PART II.—THE LATIN ELEMENT.
I.—LATIN PREFIXES.
| Prefix. | Signification. | Example. | Definition. |
| a- ab- abs- | = from | a-vert ab-solve abs-tain | to turn from. to release from. to hold from. |
| ad- a- ac- af- ag- al- an- ap- ar- as- | = to | ad-here a-gree ac-cede af-fix ag-grieve al-ly an-nex ap-pend ar-rive as-sent | to stick to. to be pleasing to. to yield to. to fix to. to give pain to. to bind to. to tie to. to hang to. to reach to. to yield to. |
NOTE.—The forms ac-, af-, etc., are euphonic variations of ad-, and follow generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the root.
| am- amb- | = around | am-putate amb-ient | to cut around. going around. |
| ante- anti- | = before | ante-cedent anti-cipate | going before. to take before. |
| bi- bis- | = two or twice | bi-ped bis-cuit | a two-footed animal. twice cooked. |
| circum- circu- | = around | circum-navigate circu-it | to sail around. journey around. |
| con- co- co- col- com- cor- | = with or together | con-vene co-equal co-gnate col-loquy com-pose cor-relative | to come together. equal with. born together. a speaking with another. to put together. relative with. |
NOTE.—The forms co-, col-, com-, and cor-, are euphonic variations of con-.
| contra- contro- counter- | = against | contra-dict contro-vert counter-mand | to speak against to turn against to order against |
| de- | = down or off | de-pose; de-fend | to put down; fend off. |
| dis- di- dif- | asunder = apart opposite of | dis-pel di-vert dif-fer | to drive asunder. to turn apart. to bear apart; disagree. |
NOTE.—The forms di- and dif- are euphonic forms of dis-; dif- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.
| ex- e- ec- ef- | = out or from | ex-clude e-ject ec-centric ef-flux | to shut out. to cast out. from the center. a flowing out. |
NOTE.—e-, ec-, and ef- are euphonic variations of ex-. When prefixed to the name of an office, ex- denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, ex-mayor, the former mayor.
| extra- | = beyond | extra-ordinary | beyond ordinary. |
| in- il- im- ir- en-, em- | (in nouns and verbs) = in, into, on | in-clude il-luminate im-port ir-rigate en-force | to shut in. to throw light on. to carry in. to pour water on. to force on. |
NOTE.—The forms il-, im-, and ir- are euphonic variations of in-. The forms en- and em- are of French origin.
| in- i(n) il- im- ir- | (in adjectives and nouns.) = not | in-sane i-gnoble il-legal im-mature ir-regular | not sane. not noble. not legal. not mature. not regular. |
| inter- intel- | = between or among | inter-cede intel-ligent | to go between. choosing between. |
| intra- | = inside of | intra-mural | inside of the walls. |
| intro- | = within, into | intro-duce | to lead into |
| juxta- | = near | juxta-position | a placing near |
| non- | = not | non-combatant | not fighting. |
NOTE.—A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between non- and the root.
| ob- o- oc- of- op- | in the way, = against, or out | ob-ject o-mit oc-cur of-fend op-pose | to throw against. to leave out. to run against; hence, to happen. to strike against. to put one's self against. |
| per- pel- | = through, thoroughly | per-vade; per-fect pel-lucid | to pass through; thoroughly made. thoroughly clear. |
NOTE.—Standing alone, per- signifies by: as, per annum, by the year.
| post- | = after, behind | post-script | written after. |
| pre- | = before | pre-cede | to go before. |
| preter- | = beyond | preter-natural | beyond nature. |
| pro | for, = forth, or forward | pro-noun pro-pose | for a noun. to put forth. |
NOTE.—In a few instances pro- is changed into pur-, as purpose; into por-, as portray; and into pol-, as pollute.
| re- red- | = back or anew | re-pel red-eem | to drive back. to buy back. |
| retro- | = backwards | retro-grade | going backwards. |
| se- | = aside, apart | se-cede | to go apart. |
| sine- | = without | sine-cure | without care. |
| sub- suc- suf- sug- sum- sup- sus- | = under or after | sub-scribe suc-ceed suf-fer sug-gest sum-mon sup-port sus-tain | to write under. to follow after. to undergo. to bring to mind from under. to hint from under. to bear by being under. to under-hold. |
NOTE.—The euphonic variations suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, result from assimilating the b of sub- to the initial letter of the root. In "sustain" sus- is a contraction of subs- for sub-.
| subter- | = under or beneath | subter-fuge | a flying under. |
| super- | = above or over | super-natural super-vise | above nature. to over-see. |
NOTE.—In derivatives through the French, super- takes the form sur-, as sur-vey, to look over.
| trans- tra- | through, = over, or beyond | trans-gress tra-verse | to step beyond. to pass over. |
| ultra- | = beyond, or extremely | ultra-montane ultra-conservative | beyond the mountain (the Alps). extremely conservative. |
II.—LATIN SUFFIXES.
| Suffix. | Signification. | Example. | Definition. |
| -able -ible -ble | = that may be; fit to be | cur-able possi-ble solu-ble | that may be cured. that may be done. that may be dissolved. |
| -ac | relating to = or resembling | cardi-ac demoni-ac | relating to the heart. like a demon. |
NOTE.—The suffix -ac is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin.
| -aceous -acious | of; = having the quality of | sapon-aceous cap-acious | having the quality of soap. having the quality of holding much. |
| -acy | condition of = being; office of | celib-acy cur-acy | condition of being single. office of a curate. |
| -age | act, = condition, or collection of | marri-age vassal-age foli-age | act of marrying. condition of a vassal. collection of leaves. |
NOTE.—The suffix -age is found only in French-Latin derivatives.
| -al | adj. = relating to n. the act of; that which | ment-al remov-al capit-al | relating to the mind. the act of removing. that which forms the head of a column. |
| -an -ane | adj. relating to = or befitting n. one who | hum-an hum-ane artis-an | relating to mankind. befitting a man. one who follows a trade. |
| -ance -ancy | state or = quality of being | vigil-ance eleg-ance | state of being watchful. quality of being elegant. |
| -ant | = adj. being n. one who | vigil-ant assist-ant | being watchful. one who assists. |
| -ar | = relating to; like | lun-ar circul-ar | relating to the moon. like a circle. |
| -ary | adj. relating to = n. one who; place where | epistol-ary mission-ary avi-ary | relating to a letter. one who is sent out. a place where birds are kept. |
| -ate | n. one who is adj. having = the quality of v. to perform the act of, or cause | deleg-ate accur-ate navig-ate | one who is sent by others. having the quality of accuracy. to perform the act of sailing. |
| -cle -cule | = minute | vesi-cle animal-cule | a minute vessel. a minute animal. |
| -ee | = one to whom | refer-ee | one to whom something is referred. |
NOTE.—This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin.
| -eer -ier | = one who | engin-eer brigad-ier | one who has charge of an engine. one who has charge of a brigade. |
NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin.
| -ene | = having relation to | terr-ene | having relation to the earth. |
| -ence -ency | = state of being or quality of | pres-ence tend-ency | state of being present. quality of tending towards. |
| -ent | n. one who = or which adj. being or -ing | stud-ent equival-ent | one who studies. being equal to, equaling. |
| -escence | = state of becoming | conval-escence | state of becoming well. |
| -escent | = becoming | conval-escent | becoming well. |
| -ess | = female | lion-ess | a female lion. |
NOTE.—This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin.
| -ferous | = producing | coni-ferous | producing cones. |
| -fic | = making, causing | sopori-fic | causing sleep. |
| -fice | = something done or made | arti-fice | something done with art. |
| -fy | = to make | forti-fy | to make strong. |
| -ic -ical | n. one who = adj. like, made of, relating to | rust-ic hero-ic metall-ic histor-ical | one who has countrified manners. like a hero. made of metal. relating to history. |
NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, namely, adjectives in -ikos. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in -ic denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: as nitric acid.
| -ice | that which | just-ice | that which is just. |
| -ics -ic | the science of | mathemat-ics arithmet-ic | the science of quantity. the science of number. |
NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin.
| -id | = being or -ing | acr-id; flu-id | being bitter; flowing. |
| -ile | = relating to; apt for | puer-ile docile | relating to a boy. apt for being taught. |
| -ine | = relating to; like | femin-ine alkal-ine | relating to a woman. like an alkali. |
| -ion | the act of, = state of being, or -ing | expuls-ion corrupt-ion frict-ion | the act of expelling. state of being corrupt. rubbing. |
| -ish | = to make | publ-ish | to make public. |
| -ise -ize | = to render, or perform the act of | fertil-ize | to render fertile. |
NOTE.—The suffix -ise, -ize, is of French origin, and is freely added to Latin roots in forming English derivatives.
| -ism | = state or act of; idiom | hero-ism Gallic-ism | state of a hero. a French idiom. |
NOTE.—This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words of Greek origin.
| -ist | one who = practices or is devoted to | art-ist botan-ist | one who practices an art. one who is devoted to botany. |
| -ite -yte | = n. one who is adj. being | favor-ite defin-ite prosel-yte | one who is favored. being well defined. one who is brought over. |
NOTE.—The form -yte is found only in words of Greek origin.
-ity -ty | = state or quality of being | security ability liber-ty | state of being secure. quality of being able. state of being free. |
-ive | n. one who is = or that which adj. having the power or quality | capt-ive cohes-ive | one who is taken. having power to stick. |
-ix | = feminine | testatr-ix | a woman who leaves a will. |
ize | (See ise.) | ||
-ment | state of being = or act of; that which | excite-ment induce-ment | state of being excited. that which induces. |
-mony | state or = quality of; that which | matri-mony testi-mony | state of marriage. that which is testified. |
-or | one who; = that which; quality of | audit-or mot-or err-or | one who hears. that which moves. quality of erring. |
-ory | adj. fitted or = relating to n. place where; that which | preparat-ory
armor-y
| fitted to prepare.
place where arms are kept. |
-ose -ous | = abounding in | verb-ose popul-ous | abounding in words. abounding in people. |
-tude | = condition or quality of | servi-tude forti-tude | condition of a slave. quality of being brave. |
-ty | (See -ity.) | ||
-ule | = minute | glob-ule | a minute globe. |
-ulent | = abounding in | op-ulent | abounding in wealth. |
-ure | = act or state of; that which | depart-ure creat-ure | act of departing. that which is created. |
CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS.
| Noun Suffixes | -an -ant -ary -ate -eer -ate -ee -acy -age -ance -ancy -ate -ence -ency -ion -ary -ory -cle -cule -ule | -ent -ier -ist -ive -or -ite -ive -ism -ity -ment -mony -tude -ty -ure | = _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._ = _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that which is._ = _state; condition; quality; act._ = _place where._ = _diminutives._ |
II.
| Adjective Suffixes. | -ac -al -an -ar -ary -ent -ate -ose -ous -able -ble -ive -ferous -fic -aceous -acious -escent | -ic -ical -id -ile -ine -ory -ible -ile | = relating to; like; being. = abounding in; having the quality. = that may be. = having power. = causing or producing. = of; having the quality. = becoming. |
III.
| Verb Suffixes | -ate -fy -ise -ize | = to make; render; perform an act. |
EXERCISE.
I.
a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from the following:—
1. Nouns.
MODEL: art + ist = artist, one who practices an art.[5]
1 art
2 cash
3 humor
4 history
5 vision
6 tribute
7 cure
8 engine
9 auction
10 cannon
11 flute
12 drug
13 tragedy
14 mutiny
15 grammar
16 credit
17 note
18 method
19 music
20 flower (flor-)
2. Verbs.
1 profess
2 descend
3 act
4 imitate
5 preside
6 solicit
7 visit
8 defend
9 survey
10 oppose (oppon-)
3. Adjectives.
1 adverse
2 secret
3 potent
4 private
b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) from the following:—
1 assign
2 bedlam
3 captum (taken)
4 devote
5 favor
6 lease
7 natus (born)
8 patent
9 refer
10 relate
c. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, or act, from the following:—
1. Nouns.
1 magistrate
2 parent
3 cure
4 private
5 pilgrim
6 hero
7 despot
8 judge
9 vassal
10 vandal
2. Verbs.
1 conspire
2 marry
3 forbear
4 repent
5 ply
6 abase
7 excel
8 prosper
9 enjoy
10 accompany
11 depart
12 abound
13 abhor
14 compose
15 deride (deris-)
3. Adjectives.
1 accurate
2 delicate
3 distant
4 excellent
5 current
6 parallel
7 prompt (i-)
8 similar
9 docile
10 moist
d. Write and define nouns denoting place where from the following words:—
1 grain
2 deposit
3 penitent
4 arm
5 observe
e. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the following nouns:—
1 part
2 globe
3 animal
4 verse
5 corpus (body)
II.
a. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or being, from the following nouns:—
1 parent
2 nation
3 fate
4 elegy
5 demon
6 republic
7 Rome
8 Europe
9 Persia
10 presbytery
11 globule
12 luna (the moon)
13 oculus (the eye)
14 consul
15 sol (the sun)
16 planet
17 moment
18 element
19 second
20 parliament
21 honor
22 poet
23 despot
24 majesty
25 ocean
26 metal
27 nonsense
28 astronomy
29 botany
30 period
31 tragedy
32 fervor
33 splendor
34 infant
35 puer (a boy)
36 canis (a dog)
37 felis (a cat)
38 promise
39 access
40 transit
b. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having the quality of, from the following nouns:—
1 passion
2 temper
3 oper- (work)
4 fortune
5 popul- (people)
6 affection
7 aqua- (water)
8 verb (a word)
9 beauty
10 courage
11 plenty
12 envy
13 victory
14 joy
15 globe
c. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having the power, from the following verbs:—
1 blame
2 allow
3 move
4 admit (miss-)
5 collect
6 abuse
7 aud- (hear)
8 divide (vis-)
9 vary
10 ara- (plough)
Write and define the following adjectives denoting—
(causing or producing) 1 terror, 2 sopor- (sleep), 3 flor (a flower), 4 pestis (a plague); (having the quality of) 5 farina (meal), 6 crust, 7 argilla (clay), (becoming), 8 effervesce.
III.
Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of, from the following words:—
1 authentic
2 person
3 captive
4 anima (life)
5 melior (better)
6 ample
7 just
8 sanctus (holy)
9 pan
10 false
11 facilis (easy)
12 magnus(great)
13 equal
14 fertile
15 legal
III.—DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES.
1. A Latin primitive, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb du'cere, to draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed educe, education, deduction, ductile, reproductive, and several hundred other English words.
2. Latin roots consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives.
3. English derivatives from Latin words are generally formed not from the root itself but from a part of the root called the radical. Thus, in the word "education," the root-word is ducere, but the radical is duc- (education = e + duc + ate + ion).
4. A radical is a word or a part of a word used in forming English derivatives.
5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the root-word.
6. Verb-radicals are formed principally from two parts of the verb,—the first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the supine, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in -ing. Thus:—
| 1st pers. sing. pres. ind. Root Derivative Supine Root Derivative | duco (I draw) duc- educe ductum (drawing, or to draw) duct- ductile |
I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine—the second and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. Thus as we say that loved, loving, etc., are parts of the verb "to love," so we say that a'mo (present ind.) and ama'tum (supine) are parts of the verb ama're.
II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate amo, amatum, by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which is amare. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the Dictionary.
7. Noun-radicals and adjective radicals are formed from the nominative and from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of speech. Thus:—
| NOM. CASE. iter (a journey) GEN. CASE. itineris (of a journey) felicis (nom. felix, happy) | ROOT. iter-. ROOT itiner- felic- | DERIVATIVE. reiterate DERIVATIVE. itinerant felicity |
NOTE.—These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the radicals actually used in word-formation, are given.
Pronunciation of Latin Words.
1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs: as miles (= mi'les).
2. C is pronounced like k before a, o, u; and like s before e, i, y, and the diphthongs æ and œ: as cado, pronounced ka'do; cedo, pronounced se'do.
3. G is pronounced hard before a, o, u, and soft like j before e, i, y, æ, œ: as gusto, in which g is pronounced as in August; gero, pronounced je'ro.
4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as bene, pronounced be'ne.
5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as mille, pronounced mil'le.
6. The diphthongs æ and œ are sounded like e: as cædo, pronounced ce'do.
7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as ager, pronounced a'jer.
8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in a, the a should be sounded like ah: as musa, pronounced mu'sah.
9. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iu, and eu, preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change into sh and zh: as fa'cio, pronounced fa'sheo; san'cio, pronounced san'sheo; spa'tium, pronounced spa'sheum.
NOTE.—According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels a, e, i, o, u are pronounced as in baa, bait, beet, boat, boot; ae, au, ei, oe as in aisle, our, eight, oil; c always like k; g as in get; j as y in yes; t as in until; v as w. See any Latin grammar.