Greek Imperialism

by William Scott Ferguson

INDEX

Absolutism, creation of, [135];
legalized in Greece, [147] f.
Acarnania, [234].
Achæa. See League.
Ætolia. See League.
Agelaus of Naupactus, speech of, [246].
Agon, in Athens, [58] ff.
Alexander of Corinth, rebellion of, [230];
death of, [232].
Alexander the Great, [4];
deification of, [36];
accession of, to throne, [116], [123] f.;
character of, [119];
training of, [119] ff.;
and Aristotle, [119] ff.;
love of symbolism of, [123], [128], [139];
destroys Thebes, [123] f.;
spares Pindar's house, [124];
visits Troy, [124] f.;
cuts Gordian knot, [125] f.;
plan of Persian campaign of, [126] f.;
son of Zeus, [128], [133], [162] f.;
in Persepolis, [129];
dissolves Hellenic league, [129] f.;
ceases to be hegemon of Hellas, [130];
ceases to be king of Macedon, [130] f.;
marries Roxane, [130];
adopts Persian costume, [130];
tries to establish Hellenism in Asia, [133] f.;
founds city-states, [134] f.;
plans conquest of West, [134];
and absolute monarchy, [135];
changes opinion as to Iranians, [135] f.;
tries to fuse dominant peoples of Europe and Asia, [136] ff.;
marries Persian princesses, [137];
plans of, [144],
rejected by the Macedonians, [150];
demands recognition as a god, [146];
departs from the life among men, [149].
Alexandria, [155], [157], [163], [213];
new Athens, [158];
trade of, [161] f.;
imperial cult of Ptolemies in, [164] ff.;
vs. Memphis, [170];
laws of, [177];
classes of population in, [181].
Ammon, god of Cyrene, [126] ff.;
visited by Alexander, [139].
Ancient City, of Fustel de Coulanges, criticized, [7].
Andros, battle of, [159], [233].
Antigonids, constitutional government of, [216];
wars of, with Rome, [217] f.;
alliance of, with Seleucids, [223].
Antigonus I, Monophthalmus, [183];
tries to take Alexander's place and fails, [184] f.;
policy of, [218] f.;
monarchy of, [220] f.
Antigonus II, Gonatas, victories of, at Cos and Andros, [159];
rightful heir of Macedonian crown, [220];
suzerain of Greece, [220];
king of Macedon, [220], [223];
education of, [222] f.;
reign of, [223]-233;
peace of, with Egypt, [223];
hostility of, with Epirus, [224];
protects Greece from barbarians, [224];
tyrants of, in Greece, [224] ff.;
relation of, to Stoa, [225] f.;
refuses deification, [225] f.;
struggle of, with Ptolemy Philadelphus, [226], [229];
renews alliance with Seleucids, [229];
deserted by Antiochus II, [230];
recovers Ægean, [232];
treaty of, with Ætolians, [232];
empire of, [233];
death of, [233];
failure of, in Greece, [235].
Antigonus III, Doson, Hellenic league of, [34];
makes peace with Ætolians, [241];
hegemon of Hellas, [243].
Antiochus I, Soter, [185].
Antiochus II, Theos, [185];
deserts Macedon, [230].
Antiochus III, the Great, [187] ff.;
wrests Palestine from Egypt, [188];
and Hannibal, [189];
peace of, with Rome, [190].
Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, policy of, [212];
and the Jews, [212] f.;
invades Egypt, [213].
Antiochus Hierax, [187].
Antipater, house of, [219].
Antipater II, [220].
Antony, and Cleopatra, [153];
as Ammon, [162].
Apama, wife of Seleucus, [195].
Aratus, of Sicyon, [236];
seizes Sicyon, [230];
seizes Corinth, [232].
Areus I, correspondence of, with Jews, [79].
Aristocracy, supported by Sparta, [20];
defined, [20] f.;
destroyed in Sparta, [83];
championed by Sparta, [94].
Aristophanes, view of, as to extending Athenian citizenship, [31].
Aristotle, [26], [36];
on equality of states, [33];
training of, [108];
a poor historian, [108] f.;
theory of progress of, [109];
empiricism of, [110] f.;
compared with Machiavelli, [110] ff.;
neglects the acquisition of power, [111];
makes city-state the ultimate political unit, [112] ff.;
aversion of, for imperialism, [113];
"strength" in the political system of, [113] f.;
and conquest of Asia, [114];
defect in politics of, [114];
and Alexander, [119] ff.;
teacher of poetry, [119],
of politics, [120] f.;
view of, as to Asiatics, [122];
and deification of rulers, [135], [147].
Armenia, [188];
conquers Syria, [192].
Arsinoë Philadelphus, [157];
death of, [160];
deified, [164];
imperial policy of, [227].
Art, in Athens, [59].
Artemis, temple of, in Sardis, [202].
Asia Minor, priestly communities in, [197] f.
Astral religion, [143].

Atargatis, temple of, [197].
Athena Alcis, in China, [193] f.
Athenians, democratic imperialists, [39];
self-confidence of, [40] f.;
political capacity of, [56] f.;
capacity of, in art and literature, [59] f.;
demands upon time of, [63] f.;
blame Sophists for decay of democracy, [77].
Athens, life in, [11] f.;
empire of, a despotism, [23] f.;
relation of, to allies, [24] f.;
relation of, to cleruchies, [30];
inability of, to grant citizenship to allies, [30] f.;
refuses to enter Achæan league, [32];
size of, [42];
size of empire of, [42];
sphere of interests of, [43];
empire of, compared with British empire, [43];
funeral customs of, [43] f.;
institutions of, [49] ff.;
judicial system, [50] f.;
competition of citizens in, [58];
failure of, in foreign politics, [58], [61];
slavery in, [61];
absence of leisure in, [61];
grain supply of, [62];
raw materials of, imported, [62];
nation of noblemen, [65];
obligations of wealth in, [65];
the "school of Hellas," [65];
sea-power of, [66] f.;
cost of sea-power of, [68] ff.,
in lives, [70];
allies of, grievances of, [70] ff.;
imperial litigation of, [72];
land policy of, [72] f.;
promotes mediocrity, [73] f.;
reputation of, [221];
neutrality of, [242].
Augustus, in Egypt, [154];
becomes Pharaoh, [154].
Autocracy, incompleteness of, 4.
Autonomy, urban in Greece, [96].
Bactria, Greek kingdoms in, [188], [193].
Bambyce, church at, [197].
Berenice, of Cyrene, [231].
Berenice, of Egypt, becomes wife of Antiochus II, [186], [230];
murdered [187].
Bœotarchs, [27].
Bœotia. See League.

Branchidæ, Apollo of, [128].
Buildings, funds for, at Athens, [71].
Cæsarion, [153].
Callimachus, court poet, [160].
Capitalistic régime, in Plato, [106].
Carthage, [155].
Cassander, [219].
Charlemagne,[ 5].
China, contact of, with Hellenism, [192] f.
Chremonidean War, [227].
Cinadon, conspiracy of, [91] ff.
Cities, and freedom, [7] ff.;
and culture, [7] ff.;
in modern sense, [10];
contrast of, with country, [11] ff.
City-states, relation of, to ethne, [6];
described, [9];
agrarian character of, [9];
commerce and industry of, [10];
family character of, [13] f.;
care of, for dead, [14] ff.;
laws of, [16] f.;
biographies of, [17];
subordinated to districts, [29];
combined in territorial states, [33];
reconciled with imperialism, [36];
ultimate political units of Aristotle, [112];
Aristotle's view of, [121] f.;
founded by Alexander, [133] f.;
founded by Seleucus, [196],
by his successors, [196], [199], [205];
in Egypt, [171];
made out of priestly communities, [200];
racial fusion in, in Asia, [206];
at once nations and municipalities, [209];
loss of leadership of, [227] f.;
as federal units, [237] f.;
eclipse of, [243].
Civil administration, at Athens, [54] ff.
Cleomenes, career of, [241] f.
Cleon, on empire of Athens, [23] f.
Cleopatra, the Great, [152];
and Antony, [153] f.
Cleruchies, [30].
Cleruchs, in Egypt, [173] ff.;
position of, [175] f.;
Egyptianized, [180] f.;
in Seleucid empire, [201].
Clisthenes, [51].
Comana, in Cappadocia, sacred city of Ma at, [197] f.,
in Pontus, [198].

Commerce, in Athens, [12].
Committee of Public Safety, [28], [30].
Competition, in Athens, [58] f.
Constantine, the Great, and deification of rulers, [36].
Constitutions, ancestral, [96] f.
Cos, battle of, [159], [229].
Council of the Five Hundred, constitution and powers of, [51] ff.
Crown lands, in Seleucid realm, how disposed of, [204].
Culture, origin of, in cities, [7] ff.
Cyclades, lost to Egypt, [160].
See League.
Cynocephalæ, battle of, [188].
Cyrene, [229], 231.
Dardanians, invade Macedon, [241].
Deification of rulers, [35] f., [127] ff., [131] ff., [139] ff.;
real motive of, [145] f.;
in Egypt, [164] ff.;
legalized absolutism, [165];
in Asia, [205], [208];
attitude of Antigonus Gonatas toward, [225] f.
Delos, prices at, fixed in Alexandria, [170].
Demetrius II, protects Epirus, [234];
war of, with leagues, [240] f.;
death of, [241].
Demetrius Poliorcetes, deification of, [145];
expectations of, [183] f.;
career of, [219] f.;
monarchy of, [220] f.;
king of Macedon, [221] f.
Demetrius the Fair, king of Cyrene, [229];
murder of, [231].
Democracy, in Athens, connection of, with empire, [41] f.;
principles of, [45] ff.;
safeguards of, [50];
rôle of experts in, [58];
not self-indulgent, [68] ff.;
and mediocrity, [73] f.;
failure of, at Athens attributed to Sophists, [77] f.;
hated by Plato, [102].
Demosthenes, on Philip of Macedon, [118].
Divine right of kings, [3].
Ecclesia, constitution of, at Athens, [49];
powers of, [50] f.;
freedom of discussion in, [53] f.;
assembly of experts, [57];
functions of, [57];
agon of statesmen, [58].
Education, the vice of the Socratic school, [98].
Egypt, seized by Alexander, [126];
decay of, [180] f.;
empire of, [234].
Egyptians, view of Alexander as to, [135];
ruled over by Ptolemies, [168];
owned by the Ptolemies, [169];
hatred of, for Ptolemies, [170];
use of, in military service, [170] f.;
admitted to Ptolemaic army, [180] f.;
to civil service, [181].
Emperor, defined, [3] f.
Empire, defined, [1] ff.;
of Rome, [4];
legally impossible, [25];
how secured, [38];
of Athens, criticism of, [70] ff.;
of Ptolemies, reasons for, [160] ff.
Ephorate, compared with Roman tribunate, [83] f.
Epirus, under Macedon, [235];
deserts Macedon, [240].
Equality of states, [33], [237] f., [241].
Erythræ, Sibyl of, [128].
Ethne, predecessors of city-states, [6];
in Egypt, [176] f.;
rise of, in Hellas, [228];
replaced by koina, [236].
Euhemerus, [142] f.
Eumenes, of Pergamum, revolts, [159].
Euripides, criticized by Plato, [104].
Europeans, contrast of, with Orientals, [131] ff.
Federation, defined, [3].
Feudal lords in Persian empire, [199].
Fiefs, in Seleucid empire, [200] f., [203] f.
Fleet, of Athens, [69] f.
Foreign policy, influence of, [238] f.
Freedom, origin of, in cities, [7] ff.
Gaza, battle of, [184].
Generals, special position of, in Athens, [58].
Gordian knot, [125] f.

Government, science of, born, [97].
Gracchus, Tiberius, [15].
Greece, golden age of, [41].
Greeks, mania of, for classifying things, [80] f.;
absorbed by Egyptians, [181].
Gymnasia, in Egypt, [177] f.
Hannibal, interest for, in Greece, [246] ff.
Hegemony, nature of, [25];
of Sparta, [25];
becomes an absurdity, [25] f.
Heliæa, constitution of, [49];
powers of, [50] f.
Hellas, unification of, [34].
Hellenism, in Egypt, [176] f., [181];
in China, [193];
in Asia, [133] ff., [205] ff.
Hellenization, of Asia by Seleucids, [195] ff.;
of Judæa, [212] f.
Helots, [19];
annual declaration of war upon, [86] f.;
confined within Periœc ring-wall, [87] f.
Hieroduli, [197] ff.
History, character of, [108] f.
Huns, [192].
Imperialism, defined, [4];
evaded by federal leagues, [32] f.;
justified, [36].
Indemnities, in Athens, [64].
Industry, in Athens, [12].
Ipsus, battle of, [185].
Iranians, opinion of Alexander as to, [136].
Irreligion, basis of deification of Alexander, [142], [144] f.

Isocrates, [26].
Isopolity, defined, [31] f.
Jews, kinsmen of the Spartans, [79];
of the gymnosophists, [80];
encouraged in revolt by Rome, [191].
Judæus, Spartan œcist of Judæa, [79].
Julius Cæsar, [4];
and Cleopatra, [152] f.;
as Ammon, [162].
Kingship, Aristotle's theory of, [120] f.

Lacedæmon, population of, [85].
Laodice, wife of Antiochus II, [186] ff.;
murders Berenice, [231];
war of, with Egypt, [231].
Larisa, [20].
Leader of the people, at Athens, [60] f.
League, Achæan, [32];
defects of, [33] f., [228];
expansion of, [230];
territory of, [234];
alliance of, with Ætolians, [235];
development of, [235] ff.;
institutions of, [237] ff.;
laws of, [240];
war of, with Demetrius II, [240] f.
... Ætolian, [32];
defects of, [33] f., [228];
treaty of, with Antigonus Gonatas, [232];
expansion of, [233];
territory of, [234];
alliance of, with Achæans, [235];
development of, [235] ff.;
founds city-states, [236];
institutions of, [237] ff.;
dismembered by Macedon, [240];
deserts Achæans, [241];
ally of Sparta, [241];
attacks Macedon, [245] f., [248].
... Bœotian, [27] ff.
... Hellenic, under Sparta, [20] ff., [89] f.;
under Philip II, [28] ff., [244];
under Antigonus Doson, [34], [242] ff.;
dissolved by Alexander, [129] f.;
under Antigonus I, [221].
... of Islanders, [159], [227], [229], [230] f., [232].
... Peloponnesian, [20], [89], [95].
Leagues, as federal units, [243];
extent of powers of, [244].
Leisure, lack of, in Athens, [61].
Literature, in Athens, [59] f.;
the corruptor of the Athenians, [103] f.
Lot, election by, in Athens, [52], [53], [55];
theory of, [55].
Lysimachus, king of Macedon, [220].
Maccabæus, correspondence of, with Sparta, [79] f.
Macedon, relation of, to Hellas, [215];
army of, [217];
national state in, [217];
Roman province, [218];
troubles of, [224].
Macedonians, heirs of Alexander, [149];
establish a regency, [149];
refuse to carry out Alexander's plans, [150];
characteristics of, [215] f.;
sacrifices of, for empire, [216] f.;
aversion to imperialism, [222].
Magas, of Cyrene, death of, [231].
Magnesia, battle of, [190].
Machiavelli, compared with Aristotle, [110] ff.
Messenians, revolts of, [87].
Meyer, Eduard, on proskynesis, [131] ff.
Mnesimachus, fief of, [201].
Monarchy, influence of, [239].
Municipality, and city, [17] f.
Napoleon, on generalship, [122];
on Alexander, [123].
Nation, and city, [17] ff.
Naucratis, [163], [168].
Nectanebus, reputed father of Alexander, [162].
Nicæa, dupe of Gonatas, [232].
Olympias, wife of Philip, marriage of, [116];
religion of, [118] f.;
queen of Epirus, [233] f.
Oration, Funeral, significance of, [45] f.
Orientals, contrast of, with Europeans, [131] ff.
Ostracism, function of, in Athens, [60] f.
Palestine, becomes Seleucid, [188];
Hellenization of, [196], [212] f.
Pan, patron of Gonatas, [232].
Panchæa, [143].
Parthians, rebellion of, [188], [192];
power of, [192].
Patriotism, in city-states, [18] f.
Pella, [118], [221].
Pergamum, incites dynastic war in Syria, [191].
Pericles, [41];
law of, regarding citizenship, [14];
Funeral Oration of, [44] ff.;
and art, [48];
and drama, [48];
and Plato, [48] f.;
aim of, in introducing indemnities, [64] f.;
ideal of, 64 f.;
defends misuse of tribute, [71] f.;
judgment on, by Thucydides, [75] f.
Periœcs, [19];
ring of, around Spartan land, [88].
Persepolis, [129].
Persia, supports hegemony in Greece, [25];
feudal lords in empire of, [199].
Persians, conciliated by Alexander, [130], [131];
Hellenization of, [133];
foster local religions, [197] ff.
Pharaoh, sole god on earth, [163].
Phila, wife of Antigonus Gonatas, [223].
Philip II, and Thebes, [28] f.;
hegemon of Hellas, [28] ff.;
relations of, with Olympias, [116];
murder of, [116];
achievements of, [116] ff.;
court of, [118].
Philip V, war of, with Ætolians, [245] f.
Phœnicia, source of timber for Egypt, [172].
Phthia, queen of Macedon, [234].
Plato, [26];
a student of his present alone, [99];
without sense of historic truth, [99] f., [107];
misreads the future, [100];
historic conceptions of, [100] f.;
and governmental control, [101] f.;
disgust of, for democracy, [102];
abandons theory of individual liberty, [102];
dislike of, for Athenian empire, [103];
dislike of, for Athenian culture, [103] f.;
assailant of materialism, [105];
advocate of aristocracy, [106] f.
Plutarch, [15].
Poetry, place of, in Greek education, [119] f.
Politics, in Athens, [56] f.;
instruction of Alexander in, [120].
Polybius, in Egypt, [181].
Polytheism, elasticity of, [140] f.
Pompey, conquers Syria, [191].
Popillius, Gaius, [213].
Priests, governments of, in Asia Minor, [197] f.

Proskynesis, of individuals established, [131];
meaning of, [131] ff.;
of cities, [147] f.;
under the diadochi, [164] f., [208], [221].
Prussia, divine right of kings in, [3], [37].
Ptolemais, [163] f.
Ptolemies, dynasty of, [151] f.;
empire of, restored, [153] f.;
imperial policy of, [155];
saved by Rome, [160];
deification of, in Greek cities, [164];
army of, [167] f., [173] ff.;
owners of land and people of Egypt, [169];
farmers, manufacturers, merchants, [169] f.;
temple policy of, [172] f.;
land policy of, [172] ff.;
gifts of, to friends, [173];
abandon land policy, [180];
later monarchs, [181] f.;
lose Palestine, [188];
incite dynastic war in Syria, [191].
Ptolemy, son of Lagos, goes to Egypt, [150] f.;
founds a dynasty, [151];
founds an empire, [155] f.;
son of Ammon, [162] ff.;
king of the Macedonians, [166] f.;
religious policy of, [178] f.
... Ceraunus, [220].
... Philadelphus, [155];
eulogy of, by Theocritus, [156], [171] f.;
character of, [157] f.;
diplomat, [158];
occupies Ionia, [159];
forces of, [167];
revolt in Ionia against, [228];
war of, with Antiochus II, [229],
with Rhodians, [229],
with Macedon and Syria, [230] ff.
... Euergetes, victorious in Asia, [159];
beaten on sea, [159];
neglects fleet, [179];
war of, in Asia, [231] f.;
generalissimo of Achæan league, [232] f.;
weakness of, [242].
... Philopator, military policy of, [180].
... Euergetes II, "the god," [166], [181].
... The Piper, [152].
Pydna, battle of, [213], [217].
Pyrrhus, king of Macedon, [220];
invades Macedon, [223] f.
Quartering of troops, in Egypt,

Races, fusion of, in Seleucid empire, [206].
Reaction, age of, [95] ff.;
of Plato, unreality of, [106] f.
Reformation, age of, in Greece, [83].
Reformers, political, [26].
Religion, and deification of rulers, [141] f.;
in Egypt, [178] f.
Representation according to population, [27], [33] f., [237], [243].
Rhodians, war of, with Ptolemy II, [229].
Romans, heirs of Greeks, [5];
empire of, [35];
save Ptolemies, [160];
war of, with Illyrians, [241];
with Macedonians, [248].
Rome, Senate of, disarms Seleucids, [190] f.,
encourages revolt of Jews, [191],
sets up usurpers in Syria, [191];
emperors of, use Seleucid land policy, [204];
Italian federation of, compared with Seleucid empire, [210] f.;
intimidates Seleucids, [213] f.;
imperial problems of, [214].
Rotation of office, in Athens, [55] f.
Roxane, married by Alexander, [130], [136].
Samians, get Athenian citizenship, [31].
Sarapis, [178].
Sea-power, benefits of, [66] ff.;
gained by Alexander, [126] f.;
of Egypt, [156], [158];
struggle for, between Egypt and Macedon, [159];
abandoned by Egypt, [160];
first gained by Egypt, [227];
restored, [230];
lost, [233].
Seleucids, hemmed in by Egypt, [159];
division in dynasty of, [187];
get access to sea, [188];
lose prestige in Asia, [189] f.;
disarmed by Rome, [190] f.;
dynastic war among, [191];
half Iranian, [195];
expansion of, [196] ff.;
crown lands of, [199];
land policy of, [202] f.;
administrative service of, [203];
local government of, [203], [205];
empire of, a conglomerate of states, [205] ff.;
relation of, to city-states, [208];
difficulties of, [211];
intimidated by Rome, [213] f.
Seleucus, son of Antiochus, [184];
at Ipsus, [185];
reaches Mediterranean, [185];
at Corupedion, [185];
faithful to Iranian wife, [195];
relation to Alexander, [195].
... Callinicus, [186].
Sellasia, battle of, [242].
Semites, view of Alexander as to, [135] f.
Sicilian expedition, [76].
Sicyon, added to Achæan league, [230].
Siwah, oasis of, visited by Alexander, [126] ff., [139] ff.
Slavery, rôle of, in Athens, [61] f.
Social War, [246].
Socrates, [97].
Sparta, size of, [19];
Peloponnesian league of, [20];
Hellenic league of, [20] f.;
supports aristocracy, [20];
pretexts of, for tyranny, [25];
refuses to enter Achæan league, [32] f.;
funeral custom of, [43];
home of poets and musicians, [81] f.;
golden age of art at, [82];
absence of tyrants in, [84];
military life of, [84] f.;
puritan movement in, [85];
army of, [86];
danger of, from Helots, [87];
growth of, [87] ff.;
change of foreign policy by, [88] f.;
in conflict with democratic movement, [89] f.;
domestic situation in, when hegemon, [90] ff.;
imperial problems of, [93] ff.;
donation to, from Ætolians, [241].
Spartans, kinsmen of the Jews, [79] f.
Stasis, [22] ff.
Stoa, philosophy of, in Macedon, [225] f.
Superiority, essential in empire, 2.
Susa, great marriage of, [136] ff.
Symmachia, basis of Spartan empire, [20] f.;
of Athenian empire, [24] f.
Sympolity, defined, [32] f.

Syncretism, religious, in Egypt, [178] f.
Synod, Bœotian, [27] ff.;
Hellenic, of Philip II, [28] ff.;
of Antigonus Doson, [242] ff.;
Achæan, [237].
Taxes, in Athens, [68].
Temples, in Egypt, [172] f.;
subordinated to city-states by Seleucids, [200];
despoiled by Seleucids, [200] f.
Thebes, hegemony of, [26];
position of, in Bœotia, [27];
destruction of, [123] f.
Themistocles, policy of, [39] f.
Theocritus, on Philadelphus, [156], [171] f.
Theopompus, on Philip II, [118].
Thermopylæ, battle of, [189] f.
Thucydides, on stasis, [22] ff.;
on empire, [23] f.;
Funeral Oration of, [44] ff.;
on the Athenian empire, [75] f.;
political sense of, [77].
Tigranes the Great, conquers Syria, [192].

Tribute, how used by Athenians, [71].
Troy, visited by Alexander, [124] f.
Truth, in Plato, [98].
Tyche, worship of, by the irreligious, [144].
Tyranny, outlawed, [239] f.
Tyrants, absent in Sparta, [84];
in Greece, [224] f.
Universality, logical issue of imperialism, [4] f.
Worship of the dead, so-called, [14] ff.
Xerxes, army of, [40].
Yue Tchi, immigration of, [192];
occupy Sogdiana, Bactria, and India, [193].
Zeno, tutor of Antigonus Gonatas, [222].

---