Life on a Mediaeval Barony / A Picture of a Typical Feudal Community in the Thirteenth Century

by William Stearns Davis

FOOTNOTES:

[127] Few or no cathedrals were really completed at any time, in the sense that all the details of their design were brought to perfection.

[128] For example, Notre Dame de Paris covered four times the floor area of the Parthenon at Athens (a decidedly large Greek temple) with its nave thrice as high as the older building. Of course, a Greek temple was primarily for housing a holy image; the great sacrifices and the throng of worshippers would be outside the edifice in the open, unlike a Christian church.

[129] One device was to take an extra-precious relic and intrust it to monks, who would place it in a cart and drive through a wide region haranguing the faithful and holding out a purse for them to fill. At Rouen one of the cathedral towers was known as the "Butter Tower," because it was largely built with money given for permission to eat butter in Lent.

[130] At Rheims, prior to the German bombardment of 1914, there were more than two thousand statues.

[131] During this period there were built in France some eighty cathedrals and more than five hundred large and superior churches in this Gothic style.

[132] Such figures would indicate that Pontdebois Cathedral was somewhat smaller than Notre Dame de Paris. It could rank up well among the great churches of France, yet not at all in the first class.

[133] St. John of Damascus, writing in the Orient in the eighth century, gave what amounted to the standard justification of holy images and pictures in churches and for the veneration of the same:

"I am too poor to possess books, I have no leisure for reading. I enter the church choked with the cares of the world; the glowing colors attract my sight like a flowery meadow; and the glory of God steals imperceptibly into my soul. I gaze on the fortitude of the martyr and the crown with which he is rewarded, and the fire of holy emulation is kindled within me. I fall down and worship God through the martyr; and I receive salvation."

[Index]

[A]	[B]	[C]	[D]	[E]	[F]	[G]	[H]	[I]	[J]	[K]
[L]	[M]	[N]	[O]	[P]	[Q]	[R]	[S]	[T]	[V]	[W]

• [A]
• Abbey, see [Monastery].
• Abbot, election and powers of, [321], [322].
  • sometimes profligate, [327].
• Adubbement, see [Knighthood].
• Advocates, of monasteries, [332].
• Alexander, romances of, [180].
• Alms, collected at feasts, [129]; see [Charity].
• Apprentices, [362].
• Arbalists, [190].
• Architecture, military, improved by Crusader, [18].
• Aristotle, authority of, [336].
• Armor, [191] ff.
• Assembleur, a literary, [143].

• [B]
• Backgammon, [52].
• Bailey of Castle, [22].
  • buildings and scene inside, [26].
• Baillis, seigneurial officers, [10 nt].
• Banalités, [258].
• Banner, of baronial castle, [33].
• Baptism, customs at, [81].
• Barbican, [21].
• Baronial family, of superior type, [14].
• Baron, usual rights of, [7].
  • cruel and outrageous, [8], [9], [152].
  • typical feuds and neighbors, [13].
  • superior type of, [153].
• Baronial feuds, [224] ff.
• Barony, composition and government of, [10], [11].
• Bath, before adubbement, [202].
• Battle cries, [248].
• Battle, Bouvines, typical of Feudal warfare, [241] ff.
  • mobilization for, [243].
  • preliminaries of, [244].
  • array of the armies, [245].
  • engagement of the infantry, [247], [248].
  • the battle cries, [248 nt].
  • charge of French cavalry, [248], [249].
  • flight of Otto IV, [250].
  • rout of Germans and Flemings, [251].
  • tactics and strategy employed, [251], [252].
• Beards, shaved by noblemen, [95].
• Beds, great feather, [39].
• Bedrooms, furniture of, [38] ff.
• Beer, [121].
• Beffroi, in sieges, [237].
• Bells, of communal donjon, [351].
• Bertran de Born, war songs by, [176].
• Betrothals, [105].
• Beverages, [120], [121].
• Bill of fare, at feasts, [128].
  • on fast days, [129].
• Billiards, game of, [57].
• Birth, customs at, [81].
• Bishop, [373 ff].
  • honors of, [373].
  • wealth and power of, [374].
  • desirability of office, [376].
  • how elected, [377].
  • vast secular duties, [378].
  • employed by king or pope, [379].
  • wrote ecclesiastical duties, [380].
  • worldly types of, [380], [381].
  • forbidden secular luxuries, [381].
  • participates in warfare, [382].
  • friction with abbots and barons, [383].
  • abuse right to excommunicate, [383], [384].
  • interdict by, [384].
  • relations with canons, [385] ff.
  • relations with parish priests, [388] ff.
• Bishops, visit disorderly monasteries, [326].
• Books, elegant copies of, [341].
• Brandy, [121].
• Bread, varieties of, [118].
• Bride, costume of, [107].
• Bridegroom, costume of, [108].
• Bridges, state of, [344].
• Bridge tolls, baronial, [12].
• Buffet of knighthood, [204], [205].

• [C]
• Camps, in feudal warfare, [243].
• Canons, elect bishops, [377], [380].
  • nature of office, [385].
  • duties of, [386].
  • worldly and gross, [387].
• Carpets of rushes, and "Saracen," [37].
• Cartel of defiance, [229].
• Carver, at feast, [127].
• Castle, position of between rivers, [4].
  • built to resist Vikings, [5].
  • famous specimens of, [18].
  • siege of, [234 ff].
• Castle, of St. Aliquis, original plan of, [16].
  • primitive tower of, [17];
  • disadvantages of early type, [18].
  • rebuilt on improved model, [19].
  • palisade before, [20].
  • barbican outer barrier, [21].
  • lists before bailey, [21].
  • bailey, gates and porters, [22].
  • walls and parapet, [23].
  • great difficulty of attacking, [24].
  • scene in the bailey, [26].
  • buildings in the bailey, [26], [27].
  • cookhouse in bailey, [28].
  • inner ward of, [28].
  • inner gate, [29].
  • main court yard of, [29].
  • donjon of, [30].
  • halls of, [30] ff.
  • prison under donjon, [33].
  • summit of great tower, [33].
  • watchman on tower, [34].
  • palais, main residential building, [34], [35].
  • furniture in hall and chambers, [36] ff.
• Castle building, era of, [6].
• Castle folk, one huge family, [46].
  • intimate relations between, [47], [48].
  • organization of, [48].
• "Cat," siege engine, [237].
• Cats, [84].
• Cathedral, numerous uses of, [393].
  • express the best spirit of the age, [394].
  • erection a regional undertaking, [396].
  • initial stages of building, [397].
  • fraternity of builders, [398].
  • building a natural growth, [399].
  • use of arches, columns and buttresses, [400].
  • stately dimensions required, [401].
  • magnificent stained glass, [402].
  • every part a work of piety, [403].
• Chambers, of baronial castle, [36].
• Chansons de geste, [138] ff., [142].
• Charity, [275] ff.
  • motives for, [276].
  • alms very customary, [277].
  • given by monasteries, [333].
• Charter, communal, [352], [353].
• Checkers, game of, [52].
• Cheese, varieties of, [119].
• Chess, in great acceptance, [54].
  • history of game, [55].
  • chessmen, [56].
• Children, rearing of, [80] ff.
  • early education of, [82].
• Christmas celebrations and plays, [294].
• Church, endeavors to regulate marriages, [101], [102].
  • resists divorces, [102].
  • vast wealth of, [374 nt].
  • See [Bishop], [Abbey], [Monastery], [Canons], [Priests], etc.
• City, entrance to, [346].
  • crowded streets, [347].
  • lack of air and sanitation, [348].
  • population of, [347 nt].
  • great burghers of, [349].
  • burgher mansion, [349].
  • danger from fires, [350].
  • the civic donjons, [351].
  • communal charger, [352].
  • See [Commune].
• Cleanliness, personal, among upper classes, [42].
  • lack of, in woolen clothing, [89].
• Clergy, legal privileges of, [159], [375].
  • see [Bishop], [Canons], [Priests], [Monks].
• Clerk, see [clergy], [Church], etc.
• Cloisters, of abbey, [317].
• Clothing, of peasants, [264].
• Coinage, confusion in, [366].
• Commerce, see [Shops], [Industries], [Fairs].
• Commune, charter of, [352], [353].
  • privileges of inhabitants, [353].
  • clergy rail at Commune, [354].
  • communal insurrections, [354].
  • jurisdiction of bishop, [355].
  • rule by echevins and rich merchants, [355], [356].
• Corvées, [258].
• Courtesy, training in, [184].
• Cowls, [320].
• Clothing, male and female, [88] ff.
  • materials used, [89].
  • garments of noblemen, [90].
  • headdress for men, [91].
  • garments of noblewomen, [91].
  • use of silks and furs, [92].
  • rapid changes in fashions, [93].
  • dress of lower classes, [94].
  • headdress of women, [95].
  • conspicuous costumes to indicate evil characters, [98].
• Cookery and foods, [113] ff.
  • implements in cookhouse, [114].
  • meat frequently boiled, [114].
  • game especially desired, [114], [115].
  • butcher's meat, [115].
  • poultry, [116].
  • fish, [117].
  • soups, [117].
  • meat pies, [117].
• Cookhouse, in a castle, [28].
• Cosmetics, use of by women, [97].
• Cross bows, [190].
• Crusades, on wane in XIII century, [3].
  • improve military architecture, [18].

• [D]
• Dais, in castle hall, [36].
• Damoiseau, [185].
• Dances, varieties of, [133].
• Dancing, passion for, [84], [85].
• Dean, of canons, [386].
• Devil, belief in, [302].
  • assists wizards and witches, [303].
• Dice, games with, [52].
  • sinfulness of, [53], [54].
• Dinners, menu at castle in ordinary days, [49].
• Divining, [306].
• Divorces, resisted by Church, [102].
• Dogs, very desirable for hunting, [64].
• Donjon, of castle, [30] ff.
  • of a commune, [351].
• Dinner customs, [122] ff.
  • See [Feast.]
• Drawbridges, of castle, [22], [28].
• Dress, see [Clothing].

• [E]
• Echevins, in commune, [355].
• Economic self-sufficiency, of a well-ruled barony, [46].
• Education, of young nobleman, [176] ff.
  • ideals inculcated, [178].
  • training in letters, [179].
  • reading of romances, [180].
  • training in riding, fencing and hawking, [181].
  • maxims inculcated, [181], [182].
  • placed out as squire, [182].
  • training as squire, [182]-[184].
  • taught jousting, [183].
  • learns "courtesy," [184].
  • good side of training, [186].
  • premium on prodigality, [186], [187].
  • demanding knighthood, [187].
• Effeminate knights, [188].
• Emancipation, of villeins, [256].
• Ensigns, before city houses, [350].
• Epics, North French, [142], [143].
• Excommunication, of a lawless baron, [9].
  • a public declaration of, [289].
  • abuse of, by bishops, [383], [384].
• Executions, varieties of, [170] ff, [173].
  • beheading honorable penalty, [173].
  • hanging, usual method, [173], [174].
  • ceremonies at gallows, [174], [175].

• [F]
• Fairs, [365] ff.
  • attended by great multitudes, [366].
  • very profitable to founders, [368].
  • numerous commodities on sale, [369].
  • regulation of traffic, [370].
  • amusements at, [371].
• Falconry, see [Hawking].
• Family life in a castle, [70].
• Famines, among peasantry, [255].
• Fealty, oath of, [157].
• Feast, formal, arrangement of guests, [126].
  • beginning of dinner, [126].
  • serving the meats, [127].
  • typical bill of fare, [128].
  • on a fast day, [129].
  • closing ceremonies, [130].
  • vast plenty and carousing, [130], [131].
• Feudal civilization, reaches climax in XIII century, [2].
• Feudalism, [146] ff.
  • nature of, [147].
  • absence of true gradations in, [148].
  • duties of fief holders, [149].
  • military service usually essential, [150].
  • arrogance of many barons, [151], [152].
  • outrageous baronial tyrants, [152].
  • better types of barons, [153].
  • how fiefs are expanded, [154].
  • accession to a barony, [154], [155].
  • doing homage, [156].
  • oath of fealty, [157].
  • vassalage honorable, [158].
• Feuds, baronial, [224] ff.
  • frequency of, [225].
  • waged within families, [225].
  • limitations upon baronial, [226].
  • pitched battles infrequent, [226].
  • absence of strategy, [227].
  • great valor of warriors, [228].
  • origins of a typical feud, [229].
  • delivering the "cartel," [229].
  • assembling the vassals, [230].
  • a baronial "array," [231].
  • ravaging of noncombatants, [232].
  • a petty battle, [233].
  • use of mercenaries, [234].
  • siege of a castle, [235] ff.
• Fiefs, varieties of, [147].
  • duties of fief holders, [149].
• Fish, demand for, [117].
  • use of, [129].
• Flowers, garden, [68], [69].
• Foods, see [Cookery].
• Foresters, seigneurial, [259].
• France, in full mediæval bloom in XIII century, [2].
• French, rise of as literary language, [141].
• Frescoes, in castle, [35].
• Friendship, tokens of, [106].
• Fruit trees, [68], [69].
• Funeral customs, [284] ff.
  • caskets and interments, [285].
• Furniture, of castle halls, [36], [37].
  • of bedrooms, [38] ff.
• Furs, wearing of, [92].

• [G]
• Gambling, with dice, [53], [54].
• Game, wild, cannot be killed by peasants, [67].
  • greatly desired at feasts, [114].
  • varieties of game birds, [116].
• Game Laws, oppressive, [272].
• Games and amusements, [51] ff.
• Garden of a castle, [67] ff.
  • frequent place for gatherings, [68].
  • herbs and vegetables in, [68].
  • constant demand for flowers, [69].
• Generosity, virtues of nobles, [186].
• Gifts, constantly exchanged among nobles, [187].
• Girls, noble, education of young, [83] ff.
  • are devoted to hawks and dancing, [84].
• Glass, used for windows in castle, [35].
• Guilds, [360] ff.
  • great subdivisions of, [360].
  • friction between, [360], [361].
  • regulations of, [361].
  • management of, by syndics, [362].
  • apprentices, [362].
  • hired workers, [363].
  • masters in guilds, [363].

• [H]
• Handwashing before meals, [125].
• Hangmen, [166] ff.
  • burns dishonest cloth, [349].
• Hair, customs of wearing, [95].
  • false hair used by women, [97].
• Halls of castle, [30] ff.
  • very murky in donjon, [32].
  • more elegant in palais, [35].
• Hauberks, [191].
• Hawking, vast delight in, [57].
  • hawks always exhibited, [58].
  • varieties of hawks and falcons, [59].
  • complicated art of "Falconry," [59].
  • training of hawks, [60].
  • good falconers precious, [60].
  • professional jargon of, [61].
  • prayers over hawks, [61].
  • excellent sport with, [62].
• Heralds, at tourneys, [212] ff.
• Hermits, [296].
• "Herodias's daughter," dance of, [136], [137].
• Homage, ceremony of, [156].
• Hospitality, baronial, [43] ff.
  • ceremony of receiving guests, [44].
• Heiresses, given in marriage by suzerain, [102].
• Helmets, [192].
• Horses, indispensable in war, [196].
  • varieties of, [197].
  • trappings of, [198].
  • presentation to new knights, [205].
• Hot cockles, game of, [52].
• Houses, of peasants, [263].
  • huts of the very poor, [265].
  • dwelling of rich burghers, [344].
  • seldom of stone, [351].
• Hunting, serious business, [63].
  • many wild animals, [63].
  • equipment of hunters, [64].
  • dogs essential for, [64].
  • chasing down a great boar, [64] ff.
  • return from the hunt, [66], [67].
  • hunting across peasants' lands, [67].

• [I]
• "Immunity," possessed by barons, [7 nt].
• Imposts, on peasants, [258].
• Infantry, in battle, [245], [247], [248].
• Inns, [345], [346].
• Industries, in towns, [357] ff.
  • trades in special streets, [358].
  • shopkeepers, [359].
  • regulation by officials, [359].
  • See [Guilds].
• Interest, on money, taken by Jews, [365].
• Interdict, [384].
• Isabella, Queen, forced by her barons to change husbands, [100].

• [J]
• Jews, in cities, [364], [365].
• Jongleurs, [132] ff.
  • varieties of, [133].
  • trick performers, [134].
  • depraved montebanks, [135].
  • jongleurs in great demand, [136].
  • troupes of, [136], [137].
  • a superior type of jongleur, [138].
  • gives a recitation, [139] ff.
• Jousting, training in, [184].
  • See [Tourneys].
• Justice, administration of, [159] ff.
  • no equality before the law, [159], [160].
  • judicial powers of a baron, [160].
  • "low justice" pertains to petty nobles, [161].
  • laws enforced by the provosts, [161], [162].
  • formal assizes, [162].
  • ordeal by battle, [162].
  • checks upon such ordeals, [163].
  • summary treatment of villeins, [164].
  • types of peasant litigation, [165].
  • fate of condemned bandits, [165] ff.

• [K]
• King, seeks as many vassals as possible, [12].
• Knighthood, who can demand, [187].
  • by whom bestowed, [200].
  • nature of an adubbement, [200], [201].
  • vigil at arms, [201], [202].
  • dressing the candidates, [203].
  • ceremony of adubbement, [204].
  • presentation of horses, [205].
  • exercises of new knights, [206].
• Knights, effeminate types of, [188].

• [L]
• Lances, [195].
• Last Day, fear of, [288].
• Lighting of halls and bedrooms, [39].
• Lists, before castle, [21].
• Lovers, presents between, [106].

• [M]
• Manners, for young ladies, [71] ff.
• Marriage ceremony, [109], [110].
• Marriage, [98] ff.
  • usual reasons for marriages, [99].
  • ages for, [99].
  • heiresses compelled to marry, [100].
  • very sudden marriages, [101].
  • attempts of Church to regulate, [101]-[102].
  • young girls wedded to aged barons, [103].
  • negotiation of a marriage treaty, [103], [104].
  • desirable qualities in a bridegroom, [104].
  • betrothal ceremonies, [105].
  • intercourse of betrothed couple, [105], [106].
  • preparation for wedding, [106].
  • wedding proceedings, [107] ff.
  • customs of peasants, [266].
• Marshall, of a castle, [48].
• "Mass of the Ass," [292].
• Masters, in guilds, [363].
• Mealtimes and dinner customs, [42], [122].
• Meats, abundance and varieties of at feasts, [128].
• Medical Art, [280] ff.
  • conducted by executioners and barkers, [280], [281].
  • use of bleedings, [281].
  • professional physicians, [281] ff.
  • their jargon, [282].
  • healing relics and processions, [283].
• Mêlée, climax to tourneys, [221].
• Mercenaries, use of, [234].
• Merchants, see [Shops], [Fairs], etc.
• Mining, in sieges, [239].
• Minstrels, see [Jongleurs].
• Miracles, belief in, [300].
• Moats of castle, [22], [28].
• Mobilization, for battle, [242], [243].
• Monastery, [312] ff.
  • Benedictine foundations, [314].
  • land and buildings, [314], [315].
  • abbey church, [316].
  • cloisters, [317].
  • dormitory, [318].
  • refectory, [319].
  • adornments of buildings, [320].
  • costume of monks, [320], [321].
  • discipline and organization, [321].
  • duties and occupations of monks, [322], [323].
  • persons becoming monks, [324].
  • a disorderly monastery, [326].
  • specimen abuses, [327].
  • struggle against idleness in, [330].
  • bequests to, [331].
  • secular "advocates" of, [332].
  • agriculture and industries in, [333].
  • almsgiving by, [333].
  • manual labor by monks, [334].
  • copying of books, [335].
  • study of pagan authors, [335].
  • curriculum of study, [336].
  • authority of Aristotle, [336].
  • scientific works, [337].
  • study of botany and geology, [338].
  • writing chronicles, [339].
  • piety of book copying, [340].
  • beautiful manuscripts, [341].
• Monasticism, see [Monastery] and [Monks].
• Money, hardly necessary on an average barony, [46].
  • varieties of coinage, [366].
• Monks, many sick or infirm, [319 nt].
  • costume of, [320].
  • discipline of, [321 ff].
  • persons becoming monks, [324].
  • See [Monastery].
• Montebanks, [135].
• Montjoie St. Denis, [248 nt].
• Morality, of castle life, [77]-[78].
• Music, delight in, [132].
• Mystery plays, [294], [295].

• [N]
• Needlework, by castle women, [80].
• Night, closing castle for, [49].
• Nightdresses, not used in feudal ages, [42].
• Nobles, employed around a castle, [48].

• [O]
• Omens, belief in, [300], [301].
• Ordeal, by battle, [162].
  • by fire, [170], [171].
• Oriflamme, royal standard, [245].
• Otto IV, see [Battle, Bouvines].

• [P]
• Palisade, before a castle, [20].
• Passions, hot and childish in feudal ages, [47], [48].
• Patrons, of parish churches, [388], [389].
• Peasants, forbidden to kill game, [67].
  • inferior weapons of, [189].
  • life of, [253] ff.
  • always considered inferior, [254].
  • population dense, [254].
  • in danger from famines, [255].
  • frequently emancipated from serfdom, [256].
  • status of free "villeins," [257].
  • constantly exploited, [258].
  • lands much divided, [259].
  • primitive agricultural methods, [261].
  • calamity of short crops, [261], [262].
  • a peasant family, [262].
  • its house and furniture, [263].
  • clothing of peasants, [264].
  • very poor peasants, [265].
  • villein marriage customs, [266].
  • long hours of toil, [267].
  • lack of education, [267], [268].
  • filthy habits, [269].
  • sullen and impious characters, [270].
  • gross oppression by knights, [271].
  • severe game laws, [272].
  • futile peasant revolts, [273].
  • popular village sports, [274].
• Pellison, [90], [91].
• Penance, public, [290].
• Philip Augustus, see [Battle, Bouvines].
• Physicians, see [Medical Art].
• Pilgrimage, as penance, [297].
  • shrines frequented, [298].
  • sacredness of Rome, [299].
• Pillory, [171].
• Pleasures, usual, of a baron, [43].
• Pork, demand for, [115].
• Porters of castle, [22].
• Poultry, [116].
• Priests, parish, [388] ff.
  • how appointed, [388], [389].
  • scandalous appointments, [389], [390].
  • status of, in villages, [390].
  • charges against, [391].
  • many faithful and learned, [391], [392].
• Prior, of abbey, [322].
• Prison, sometimes under donjon, [33].
  • treatment of inmates, [168], [169].
  • fearful dungeons in, [169].
• Privacy, absence of in baronial castle, [36].
• Provosts, [8], [10].
  • enforce law on barony, [161] ff, [259].

• [Q]
• Quadrivium, [336].
• Quintain, [185].

• [R]
• Ragman's roll, [51].
• Ransoms, sought in tourneys, [220].
• Recluses, [296].
• Reign of Folly, [291].
• Relics, holy, used for healing, [282], [283].
  • saints, [307] ff.
  • collections of, [308].
  • great value of, [309].
  • often spurious, [310].
  • "translations" of, [311].
• Religion, popular, [286 ff].
  • attitude of knights, [287].
  • fear of Last Day, [288].
  • Excommunications, [289].
  • public penance, [290].
  • festive side of religion, [291].
  • "Reign of Folly," [291].
  • Mass of the Ass, [292].
  • Worship of the Virgin, [293].
  • Christmas celebrations, [294].
  • mystery plays, [295].
  • hermits and recluses, [296].
  • pilgrims, [297] ff.
  • belief in spirits, [301] ff.
• Rings, customs with, [95], [96].
• Rising, early hour for, [41].
• Roads, evil state of, [344].
• Roland, Chanson de, [138].
  • ordeal by battle in, [162].
• Romances, North French, [142], [143].
  • read by young nobles, [180].
• Roman Law, returning to vogue, [160].
• Rome, resort for pilgrims, [299].
• Routine of the day, for a baron, [43].
• Rushes for carpets in castle halls, [37].

• [S]
• Sanitation, lacking in castle cookhouses, [28].
  • not sufficiently guarded even by nobility, [42].
• Scientific studies, in monasteries, [337] ff.
• Seigneurial officers, [259].
• Self-sufficiency of a well-ruled barony, [46].
• Seneschal, of a castle, [48].
• Serfdom, [256].
• Service, personal, honorable for nobles, [48].
• Servants, abundant in castles, [85].
  • organization and duties of, [86].
• Service, at table, [123].
• Shields, [193].
• Shopkeepers, [358], [359].
• Shoes, [90].
• Shrines, sought by pilgrims, [298].
• Sickness, frequent in Middle Ages, [277].
  • leprosy and other plagues, [278].
  • great losses in childbirth, [279].
  • healing saints, [279], [280].
  • mediæval medicine, [280] ff.
• Siege of a castle, [234] ff.
  • varieties of siege engines, [236], [237].
  • the beffroi, [237].
  • mantelets, [238].
  • undermining a wall, [239].
• Silks, for apparel, [92].
• Sortes Apostolorum, [306].
• Soups, [117].
• Spirits, supernatural, belief in, [301].
• Squires, taught to serve at table, [123].
  • training and duties of, [182]-[184].
• Subinfeudation, [12].
• Superstitions, of peasants, [306].
  • See [Witchcraft], [Devil], etc.
• Surcoat, introduction of, [93].
• Suzerains, see [Feudualism].
• Swords, [194].
• Syndics, of guilds, [362].
• Syria, famous castles in, [19].

• [T]
• Tables, at dinner, [124].
• Tapestries, in castles, [37], [38].
• Taverns, [345].
• Tennis, game of, [57].
• Thirteenth Century: height of the Middle Ages, [2].
• Tilting, see [Tourneys].
• Times for meals, [42].
• Tolls, on commerce, [367].
• Tortures, [165] ff.
  • vainly discouraged by Pope Nicholas I, [166].
  • methods of, [167] ff.
• Tolls, at a baron's bridge, [12].
• Towers of castle, [23].
• Trade, in towns, [358] ff.
  • See [Fairs].
• Travelers, usually welcomed at castles, [44].
• Travel, [343]-[345].
• Trenchers, at feast, [127].
• Tristan and Ysolt, story of, [139].
• Trivium, [336].
• Trojan War, romances of, [179].
• Troubadour songs, [144], [145].
• Tourneys, [208] ff.
  • "crying" the tourney, [208].
  • people attracted to them, [209].
  • early tourneys were battles, [209], [210].
  • denounced by Church, [210].
  • arrangements for, [210], [211].
  • lists and lodges, [211].
  • opening ceremonies, [212].
  • procession of jousters, [213].
  • armor and bizarre costumes worn, [214].
  • jousting by pairs, [215].
  • art of lance-breaking, [216].
  • a bloody duel, [217].
  • defending a barrier, [218], [219].
  • dueling for ransoms, [220].
  • the mêlée, [221], [222].
  • vast expense of tourneys, [223].
• Trouvéres, [142] ff.
• Tyranny, of outrageous barons, [8], [9].

• [V]
• Vassals, can have two or more seigneurs, [11].
  • desire to hold from the king, [12].
  • summons of, to war, [230].
  • see [Feudalism], [Homage], etc.
• Vegetables, [68], [118].
• Vigil before knighthood, [202].
• Vikings, castles built to resist them, [5].
• Villeins, subject to summary justice, [164].
  • See [Peasants].
• Virgin, The, popular worship of, [293].

• [W]
• Walls of castle, [23].
• Wars, nobles delight in, [176].
  • almost incessant, [224].
  • varieties of, [225].
  • See [Feuds].
• Watchman, on castle tower, [34].
• Weapons, give superiority to nobles, [189].
  • arms preferred by them, [189], [190].
  • missile weapons non-noble, [191].
  • armor, [191] ff.
  • hauberks and helmets, [192].
  • shields, [193].
  • swords, [194].
  • lances, [195].
• Wedding proceedings, [106] ff.
  • bridal procession, [109].
  • ceremony at church, [109], [110].
  • presents at wedding, [110].
  • great feast at wedding, [111].
• Windows, glass in castle, [35].
  • stained glass in churches, [402].
• Wine, [120].
• Witchcraft, [303] ff.
  • casting a spell, [305].
  • lawful forms of divining, [306].
• Witches, [303]-[305].
• Wizards, [303]-[305].
• Women, noble, praised for beauty by minstrels, [70].
  • types of female beauty, [71].
  • taught good manners, [72], [73].
  • married off against their will, [74].
  • can be harshly treated, [74], [75].
  • sometimes grossly neglected, [76].
  • often extremely coarse, [77].
  • alleged shortcomings of, [78].
  • accomplishments of, [79].
  • manage children and household, [80] ff.
• Woolens, generally used for garments, [89].

---

Books of Art and Artcraft

HISTORY OF ART
By Elie Faure

Volume I—Ancient Art
Translated from the French by Walter Pach

No History of Art fills the place of this one. It shows art to be the expression of the race, not an individual expression of the artist. It tells why and how man constructs works of art. Nearly 200 unusual and beautiful illustrations selected by the author.

DEVELOPMENT OF EMBROIDERY IN AMERICA
By Candace Wheeler

A history of embroidery from the quill and beadwork of the American Indians to the artistic achievement of the present. A book to delight the collector and to serve as a guide for the art student, designer, and practical worker. 32 pages of illustrations—some in full color.

HOW FRANCE BUILT HER CATHEDRALS
By Elizabeth Boyle O'Reilly

The Boston Herald writes: "It is a monumental work, of living interest alike to the erudite devotee of the arts and to the person who simply enjoys, in books or his travels, the wonderful and beautiful things that have come from the hand of man ... the story of the French cathedrals against a human background—of the great men and women of the time." With 31 illustrations in tint.

PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATION
By John D. Whiting

For artists who wish to sell their work, for publishers and advertisers who buy it, and for those responsible for mechanical reproduction. It will give the artist a full knowledge of trade requirements. It will teach the art buyer what to look for and provide against in originals. It will help the photo-engraver and photographer to eliminate defects in mechanical reproduction. The author illustrates his points in 25 page plates, many in full color.

HARPER & BROTHERS
Franklin Square New York

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Humor and Drama

By Distinguished Authors

THE MAN FROM HOME
By Booth Tarkington and Harry Leon Wilson

The scene takes place in Italy, and the American humor shows up brilliantly against the foreign background. Illustrated.

MONNA VANNA
By Maurice Maeterlinck

One of the Belgian poet's most powerful dramas. The scenes are laid at Pisa, Italy, at the end of the fifteenth century. Portrait.

L'AIGLON
By Edmond Rostand

This, the only English edition published of the story of the great Napoleon's unfortunate son, was translated by Louis N. Parker. It is illustrated with pictures of Miss Maude Adams in the character of the Duke of Reichstadt. Illustrated.

PARTING FRIENDS
By William Dean Howells

A farcical scene on an outgoing steamer, when two sweethearts can find neither time nor place for tender farewells. Readers who like brilliant conversation, unrestrained fun, and amusing character portrayal will find in these farces a rich treat. Illustrated.

THE MOUSE-TRAP
By William Dean Howells

This volume contains in compact form four of Howells's most popular farces, which have been both read and acted with complete enjoyment and success. The farces in this volume are: The Garroters, Five-o'Clock Tea, The Mouse-Trap, A Likely Story. Illustrated.

HARPER & BROTHERS
Franklin Square New York