III.—ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES.

1.—TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY.

antarc'tic: Gr. anti, opposite, and arktos, a bear. See arctic.

archipel'ago: Gr. archi, chief, and pelagos, sea, originally applied to the Ægean Sea, which is studded with numerous islands.

arc'tic: Gr. arktikos, from arktos, a bear and a northern constellation so called.

Atlan'tic: Lat. Atlanticus, from "Atlas," a fabled Titan who was condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands.

ax'is: Lat. axis, an axletree.

bar'barous: Gr. barbaros, foreign.

bay: Fr. baie, from Lat. baia, an inlet.

can'cer: Lat. cancer, a crab (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac).

cape: Fr. cap, from Lat. caput, head.

cap'ital: Lat. capitalis, from caput, head.

cap'ricorn: Lat. caper, goat, and cornu, horn (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac).

car'dinal: adj Lat. cardinalis, from cardo, cardinis, a hinge.

chan'nel: Lat. canalis, from canna, a reed or pipe.

cir'cle: Lat. circus, from Gr. kirkos, a ring.

circum'ference: Lat. circum, around, and ferre, to bear.

cit'y: Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas, a state or community.

civ'ilized: Lat. civilis, pertaining to an organized community.

cli'mate: Gr. klima, klimatos, slope, the supposed slope of the earth from the Equator to the poles.

coast: Old Fr. coste (New Fr. côte), from Lat. costa, rib, side.

con'fluence: Lat. con, together, and fluere, to flow.

con'tinent: Lat. con, together, and tenere, to hold.

con'tour: Lat. con, together, and tornus, a lathe.

coun'ty: Fr. comte, from Lat. comitatus, governed by a count.

degree': Lat. de, and gradus, a step

diam'eter: Gr. dia, through, and metron, measure.

Equa'tor: Lat. equus, equal.

es'tuary: Lat. æstuare, to boil up, or be furious, the reference being to the commotion made by the meeting of a river-current and the tide.

frig'id: Lat. frigidus, from frigere, to be cold.

geog'raphy: Gr. ge, the earth, and graphe, a description.

globe: Lat. globus, a round body.

gulf: Fr. golfe, from Gr. kolpos, bosom, bay.

har'bor: Anglo-Saxon, hereberga, from beorgan, to shelter.

hem'isphere: Gr. hemi, half, and sphaira, sphere.

hori'zon: Gr. horizein, to bound.

In'dian (ocean): India.

isth'mus: Gr. isthmos, a neck.

lake: Lat. lacus, a lake.

lat'itude: Lat. latitudo, from latus, broad.

lon'gitude: Lat. longitudo, from longus, long.

merid'ian: Lat. meridies (= medius, middle, and dies, day), noon.

metrop'olis: Gr. meter, mother, and polis, city.

mon'archy: Gr. monarchés, from monos, alone, and archein, to rule.

moun'tain: Fr. montagne, from Lat. mons, montis, a mountain.

ob'late: Lat. oblatus (ob and past part. of ferre, to bring), brought forward.

o'cean: Gr. okeanus, from okus, rapid, and nacin, to flow.

Pacif'ic: Lat. pacificus, from pax, pacis, peace, and facere, to make.

par'allel: Gr. para, beside, and allelon, of one another.

penin'sula: Lat. penes, almost, and insula, island.

phys'ical: Gr. physis (phusis), nature.

plain: Lat. planus, flat.

plane: Lat. planus, flat.

pole: Gr. polos, a pivot.

polit'ical: Gr. polis, a city or state.

prom'ontory: Lat. pro, before, and mons, montis, a mountain.

relief': Fr. relever, from Lat. relevare, to raise.

repub'lic: Lat. res, an affair, and publica, public: that is, a commonwealth.

riv'er: Fr. rivière, from Lat. ripa, a shore or bank.

sav'age: Fr. sauvage, from Lat. silva, a wood.

sea: Anglo-Saxon, sæ, the sea.

soci'ety: Lat. societas, from socius, a companion.

2.—TERMS IN GRAMMAR.

ad'jective, Lat. adjectivus, from ad and jacere, to add to: a word joined to a noun or pronoun to limit or describe its meaning.

ad'junct, Lat. adjunctus, from ad and jungere, to join to: a modifier or subordinate element of a sentence.

ad'verb, Lat. adverbium, from ad, to, and verbum, word, verb: a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

anal'ysis, Gr. analusis, from ana and luein, to unloose, to resolve into its elements: the separation of a sentence into its constituent elements.

antece'dent, Lat. antecedens, pres. part. of antecedere, to go before: the noun or pronoun represented by a relative pronoun.

apposi'tion, Lat. appositio, from ad, to, and ponere, to place beside: the state of two nouns put in the same case without a connecting word between them.

ar'ticle, Lat. articulus, a little joint: one of the three words, a, an, or the.

auxil'iary, Lat. auxiliaris, from auxilium, help, aid: a verb used to assist in conjugating other verbs.

case, Lat. casus, from cadere, to fall, to happen: a grammatical form denoting the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence.

clause, Lat. claudere, clausum, to shut: a dependent proposition introduced by a connective.

compar'ison, Lat. comparatio, from comparare, to liken to: a variation in the form of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of quantity or quality.

com'plement, Lat. complementum, from con and plere, to fill fully: the word or words required to complete the predication of a transitive verb.

com'plex (sentence), Lat. complexus, from con and plectere, to twist around: a sentence consisting of one independent proposition and one or more clauses.

com'pound (sentence), Lat. componere (= con and ponere), to put together: a sentence consisting of two or more independent propositions.

conjuga'tion, Lat. conjugatio, from con and jugare, to join together: the systematic arrangement of a verb according to its various grammatical forms.

conjunction, Lat. conjunctio, from con and jungere, to join together: a word used to connect sentences or the elements of sentences.

declen'sion, Lat. declinatio, from declinare, to lean or incline: the process of giving in regular order the cases and numbers of a noun or pronoun.

ellip'sis, Gr. elleipsis, a leaving or defect: the omission of a word or words necessary to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence.

etymol'ogy, Gr. etumologia, from etumon, the true literal sense of a word, and logos, a discourse: that division of grammar which treats of the classification and grammatical forms of words.

fem'inine (gender), Lat. femininus, from femina, woman: the gender of a noun denoting a person of the female sex.

gen'der, Lat. genus, generis, kind: a grammatical form expressing the sex or non-sex of an object named by a noun.

gram'mar, Gr. gramma, a letter, through Fr. grammaire: the science of language.

imper'ative (mood), Lat. imperativus, from imperare, to command: the mood of a verb used in the statement of a command or request.

indic'ative (mood), Lat. indicativus, from indicare, to proclaim: the mood of a verb used in the statement of a fact, or of a matter taken as a fact.

inflec'tion, Lat. inflexio, from inflectere, to bend in: a change in the ending of a word.

interjec'tion, Lat. interjectio, from inter and jacere, to throw between: a word which expresses an emotion, but which does not enter into the construction of the sentence.

intran'sitive (verb), Lat. intransitivus = in, not, and transitivus, from trans and ire, itum, to go beyond: a verb that denotes a state or condition, or an action not terminating on an object.

mas'culine (gender), Lat. masculus, male: the gender of a noun describing a person of the male sex.

mode. See mood.

mood, Lat. modus, through Fr. mode, manner: a grammatical form denoting the style of predication.

neu'ter (gender), Lat. neuter, neither: the gender of a noun denoting an object without life.

nom'inative (case), Lat. nominativus, from nomen, a name: that form which a noun has when it is the subject of a verb.

noun, Lat. nomen, a name, through Fr. nom: a name-word, the name of anything.

num'ber, Lat. numerus, through Fr. nombre, number: a grammatical form expressing one or more than one of the objects named by a noun or pronoun.

ob'ject, Lat. ob and jacere, to set before: that toward which an activity is directed or is considered to be directed.

objec'tive (case), Lat. objectivus, from ob and jacere: the case which follows a transitive verb or a preposition.

parse, Lat. pars, a part: to point out the several parts of speech in a sentence and their relation to one another.

par'ticiple, Lat. participium, from pars, part, and capere, to take, to share: a verbal adjective, a word which shares or participates in the nature both of the verb and of the adjective.

per'son, Lat. persona, the part taken by a performer: a grammatical form which shows whether the speaker is meant, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of.

phrase, Gr. phrasis, a brief expression, from phrazein, to speak: a combination of related words forming an element of a sentence.

ple'onasm, Gr. pleonasmos, from pleion, more: the use of more words to express an idea than are necessary.

plu'ral (number), Lat. pluralis, from plus, pluris, more: the number which designates more than one.

possess'ive (case), Lat. possessivus, from possidere, to own: that form which a noun or pronoun has in order to denote ownership or possession.

poten'tial (mood), Lat. potens, potentis, being able: the mood of a verb used in the statement of something possible or contingent.

predicate, Lat. prædicatum, from præ and dicare, to proclaim: the word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the subject.

preposi'tion, Lat. præpositio, from præ and ponere, to put before: a connective word expressing a relation of meaning between a noun or pronoun and some other word.

pro'noun, Lat. pronomen, from pro, for, and nomen, a noun: a word used instead of a noun.

prop'osition, Lat. propositio, from proponere (pro and ponere), to put forth: the combination of a subject with a predicate.

rel'ative (pronoun), Lat. relativus, from re and ferre, latus, to bear back: a pronoun that refers to an antecedent noun or pronoun.

sen'tence, Lat. sententia, from sentire, to think: a combination of words expressing a complete thought.

sim'ple (sentence), Lat. simplex, from sine, without, and plica, fold: a sentence having but one subject and one predicate.

sub'ject, Lat. subjectus, from sub and jacere, to place under: that of which something is predicated.

subjunc'tive (mood), Lat. subjunctivus, from sub and jungere, to subjoin: the mood used in the statement of something merely thought of.

syn'tax, Gr. suntaxis, from sun, together, and taxis, arrangement: that division of grammar which treats of the relations of words in sentences.

tense, Lat. tempus, time, through Fr. temps: a grammatical form of the verb denoting the time of the action or event.

tran'sitive, Lat. transitivus, from trans and ire, itum, to pass over: a verb that denotes an action terminating on some object.

verb, Lat. verbum, a word: a word that predicates action or being.

voice, Lat. vox, vocis, voice, through Fr. voix: a grammatical form of the transitive verb, expressing whether the subject names the actor or the recipient of the action.