes and Illustrations. By R. T. Trall, M. D. From the Second London Edition. 12mo, 314 pp. Muslin $1 75.
This is a text-book of facts and principles connected with the vegetarian question, and is a very desirable work.
Hereditary Descent: Its Laws and Facts applied to Human Improvement. Physiological. By Mr. Fowler. 12mo, 288 pp. Muslin, $1 50.
Human Voice, The.—Its Right Management in Speaking, Reading and Debating. Including the Principles of True Eloquence, together with the Functions of the Vocal Organs, the Motion of the Letters of the Alphabet, the Cultivation of the Ear, the Disorders of the Vocal and Articulating Organs, Origin and Construction of the English Language, Proper Methods of Delivery, Remedial Effects of Reading and Speaking, etc. By the Rev. W. W. Eazalet, A. M. 12mo, 46 pp. Muslin Flex., 50 cents.
This work contains many suggestions of great value to those who desire to speak and read well. Regarding the right management of the voice as intimately connected with health, as well as one of the noblest and most useful accomplishments; the work should be read by all.
Illustrated Family Gymnasium.—Containing the most improved methods of applying Gymnastic, Calisthenic, Kinesipathic and Vocal Exercises to the Development of the Bodily Organs, the invigoration of their functions, the preservation of Health, and the Cure of Disease and Deformities. With numerous illustrations. By R. T. Trall, M. D. 12mo, 215 pp. Muslin, $1 75.
In this excellent work, the author has aimed to select the very best materials from all accessible sources, and to present a sufficient variety of examples to meet all the demands of human infirmity, so far as exercise is to be regarded as the remedial agency.
Management of Infancy, Physiological and Moral Treatment on the. By Andrew Combe, M. D. With Notes and a Supplementary Chapter. By John Bell, M. D. 12mo, 307 pp. Muslin, $1 50.
This is one of the best treatises on the management of infancy extant. Few others are so well calculated to supply mothers with the kind of information which, in their circumstances, is especially needed.
Philosophy of Sacred History, Considered in Relation to Human Aliment and the Wines of Scripture. By Graham. 12mo, 580 pp. Cloth, $3 50.
A work highly useful, both for study and reference, to an who are interested in the great question of Biblical History in relation to the great moral reforms, which are acknowledged as among the most prominent features of the nineteenth century. It is among the most valuable contributions to Biblical and reformatory literature.
Physiology, Animal and Mental: Applied to the Preservation and Restoration of Health of Body and Power of Mind. Sixth Edition. 12mo, 312 pp. Illustrated. Muslin, $1 50.
The title of this work indicates the character of this admirable physiological work. Its aim is to preserve and restore health of body and power of mind. The motto is, “A sound mind in a sound body.”
Physiology of Digestion.—Considered with relation to the Principles of Dietetics. By Andrew Combe, M. D. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Tenth Edition. Illustrated. 18mo, 310 pp. Price, 50 cents.
The object of this work is to lay before the public a plain and intelligent description of the structure and uses of the most important organs of the body, and to show how information of this kind may be usefully applied in practical life.
Practical Family Dentist.—A Popular Treatise on the Teeth. Exhibiting the means necessary and efficient to secure their health and preservation. Also, the various errors and pernicious practices which prevail in relation to Dental Treatment. With a variety of useful Receipts for Remedial Compounds. Designed for Diseases of the Teeth and Gums. By D. C. Werner, M. D. $1 50.
This is a work which should be in the hands of all who wish to keep their teeth in a good and healthy condition. The author treats on the subject in a practical manner.
Principles of Physiology applied to the Preservation of Health and to the Improvement of Physical and Mental Education. By Andrew Combe, M. D., Physician Extraordinary to the Queen of England, and Consulting Physician to the King and Queen of the Belgians. Illustrated with Wood Cuts. To which are added Notes and Observations. By Mr. Fowler. Printed from the Seventh Edinburgh Edition. Enlarged and Improved. Octavo, 320 pp. Muslin, $1 75.
“One of the best practical works on Physiology extant.”
Science of Human Life, Lectures on the.—By Sylvester Graham. With a copious Index and Biographical Sketch of the Author. 12mo, 651 pp. Illustrated. Muslin, $3 50.
We have met with few treatises on the Science of Human Life, especially among those addressed to the general reader, of equal merit with this one. The subject is treated, in all its details, with uncommon ability.... Those lectures will afford the unprofessional reader a fund of curious and useful information in relation to the organization of his frame, the laws by which it is governed, and the several causes which tend to derange the regularity of its functions, which he would find it difficult to obtain from any other source.—Eclectic Journal of Medical Science.
Sober and Temperate Life.—The Discourses and Letters of Louis Cornado, on a Sober and Temperate Life. With a Biography of the Author, who died at 150 years of age. By Piero Maroncelli, and Notes and Appendix by John Burdell. Twenty-Fifth Thousand. 16mo, 228 pp. Paper, 50 cents.
This work is a great favorite with the reading public, as evinced by the number of editions already sold. The sound principles and maxims of temperance of the “old man eloquent,” are, though centuries have elapsed since his decease, still efficient in turning men to a sober and temperate life.
Miscellaneous Works.
Æsop’s Fables.—The People’s Edition. Beautifully Illustrated, with nearly Sixty Engravings. 1 vol. 12mo. 72 pp. Cloth, gilt, beveled boards, $1.
It is gotten up in sumptuous style, and illustrated with great beauty of design. It will conduce to educate the eye and elevate the taste of the young to the appreciation of the highest and most perfect forms of grace and beauty.—Mount Holly Herald.
Chemistry, and its application to Physiology, Agriculture and Commerce. By Justus Liebig, M. D., F. R. S., Professor of Chemistry. Edited by John Gardner, M. D. Twelfth Thousand. Octavo, 54 pp. Paper, 50 cents.
Essays on Human Rights and their Political Guarantees.—By E. P. Hurlbut, Counselor-at-Law in the City of New York—now Judge. With Notes, by George Combe. Sixth Thousand. 1 vol. 12mo, 249 pp. Muslin, $1 50.
Fruit Culture for the Million.—A Hand-Book. Being a Guide to the Cultivation and Management of Fruit Trees. With Descriptions of the Best Varieties in the United States. Illustrated with Ninety Engravings. With an Appendix containing a variety of useful memoranda on the subject, valuable receipts, etc. By Thomas Gregg. 12mo, 163 pp. Muslin, $1.
Gospel Among the Animals; Or, Christ with the Cattle.—By Rev. Samuel Osgood, D. D. One small 12mo vol., 24 pp. Price, 25 cents.
Home for All; Or, the Gravel Wall. A New, Cheap, and Superior Mode of Building, adapted to Rich and Poor. Showing the Superiority of this Gravel Concrete over Brick, Stone and Frame Houses; Manner of Making and Depositing it. With numerous Illustrations. 1 vol. 12mo, 192 pp. Muslin, $1 50.
“There’s no place like Home.” To cheapen and improve human homes, and especially to bring comfortable dwellings within the reach of the poor classes, is the object of this volume—an object of the highest practical utility to man.
How to Live: Saving and Wasting, or Domestic Economy Illustrated, by the Life of Two Families of Opposite Character, Habits and Practices, in a Pleasant Tale of Real Life, full of Useful Lessons in Housekeeping, and Hints How to Live, How to Have, How to Gain, and How to be Happy; including the Story of “A Dime a Day.” By Solon Robinson. 1 vol. 12mo, 343 pp. $1 50.
Life in the West; or, Stories of the Mississippi Valley. By N. C. Meeker, Agricultural Editor of the New York Tribune and Reporter of Farmers’ Club. 1 large 12mo. vol., on tinted paper, pp. 360, beveled boards. $2.
Movement-Cure.—An Exposition of the Swedish Movement-Cure. Embracing the History and Philosophy of this System of Medical Treatment, with Examples of Single Movements, and Directions for their Use in Various Forms of Chronic Diseases; forming a Complete Manual of Exercises, together with a Summary of the Principles of General Hygiene. By George H. Taylor, A. M., M. D. 1 vol. 12mo, 408 pp. Muslin, $1 75.
Natural Laws of Man.—A Philosophical Catechism. By J. G. Spurzheim, M. D. Sixth Edition. Enlarged and Improved. One small 16mo vol., 171 pp. Muslin, 75 cents.
George Combe, in that great work “The Constitution of Man,” acknowledges that he derived his first ideas of the “Natural Laws,” from Spurzheim.
An Essay on Man.—By Alexander Pope. With Notes by S. R. Wells. Beautifully Illustrated. 1 vol. 12mo, 50 pp. Cloth, gilt, beveled boards, $1.
Three Hours’ School a Day.—A Talk with Parents. By William L. Crandal. Intended to aid in the Emancipation of Children and Youth from School Slavery. 1 vol. 12mo, 264 pp. Muslin, $1 50.
The Christian Household.—Embracing the Christian Home, Husband, Wife, Father, Mother, Child, Brother and Sister. By Rev. G. S. Weaver. 1 vol. 12mo, 160 pp. Muslin, $1.
This little volume is designed as a partial answer to one of the most solicitous wants of Christian families. I have for years seen and sorrowed over the absence of Christ in our households. Among the Christian people of every sect, there is a sad deficiency of Christian principle and practice at home.... Why is it so?—Preface.
Weaver’s Works for the Young.—Comprising “Hopes and Helps for the Young of both Sexes,” “Aims and Aids for Girls and Young Women,” “Ways of Life; Or, the Right Way and the Wrong Way.” By Rev. G. S. Weaver. One large vol. 12mo, 626 pp. Muslin, $3.
The three volumes of which this work is comprised, may also be had in separate form.
Hopes and Helps for the Young of both Sexes.—Relating to the Formation of Character, Choice of Avocation, Health, Amusement, Music, Conversation, Cultivation of Intellect, Moral Sentiment, Social Affection, Courtship and Marriage. Same Author. 1 vol. 12mo, 246 pp. Muslin, $1 60.
Aims and Aids for Girls and Young Women, on the various Duties of Life. Including, Physical, Intellectual and Moral Development, Self-Culture, Improvement, Dress, Beauty, Fashion, Employment, Education, the Home Relations, their Duties to Young Men, Marriage, Womanhood and Happiness. Same Author. 12mo, 224 pp. Muslin, $1 50.
Ways of Life, showing the Right Way and the Wrong Way. Contrasting the High Way and the Low Way; the True Way and the False Way; the Upward Way and the Downward Way; the Way of Honor and the Way of Dishonor. Same Author. 1 vol. 12mo, 157 pp. Muslin, $1.
Notes on Beauty, Vigor and Development; Or, How to Acquire Plumpness of Form, Strength of Life and Beauty of Complexion; with Rules for Diet and Bathing, and a Series of improved Physical Exercises. By William Milo, of London. Illustrated. 12mo, 24 pp. Paper, 12 cents.
Father Matthew, the Temperance Apostle.—His Portrait, Character, and Biography. By S. R. Wells, Editor of the Phrenological Journal. 12c.
Temperance in Congress.—Speeches delivered in the House of Representatives on the occasion of the First Meeting of the Congressional Temperance Society. One small 12mo vol. 25 cents.
A Library for Lecturers, Speakers and Others.—Every Lawyer, Clergyman, Senator, Congressman, Teacher, Debater, Student, etc., who desires to be informed and posted on the Rules and Regulations which govern Public Bodies, as well as those who desire the best books on Oratory, and the Art of Public Speaking, should provide himself with the following small and carefully selected Library:
| The Indispensable Hand-Book | $2 25 |
| Oratory, Sacred and Secular | 1 50 |
| The Right Word in the Right Place | 75 |
| The American Debater | 2 00 |
| School Day Dialogues, | $1 50 |
| Cushing’s Manual of Parlia. Practice | 75 |
| The Culture of the Voice and Action | 1 75 |
| Treatise on Punctuation | 1 75 |
One copy of each sent by Express, on receipt of $10, or by mail, post-paid, at the prices affixed. Address, Samuel R. Wells, 389 Broadway, New York.