FOOTNOTES:
[1] The description which follows in the text must be compared with the map of Italy given in this work.
[2] The name "Bruttium," given to the country by modern writers on ancient geography, is not found in any classical author.
[3] The Palladium was a statue of Pallas, or Minerva, which was said to have fallen from heaven, and was preserved at Rome with the most sacred care.
[4] The Sabines were called Quirites, and this name was afterward applied to the Roman people in their civil capacity.
[5] The Flamen of Jupiter was called Flamen Dialis.
[6] These shields were called Ancilia. One of these shields is said to have fallen from heaven; and Numa ordered eleven others to be made exactly like it, that it might not be known and stolen.
[7] The As was originally a pound weight of copper of 12 ounces.
[8] The following table will show the census of each class, and the number of centuries which each contained:
| Equites.—Centuriæ | 18 | ||
| First Class.—Census 100,000 asses and upward. | |||
| Centuriæ Seniorum | 40 | } | 82 |
| Centuriæ Juniorum | 40 | ||
| Centuriæ Fabrum (smiths and carpenters) | 2 | ||
| Second Class.—Census, 75,000 asses and upward. | |||
| Centuriæ Seniorum | 10 | } | 20 |
| Centuriæ Juniorum | 10 | ||
| Third Class.—Census, 50,000 asses and upward. | |||
| Centuriæ Seniorum | 10 | } | 20 |
| Centuriæ Juniorum | 10 | ||
| Fourth Class.—Census, 25,000 asses and upward. | |||
| Centuriæ Seniorum | 10 | } | 20 |
| Centuriæ Juniorum | 10 | ||
| Fifth Class.—Census, 12,500 asses and upward. | |||
| Centuriæ Seniorum | 15 | } | 32 |
| Centuriæ Juniorum | 15 | ||
| Centuriæ cornicinum, tubicinum | 2 | ||
| Centuriæ capita censorum | 1 | ||
| Sum total of the centuriæ | 198 |
[9] The celebrated seven hills upon which Rome stood were the Palatine, Aventine, Capitoline, Cælian, Quirinal, Viminal, and Esquilian. The Mons Pincius was not included within the Servian Wall.
[10] The following genealogical table exhibits the relationship of the family:
| Demaratus of Corinth. | ||||||||||||
| TARQUINIUS PRISCUS. | Aruns. | |||||||||||
| Tarquinia, | Tarquinia, | L. TARQUINIUS | Aruns. | Egerius, | ||||||||
| married | married | SUPERBUS. | commander of | |||||||||
| Servius Tullius. | M. Brutus. | Collatia. | ||||||||||
| M. Brutus, | L. Brutus, | Titus. | Sextus. | Aruns. | Tarquinius | |||||||
| put to | the | Collatinus, | ||||||||||
| death by | Consul. | married | ||||||||||
| Tarquinius. | Lucretia. | |||||||||||
[11] The Lictors were public officers who attended upon the Roman magistrate. Each consul had twelve lictors. They carried upon their shoulders fasces, which were rods bound in the form of a bundle, and containing an axe in the middle.
[12] There is, however, reason to believe that these brilliant stories conceal one of the earliest and greatest disasters of the city. It appears that Rome was really conquered by Porsena, and lost all the territory which the kings had gained on the right side of the Tiber. Hence we find the thirty tribes, established by Servius Tullius, reduced to twenty after the war with Porsena.
[13] The Dictator was an extraordinary magistrate appointed by one of the Consuls in seasons of great peril. He possessed absolute power. Twenty-four lictors attended him, bearing the axes in the fasces, even in the city; and from his decision there was no appeal. He could not hold the office longer than six months, and he usually laid it down much sooner. He appointed a Magister Equitum, or Master of the Horse, who acted as his lieutenant. From the time of the appointment of the Dictator, all the other magistrates, even the Consuls, ceased to exercise any power.
[14] Debtors thus given over to their creditors were called Addicti.
[15] This was called the right of intercession, from intercedo, "to come between."
[16] The Tribunes were originally elected at the Comitia of the Centuries, where the influence of the Patricians was predominant; but by the Publilian Law, proposed by the tribune Publilius Volero, and passed B.C. 471, the election was transferred to the Comitia of the Tribes, by which means the Plebeians obtained the uncontrolled election of their own officers.
[17] See [note on p. 31].
[18] The Censorship was regarded as the highest dignity in the state, with the exception of the Dictatorship. The duties of the Censors were numerous and important. They not only took the census—or the register of the citizens and their property—hut they also chose the members of the Senate, exercised a superintendence over the whole public and private life of the citizens, and, in addition, had the administration of the finances of the state.
[19] This remarkable work, which, after the lapse of more than two thousand years, still continues to serve the purpose for which it was originally designed, is cut through the soft volcanic tufa of which the Alban Hill is composed. The length of the tunnel is about 6000 feet, and it is 4 feet 6 inches wide.
[20] A Rogatio differed from a Lex, as a Bill from an Act of Parliament. A Rogatio was a law submitted to the assembly of the people, and only became a Lex when enacted by them.
[21] A Jugerum was rather more than half an acre.
[22] Ut plebiscita omnes Quirites tenerent.
[24] According to the Roman expression, the Jus Connubii and Jus Commercii were forbidden.
[26] The Phœnicians were called by the Latins Pœni, whence the adjective punicus, like munire from mœnia, and punire from pœna.
[27] Probably the same as the Hebrew Shofetim, i.e., Judges.
[28] The inscription upon this column, or, at any rate, a very ancient copy of it, is still preserved in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.
[29] Barca is the same as the Hebrew word Barak, "lightning."
[30] Gallicus ager.
[31] The pass of the Alps which Hannibal crossed was probably the Graian Alps, or Little St. Bernard. See note "On the Passage of Hannibal across the Alps" at the end of this chapter.
[32] At this time the Consuls entered upon their office on the Ides of March. It was not till B.C. 153 that the consulship commenced on the Kalends of January.
[33] See the map in the "Smaller History of Greece," p. 117.
[34] The story that Archimedes set the Roman ships on fire by the reflected rays of the sun is probably a fiction, though later writers give an account of this burning mirror.
[35] Upon his tomb was placed the figure of a sphere inscribed in a cylinder. When Cicero was Quæstor in Sicily (B.C. 75), he found his tomb near one of the gates of the city, almost hid among briers, and forgotten by the Syracusans.
[36] See the "Smaller History of Greece," p. 214.
[38] Two Plebeian Consuls were first appointed in B.C. 172, and two Plebeian Censors in B.C. 131.
[40] Hence their name, from Ædes, a temple.
[41] This was done by the well-known formula "Videant," or "Dent operam Consules, ne quid res publica detriment capiat."
[42] These farmers of the public revenue were called Publicani.
[43] It is not easy to define with accuracy the respective duties of the Censors and Ædiles in relation to the public buildings; but it may be stated in general that the superintendence of the Ædiles was more in the way of police, while that of the Censors had reference to all financial matters.
[44] A Senatus consultum was so called because the Consul who brought a matter before the Senate was said Senatum consulere.
[46] The technical word for this appeal was Provocatio. The word Appellatio signified an appeal from one magistrate to another.
[50] We anticipate the course of events in order to give under one view the history of the Roman legion.
[51] Hence the frequent occurrence of such phrases as expediti, expediti milites, expeditæ cohortes, and even expeditæ legiones.
[52] Called Supplicatio.
[54] The Nobiles were distinguished from the Ignobiles. The outward distinction of the former was the Jus Imaginum. These Imagines were figures with painted masks of wax, representing the ancestors who had held any of the curule magistracies. They were placed in cases in the atrium or reception-hall of the house, and were carried in the funeral procession of a member of the family. Any one who first obtained a curule magistracy became the founder of the nobility of his family. Such a person was himself neither a Nobilis nor an Ignobilis. He was termed a Novus Homo, or a new man.
[55] The Latin word for bribery is ambitus, literally canvassing. It must not be confounded with repetundæ, the offense of extortion or pecuniary corruption committed by magistrates in the provinces or at Rome.
[57] This story must appear to strange to those who know not that it was a custom for Roman Senators, when called upon for their vote, to express—no matter what the question—any opinion which they deemed of great importance to the welfare of the state.
[62] Od., i. 47.
[63] It must be recollected that the mob at Rome consisted chiefly of the four city tribes, and that slaves when manumitted could be enrolled in these four tribes alone.
[64] On this important change in the Roman army, see p. [124].
[65] This canal continued to exist long afterward, and bore the name of Fossa Mariana.
[66] A law of the Consul Pompeius bestowed the Latin franchise upon all the citizens of the Gallic towns between the Po and the Alps, so that they now entered into the same relations with Rome as the Latins had formerly held.
[67] Cicero sent to Milo at Massilia the oration which he meant to have delivered, the one which we still have. Milo, after reading it, remarked, "I am glad it was not delivered, for I should then have been acquitted, and never have known the delicate flavor of these Massilian mullets."
[68] Cæsar's government would expire at the end of B.C. 49, and he had therefore determined to obtain the Consulship for B.C. 48, since otherwise he would become a private person.
[69] The crossing of this stream was in reality a declaration of war against the Republic, and later writers relate that upon arriving at the Rubicon Cæsar long hesitated whether he should take this irrevocable step, and that, after pondering many hours, he at length exclaimed, "The die is cast," and plunged into the river. But there is not a word of this in Cæsar's own narrative.
[70] In reality on the 6th of June.
[71] Triumviri Reipulicæ constituendæ.
[72] Antony retaliated by sending Octavia a bill of divorce.
[73] Gibbon.
[74] These were probably composed in the Saturnian metre, the oldest species of versification among the Romans, in which much greater license was allowed in the laws of quantity than in the metres which were borrowed from the Greeks.
[75] The name signifies a mixture or medley. Hence a lex per saturam lata is a law which contained several distinct regulations at once.
[76] Georg., iii., 41.
[77] Comp. Georg., iv., 560, and ii., 171.
[78] This mausoleum, begun by Hadrian, is now the Castle of St. Angelo.