THIRD PART.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER | ||||
| XVI.— | DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD'S INTELLECT INDEPENDENT OF LANGUAGE | [3] | ||
| XVII.— | LEARNING TO SPEAK | [33] | ||
| 1. Disturbances of Speech in Adults | [34] | |||
| (1) Periphero-Impressive or Perceptive Disturbances, | [36] | |||
| (2) Central Disturbances, | [37] | |||
| (3) Periphero-Expressive or Articulatory Disturbances, | [38] | |||
| 2. The Organic Conditions of Learning to Speak | [42] | |||
| 3. Parallel between the Disturbances of Speech in Adults and the Imperfections of Speech in the Child | [45] | |||
| I. Lalopathy, | [47] | |||
| The Impressive Peripheral Processes disturbed—Deafness, | [47] | |||
| B. The Central Processes disturbed—Dysphasia, | [47] | |||
| (1) The Sensory Processes centrally disturbed, | [47] | |||
| (2) The Sensori-motor Processes of Diction disturbed, | [48] | |||
| (3) The Motor Processes centrally disturbed, | [49] | |||
| C. The Expressive Peripheral Processes disturbed, | [54] | |||
| (1) Dyslalia and Alalia, | [54] | |||
| (2) Literal Pararthria or Paralalia, | [56] | |||
| (3) Bradylalia, or Bradyarthria, | [57] | |||
| II. Dysphasia, | [58] | |||
| III. Dysmimia, | [62] | |||
| 4. Development of Speech in the Child | [64] | |||
| XVIII.— | FIRST SOUNDS AND BEGINNINGS OF SPEECH IN THE CASE OF A CHILD OBSERVED DAILY DURING HIS FIRST THREE YEARS | [99] | ||
| XIX.— | DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEELING OF SELF, THE "I"-FEELING | [189] | ||
| XX.— | SUMMARY OF RESULTS | [208] | ||
[APPENDIXES.]
| APPENDIX A.—Comparative Observations concerning the Acquirement of Speech by German and Foreign Children | [221] | |||
| (a) Diary of the Child of the Baroness von Taube, of Esthonia, | [261] | |||
| APPENDIX B.—Notes concerning Lacking, Defective, and Arrested Mental Development in the First Years of Life | [272] | |||
| APPENDIX C.—Reports concerning the Process of Learning to See, on the part of Persons born blind, but acquiring Sight through Surgical Treatment. Also some Critical Remarks | [286] | |||
| I. The Chesselden Case, | [286] | |||
| II, III. The Ware Cases, | [288] | |||
| IV, V. The Home Cases, | [296] | |||
| VI. The Wardrop Case, | [300] | |||
| VII. The Franz Case, | [306] | |||
| Final Remarks, | [312] | |||
[A CONSPECTUS OF
THE OBSERVATIONS OF PROFESSOR PREYER ON
THE MIND OF THE CHILD.]
ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY BY MONTHS, FOR THE CONVENIENCE OF
THOSE WHO WISH TO VERIFY THESE OBSERVATIONS, OR TO
USE THEM AS A GUIDE IN THEIR OWN INVESTIGATIONS.
By H. W. BROWN.
FIRST MONTH.
SENSES.[A]
Sight.—Light.—Five minutes after birth, slight sensibility to light (2). Second day, sensitiveness to light of candle (3). Sixth and seventh days, pleasure in moderately bright daylight (3, 4). Ninth and tenth days, sensitiveness greater at waking than soon afterward (3). Sleeping babes close the eyes more tightly when light falls on the eyes (4). Eleventh day, pleasure in light of candle and in bright object (3).
Discrimination of Colors.—Twenty-third day, pleasure in sight of rose-colored curtain (6).
Movements of Eyelids.—First to eleventh day, shutting and opening of eyes (22). Irregular movements (23). Lid closed at touch of lashes from sixth day on (26). Twenty-fifth day, eyes opened and shut when child is spoken to or nodded to (30).
Pleasure shown by opening eyes wide, displeasure by shutting them tightly; third, sixteenth, and twenty-first days (31).
Movements of Eyes.—First day, to right and left (35). Tenth day, non-coördinated movements (36). Third week, irregularity prevails (37).
Direction of Look.—Eleventh day, to father's face and to the light (43). Upward look (43). Twenty-third day, active looking begins (44). Twenty-third and thirtieth days, a moving light followed (44).
Seeing Near and Distant Objects.—Twelfth day, hypermetropia (60).
Hearing.—First days, all children deaf (72). Fourth day, child hears noises like clapping of hands (81). Eleventh and twelfth days, child quieted by father's voice: hears whistling. Twenty-fifth day, pulsation of lids at sound of low voice. Twenty-sixth day, starting at noise of dish. Thirtieth day, fright at loud voice (82).
Feeling.—Sensitiveness to Contact.—At birth (97-105). Second and third days, starting at gentle touches. Seventh day, waked by touch on face (105). Eleventh day, lid closed at touch of conjunctiva more slowly than in adults (103).
Perception of Touch.—First gained in nursing (110).
Sensibility to Temperature.—At birth, cooling unpleasant. Warm bath agreeable. Seventh day, eyes opened wide with pleasure from bath (112). First two or three years, cold water disagreeable (114). Mucous membrane of mouth, tongue, lips, very sensitive to cold and warmth (115).
Taste.—Sensibility.—At birth (116-118). First day, sugar licked (118). Second day, milk licked (119). Differences among newly-born (120). Sensation not merely general (122).
Comparison of Impressions.—During nursing period child prefers sweet taste (123). Second day, child accepts food that on the fourth he refuses (124).
Smell.—Faculty at Birth.—Strong-smelling substances produce mimetic movements (130).
Discrimination.—Eighth day, groping about for nipple (134).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Pleasure.—First day, in nursing; in the bath; in the sight of objects; in the light (141).
Discomfort.—First days, from cold, wet, hunger, tight clothing, etc. (147).
Hunger.—First days, manifested in sucking movements, crying, restlessness (152). Cry differs from that of pain or of satisfaction. Other signs of hunger (153).
Satiety.—Third to fifth week, the nipple pushed away with the lips: mouth-piece of bottle ditto. Tenth day, smile after eating. Fourth week, signs of satisfaction; laughing, opening and half shutting eyes; inarticulate sounds (157).
Fatigue.—From crying and nursing (159). Second and third weeks, from use of senses (160). First month, sleep lasts two hours; sixteen of the twenty-four hours spent in sleep (162).
WILL.
Impulsive Movements.—Outstretching and bending of arms and legs just after birth; contractions, spreading and bending of fingers (205). Grimaces (207). Wrinkling of forehead (309). First day, arms and legs take same position as before birth (206). Second week, stretching of limbs after waking (205).
Reflex Movements.—In case of light-impressions (34-42). First cry (213). Sneezing of newly-born (214). Coughing, ditto. (216). Seventh day, yawning (215). First day, spreading of toes when sole of foot is touched (224). First day, hiccough (219). First five days, choking (218). Wheezing, yawning (215). Seventh day, respiration irregular (217). Ninth day, clasping (243). Tenth day, lips protruded (283). Fourteenth day, movement of left hand toward left temple (220). Twenty-fourth day, snoring (215).
Instinctive Movements.—First to third day, hands to face. Fifth day, fingers clasp firmly; toes do not. Sixth day, hands go into eye (244). Seventh day, pencil held with toes, but no seizing. Ninth day, no clasping by sleeping child (245). Sucking (257-261). At end of first week, lateral movements of head (264). Third week, clasping with fingers, not with thumb (245).
Expressive Movements.—Twenty-sixth day, smile of contentment (296). Twenty-third day, tears flow (307). Crying, with tears, and whimpering, become signs of mental states (308).
INTELLECT.[B]
Memory first active in the departments of taste and of smell; then in touch, sight, hearing (5). Comparison of tastes (I, 123). Vowel-sounds in first month (67). Sounds in first six months (74). Sounds made in crying and screaming, u-ä (101). Twenty-second day, association of the breast with nursing (I, 260).
FOOTNOTES:
[A] Under "Senses" and "Will" the numbers in parentheses indicate pages in Vol. I.
[B] Under "Intellect" the numbers in parentheses indicate pages from Vol. II, unless otherwise stated.
SECOND MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Light.—Bright or highly-colored objects give pleasure (4).
Discrimination of Colors.—Forty-second day, pleasure in sight of colored tassels (7).
Movements of Eyelids.—Fifth week, irregular movements of lids. Eighth week, lid covering iris (23). Twenty-fifth day, opening and shutting eyes in surprise (30). Fifty-seventh and fifty-eighth days, winking. Sixtieth day, quick opening and shutting in fright (26).
Movements of Eyes.—Thirty-first day, strabismus rare. Forty-sixth to fiftieth day, very rare. Fifty-fifth day, irregular movements rare, but appearing in sleep till the sixtieth day (37).
Direction of Look.—Fifth week, toward the Christmas-tree (45). Thirty-ninth day, toward tassels swinging (46). Seventh week, moving lamp or bright object followed (45).
Hearing.—Fifth week, child does not sleep if persons walk or speak. Starting at noises. Sixth week, starting at slight noises even in sleep; quieted by mother's singing. Seventh week, fright at noise is greater (83). Sensibility to musical tones, ditto. Eighth week, tones of piano give pleasure (84).
Touch.—Thirty-eighth day, movements caused by touch of water (107). Forty-first day, reflex movement of arms caused by a general slight agitation (105, 106). Fiftieth and fifty-fifth days, closing of eyelid at touch of eyelash (103). Seventh week, upper lip sensitive (100).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Pleasure in musical sounds (141); in sight of human face (142). Reflexive laughing (145). Sixth week, fretfulness and hunger (155). Eighth week, fatigue after hearing piano-playing (160). Sleep of three, sometimes of five or six hours (162).
WILL.
Impulsive Movements.—Of eyes before waking, also twistings and raisings of trunk (206). Seventh week, number of respirations twenty-eight to the minute (217).
Reflex Movements.—Of right arm at touch of left temple (220). Forty-third day, sneezing caused by witch-meal (215). Fifth week, vomiting (219). Eighth week, laughing caused by tickling (225).
Instinctive Movements.—Seventh week, clasping not yet with thumb. Eighth week, the four fingers of the child embrace the father's finger (245).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—Forty-third day, first consonant; child says am-ma; also vowel-sound ao. Forty-fourth day, syllables ta-hu; forty-sixth day, gö, örö; fifty-first day, ara; eighth and ninth weeks, örrö, arra, frequent (102).
THIRD MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Movements of the Eyelids.—Eyelid not completely raised when child looked up (23). Irregular movements of eyes appear (though rare) up to tenth week; at three months are no more observed (37).
Direction of Look.—Sixty-first day, child looked at his mother and gave a cry of joy; the father's face made the child gay. Sixty-second day, look directed at a swinging lamp (46).
Seeing Near and Distant Objects.—Ninth week, accommodation apparent (54).
Hearing.—Ninth week, sound of watch arouses attention; other noises (84). Eleventh week, head moved in direction of sound (85). Eighty-first day ditto. (47). Twelfth week, sudden turning of head toward sounding body (85).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Pleasure.—Smile at sight of the mother's face (145).
Unpleasant Feeling.—From some internal cause (151).
Fatigue.—Sucking tiresome (159). Sleep of four or five hours without waking (162).
Hunger.—Tenth week, child hungry three times or more in a night (155).
WILL.
Reflex Movements.—Respirations, thirteenth week, twenty-seven to the minute (217). Hiccough frequent; stopped by use of sweetened water (219).
Instinctive Movements.—Eleventh week, pencil held, but mechanically; thumb not used in clasping (245). Twelfth week, eighty-fourth day, contra-position of thumb reflexive (245, 246). Thirteenth week, thumb follows fingers more readily (246). Eleventh week, head balanced occasionally. Twelfth week, some gain in holding head. Thirteenth week, head tolerably well balanced (264). Seizing merely apparent (246). No voluntary movement (266).
INTELLECT.
Eighty-first day, seeking direction of sound (I, 47).
Speech.—Consonant m frequent (67). Sixty-fourth day, ma (102). Sixty-fifth day, nei nei nei and once a-omb. Sixty-sixth day, la, grei, aho, ma. Sixty-ninth day, mömm and ngö. Seventy-first day, ra-a-ao. Seventy-sixth day, nä and nāi-n. Seventy-eighth day, habu. Twelfth week, a-i and uāo, ä-o-a, ä-a-a and o-ä-ö (103).
Feeling of Self.—Eleventh week, child does not see himself in mirror (197).
FOURTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Movements of Eyelids.—Ninety-eighth day, brow wrinkled when look is upward (24). Fifty-seventh day, winking (26). Fifteenth and sixteenth weeks, ditto (27). Seventeenth week, objects seized are moved toward eyes; grasping at objects too distant (55).
Movements of Eyes.—No more non-coördinated (37).
Direction of Look.—Fourteenth week, following person moving. One hundred and first day, following pendulum. Sixteenth week, gazing at sides and ceiling of carriage and at objects (48).
Hearing.—Sixteenth week, head turned toward sound with certainty of reflex (85).
Feeling.—Seventeenth week, eyes are closed when a drop of water touches lashes (103). Fourteenth week, sleeping child throws up arms at sudden touch (106).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Pleasure in grasping at objects (142). Fifteenth week, intervals between meals three or four hours (155). Sleep lasts five or six hours (162). Twenty-second week, astonishment at seeing father after separation (173). Fourteenth week, smile of satiety. Seventeenth week, joy in seeing image in mirror (297).
WILL.
Reflex Movements.—Fourteenth week, right hand to right eye (220).
Instinctive Movements.—Fourteenth week, hands hold objects longer and with contra-position of thumb. Fifteenth and sixteenth weeks, no intentional seizing. One hundred and fourteenth day, ditto (246). Seventeenth week, efforts to take hold of ball; ball moved to mouth and eyes. One hundred and eighteenth day, frequent attempts at seizing; following day, grasping gives pleasure (247). Fourteenth week, head seldom falls forward. Sixteenth week, head held up permanently (264), this the first distinct manifestation of will (265). Fourteenth week, child sits, his back supported (267). Seventeenth week, biting (261).
Imitative Movements.—Fifteenth week, beginnings of imitation; trying to purse the lips (283). Seventeenth week, protruding tip of tongue (284).
Expressive Movements.—Sixteenth week, turnings of head and nodding, not significant; head turned away in refusal (314).
Deliberate Movements.—Fourteenth week, attentive looking at person moving; one hundred and first day, at pendulum swinging (48). Fifteenth week, imitation, pursing lips (283). Sixteenth and seventeenth weeks, voluntary gazing at image in mirror (343).
INTELLECT.
Intellect participates in voluntary movements (I, 338).
Speech.—Fourteenth week, ntö, ha, lö, na. Fifteenth week, nan-nana, nā-nā, nanna, in refusal (103). Sixteenth week, in screaming, ä-ŭ ä-ŭ ä, ā-ŭ ā-ŭ, ŭ-ä ŭ-ä, ū-ū-ā-ö, amme-a; in discomfort, ūă-ūă-ūă-ūă (104).
Feeling of Self.—Seventeenth week, child gazes at his own hand (193). One hundred and thirteenth day, for the first time regards his image with attention (197). One hundred and sixteenth day, laughs at his image (198).
FIFTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Direction of Look.—Looking inquiringly (48).
Seeing Near and Distant Objects.—Reaching too short (55).
Hearing.—Nineteenth week, pleasure in sound of crumpling of paper by himself. Twenty-first week, beating of gong enchains attention (85). Disturbed by noise (86).
Touch.—Auditory canal sensitive (106).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Pleasure in crumpling paper, tearing newspapers and rolling them into balls, pulling at glove or hair, ringing of a bell (142, 143). Eighteenth week, discomfort shown by depressing angles of mouth (149). Eighteenth week, nights of ten to eleven hours without taking food (155). Eighteenth week, desire shown by stretching out arms (247).
WILL.
Instinctive Movements.—Eighteenth week, objects seized are held firmly and carried to the mouth (247). Nineteenth week, child takes bit of meat and carries to mouth. One hundred and twenty-third day, lips protruded in connection with seizing (248).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—Consonant k, gö, kö, ăggĕggĕkö. First five months, screaming sounds u, ä, ö, a, with ü and o; m almost the only consonant (104).
Feeling of Self.—Discovery by child that he can cause sensations of sound (192). Looking at his own fingers very attentively (194).
SIXTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Movements of Eyelids.—Twenty-fifth-week, winking caused by puff of wind in face (27).
Interpretation of what is seen.—Child laughs when nodded to by father; observes father's image in mirror, etc. (62).
Taste.—Medicine taken if sweetened (124). One hundred and fifty-sixth day, child refuses breast, having had sweeter milk. End of twenty-third week, milk of new nurse taken, also cow's milk, meat-broth (125).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Pleasure in grasping increases (142). Arms moved up and down when child is nodded to (144). Twenty-third week, depression of angles of mouth and cry of distress caused by harsh address (149). Hunger apparent in persistent gaze at bottle, crying, and opening of mouth (154). Sleep of six to eight hours (162). Astonishment at seeing father after separation, and at sight of stranger (173).
WILL.
Reflex Movements.—Sneezing caused, on one hundred and seventieth day, by blowing on the child (215).
Instinctive Movements.—Twenty-second week, child raised himself to sitting posture (267). Twenty-third week, ditto; pleased at being placed upright (275).
Expressive Movements.—Laugh accompanied by raisings and droppings of arms when pleasure is great (299). Arm-movements that seemed like defensive movements (314). "Crowing" a sign of pleasure (II, 104).
INTELLECT.
Use of means to cause flow of milk (12).
Speech.—Twenty-second week, ögö, ma-ö-ĕ, hă, ā, ho-ich. "Crowing" and aspirate ha, and brrr-há, signs of pleasure (104). So aja, örrgö, ā-ā-i-ŏ-ā, eu and oeu (French) and ä and ö (German), also ijä; i and u rare (105).
Feeling of Self.—Twenty-third week, discrimination between touch of self and of foreign object (194; I, 109). Twenty-fourth week, child gazes at glove and at his fingers alternately (194). Twenty fourth week, sees father's image in mirror and turns to look at father. Twenty-fifth week, stretches hand toward his own image. Twenty-sixth week, sees image of father and compares it with original (198).
SEVENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Movements of Eyelids.—End of seventh month, opening and shutting of fan causes opening and shutting of eyes (30).
Direction of Look.—Twenty-ninth week, looking at flying sparrow (48). Thirtieth week, child does not look after objects let fall (49).
Seeing Near and Distant Objects.—Accommodation is perfect (55).
Interpretation of what is seen.—Staring at strange face (62).
Hearing.—Gaze at person singing; joy in military music (86).
Feeling.—Child became pale in bath (115).
Taste.—New tastes cause play of countenance (124). One hundred and eighty-fifth day, cow's milk boiled, with egg, is liked; leguminous food not (125).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Pleasure in his image in mirror (142). Child laughs when others laugh to him (145). Twenty-ninth week, crying with hunger; spreading out tongue (153). Satiety shown by thrusting mouth-piece out (157).
WILL.
Impulsive Movements.—Nose becomes mobile. Babes strike about them vigorously (207).
Reflex Movements.—Sighing appears (216).
Instinctive Movements.—Thirtieth week, seizing more perfect (249). Child places himself upright on lap, twenty-eighth week (275).
Imitative Movements.—Imitation of movements of head; of pursing lips (283).
Expressive Movements.—Averting head as sign of refusal; thrusting nipple out of mouth (313, 314). Astonishment shown by open mouth and eyes (55).
INTELLECT.
Child did not recognize nurse after absence of four weeks (7); but children distinguish faces before thirtieth week (6).
Speech.—When hungry, child screams mä, ä, ŭä, ŭäĕ; when contented, says örrö; lä, ŭ-ā-ŭ-i-i; t seldom, k only in yawning, p very rarely (106).
EIGHTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Movements of Eyelids.—Brow not wrinkled invariably in looking upward (24). Play of lid on hearing new noises; no lifting of eyebrows (30, 31). Thirty-fourth week, eyes opened wide with longing (31).
Direction of Look.—Thirty-first week, gaze turned in direction of falling object. Thirty-third week, objects moved slowly downward are followed with close gaze. Thirty-fourth week, objects let fall by him are seldom looked after (49).
Interpretation of what is seen.—Interest in bottles (62).
Hearing.—Quick closing of lids at new impressions of sound (86).
Taste.—Pleasure in the "prepared food" (125).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Discomfort accompanied by square form of the mouth (149). Craving for food shown by cooing sound (155). Strongest feeling connected with appeasing of hunger (157). Restless nights (162). Astonishment at new sounds and sights; with fright (86). Thirty-first week, at clapping of fan. Thirty-fourth week, at imitation of voices of animals (173).
WILL.
Impulsive Movements.—Accompanying movement of hand (210). Thirty-fourth week, stretchings of arms and legs accompanying utterance (II, 108).
Instinctive Movements.—Thirty-second week, seizing with both hands more perfect; attention more active (248). In same week, legs stretched up vertically, feet observed attentively, toes carried to mouth with the hands (249). Pulling objects to him; grasping at bottle (250). Thirty-fourth week, carrying things to mouth (251).
Expressive Movements.—Laugh begins to be persistently loud (299). Thirty-second week, child no longer sucks at lips when he is kissed, but licks them (305). Eyelid half closed in disinclination (315). Interest in objects shown by stretching out hands (321).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—Variety of sounds made in the first eight months at random (76). Concept of bottle before language (79). Sounds in screaming different (106). Once the sound hā-upp; frequently a-e͡i, a-a͡u, ă-ha͡u-ă, hörrö. Also ntĕ-ö, mi-ja mija; once oŭāĕi (107).
Feeling of Self.—Thirty-second week, child looks at his legs and feet as if they were foreign to him (194).
NINTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Movements of Eyes.—Eyes converged easily (38).
Direction of Look.—Thirty-sixth week, objects that fall are not regularly looked after, but slowly moving objects, e. g., tobacco-smoke, are followed (49).
Interpretation of what is seen.—Boxes are gazed at (62). More interest shown in things in general (63).
Hearing.—Winking and starting at slamming noise (86).
Taste.—Yolk of egg with cane-sugar taken with expression of surprise. Water and bread liked (126).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Striking hands together and laughing for joy (145). Eyes shut when something disagreeable is to be endured; head turned away also (148). Cooing, as in eighth month (155). Fear of dog (167, 168).
WILL.
Reflex Movements.—Number of respirations (in fever) forty and forty-two in a minute (217).
Instinctive Movements.—Teeth-grinding (262). Turning over when laid face downward (266). Thirty-fifth week, child places himself on arm and hand of nurse, and looks over her shoulder (275). Thirty-ninth week, likes to sit with support (267). Thirty-ninth week, stands on feet a moment without support (269).
Expressive Movements.—Loud laughing at new, pleasing objects (299). Turns head to light when asked where it is (321).
Deliberate Movements.—Things brought to mouth are put quickly on tongue (329).
INTELLECT.
Question understood before child can speak (I, 321).
Speech.—Voice more modulated: screaming varies with different causes (107). Delight shown by crowing sounds: mä-mä, ämmä, mä, are expressions of pleasure; ā-au-ā-ā, ā-ŏ, a-u-au, na-na; apa, ga-au-ă, acha (108).
Feeling of Self.—Feet are felt of, and toes are carried to mouth (190). Thirty-fifth week, foot grasped and carried to mouth. Thirty-sixth week, other objects preferred to hands and feet. Thirty-ninth week, in the bath his own skin is looked at and felt of, also his legs (194). Thirty-fifth week, his image in mirror is grasped at gayly (198).
TENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Movements of Eyelids.—Brow invariably wrinkled at looking upward (24).
Movements of Eyes.—Convergence of lines of vision disturbed (38).
Direction of Look.—Forty-third week, objects thrown down are looked at (49).
Interpretation of what is seen.—Visual impressions connected with food best interpreted (63).
Hearing.—Head turned at noise (87).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Joy at lighting of lamp (145).
WILL.
Reflex Movements.—Inhibition of reflex (229).
Instinctive Movements.—Forty-third week, carrying objects to mouth (252). Taking a hair from one hand into the other (253). Finger bitten (261). Bread crunched and swallowed (262). Turning over when laid on face (266). Fortieth and forty-first weeks, trying to sit without support (267). Forty-second week, sitting up without support in bath and carriage (267, 268). Forty-first week, first attempts at walking (275). Forty-second week, moving feet forward and sidewise; inclination to walk. Forty-third week, foot lifted high; moving forward (276).
Imitative Movements.—Beckoning imitated (285).
Expressive Movements.—Laughing becomes more conscious and intelligent (299). Crying in sleep (308). Striking hands together in sleep (319). Object pointed at is carried to mouth and chewed (322). Body straightened in anger (324). This not intentional (326).
INTELLECT.
Forty-third week, knowledge of weight of bodies (I, 50). A child missed his parents when they were absent, also a single nine-pin of a set (7, 8).
Speech.—Child can not repeat a syllable heard (77). In monologue, syllables are more distinct, loud, and varied when child is left to himself than when other persons entertain him: ndäĕ bāë-bāë, ba ell, arrö. Frequent are mä, pappa, tatta, appapa, babba, tätä, pa, rrrr, rrra. Hints at imitation (108).
Feeling of Self.—Forty-first week, striking his own body and foreign objects (191). Forty-first to forty-fourth week, image in mirror laughed at and grasped at (198).
ELEVENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Direction of Look.—Forty-seventh week, child throws down objects and looks after them (49).
Seeing Near and Distant Objects.—Forty-fourth week, new objects no longer carried to eyes, but gazed at and felt. Forty-seventh week, accommodation perfect (55).
Interpretation of what is seen.—Trying to fixate objects (63).
Hearing.—Screaming is quieted by a "Sh!" or by singing. Three hundred and nineteenth day, difference in sound of spoon on plate when plate was touched by hand (87).
Taste.—Meat-broth with egg taken; scalded skimmed milk rejected; dry biscuit liked (126).
Organic Sensations And Emotions.—Forty-fourth week, astonishment at strange face (173).
WILL.
Instinctive Movements.—Forty-fifth week, grasping at flame of lamp; forty-seventh, at objects behind a pane of glass; gain in moving muscles of arm; shreds of paper handled (252). Biting father's hand (261). Smacking lips (262). Sitting becomes habit for life (268). Standing without support; stamping; but standing only for a moment (269). End of forty-seventh week, feet well placed, but lifted too high and put down too hard (276).
Expressive Movements.—Grasping at his image with laugh; jubilant noise at being allowed to walk (299).
Deliberate Movements.—Striking spoon against object and exchanging objects (326, 327). Child takes biscuit, carries it to mouth, bites off a bit, chews and swallows it; but can not drink from glass (329).
INTELLECT.
Syllables correctly repeated; intentional sound-imitation on the three hundred and twenty-ninth day. Forty-fifth week, response made for diversion: whispering begins (109). Three kinds of r-sounds: new syllables, ta-he͡e, dann-tee, a͡a-ne͡e, ngä, tai, bä, dall, at-tall, kamm, akkee, praï-jer, tra, ā-he͡e. Some earlier sounds frequent; consonants b, p, t, d, m, n, r; l, g, k: vowel a most used, u and o rare, i very rare (110). Accentuation not frequent (111). Association of idea with utterance in one case (111, 122). Forty-fifth week, to word "papa," response rrra (113).
Feeling of Self.—Forty-fifth to fifty-fifth week, discovery of his power to cause changes (192).
TWELFTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Seeing Near and Distant Objects.—Fifty-first week, pleasure in seeing men sawing wood at distance of more than one hundred feet (55).
Hearing.—Screaming quieted by "Sh!" (87). Three hundred and sixty-third day, hears noise in next room and looks in direction of sound (88).
Taste.—Fastidious about food (126).
Organic Sensations And Emotions.—Grunting as indication of pleasure (144). Fifty-second week, astonishment at new sound (173).
WILL.
Impulsive Movements.—Accompanying movement of hand in drinking (209).
Instinctive Movements.—Child seized father's hand, carried it to mouth and bit it (261). Forty-eighth week, standing without support a moment; stamping; pushing a chair (276). Forty-ninth week, child can not raise himself without help or stand more than an instant. Fiftieth week, can not place himself on his feet, or walk without help (277).
Imitative Movements.—Trying to strike with spoon on tumbler; puffing repeated in sleep (287).
Expressive Movements.—End of year, imitative laughing; crowing (299). Laughing in sleep (300). Opening of mouth in kissing (305). Arms stretched out in desire (322).
Deliberate Movements.—Biscuit put into mouth with few failures; drinking from glass, breathing into the water (329).
INTELLECT.
Ideas gained before language (78). Logical activity applied to perceptions of sound (I, 88). Abstraction, whiteness of milk (18).
Speech.—Imitation more successful, but seldom correct. Articulate sounds made spontaneously: haja, jajajajaja, aja, njaja, naïn-hopp, ha-a, pa-a, dēwär, han-na, mömma, allda, alldaï, apa-u-a, gägä, ka, ladn; atta is varied, no more dada; w for the first time. Ability to discriminate between words (112). Fifty-second week, child of himself obeys command, "Give the hand!" Quieting effect of sounds "sh, ss, st, pst" (113).
Feeling of Self.—Striking hard substances against teeth; gnashing teeth (189). Tearing of paper continued (192).
THIRTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Hearing.—Child strikes on keys of piano; pleased with singing of canary-bird (89).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Laughing almost invariably follows the laugh of others (145). Sleep, fourteen hours daily (162).
WILL.
Instinctive Movements.—Standing some moments without support (270). Fifty-third week, creeping. Fifty-fourth week, walking, with support; movements in creeping asymmetrical (277).
Expressive Movements.—No idea of kissing (305). Shaking head in denial (315). Begging sound along with extending of hands in desire (323).
INTELLECT.
Trying door after shutting it (15, 16). Hears the vowel-sounds in word (68).
Speech.—Desire expressed by ä-na, ä-nananana (112). Awkwardness continues; attention more lively. Tries to repeat words said for him. Three hundred and sixty-ninth day, papa repeated correctly (113, 114). Syllables most frequent, nja, njan, dada, atta, mama, papaï, attaï, na-na-na, hatta, meenĕ-meenĕ-meenĕ, mömm, mömma, ao-u: na-na denotes desire, mama, mother. Fifty-fourth week, joy expressed by crowing, some very high tones; first distinct s, three hundred and sixty-eighth day (114). Understanding of words spoken (115). Confusion of associations; first conscious act of obedience (116).
Feeling of Self.—Rapping head with hand (191). Finding himself a cause; shaking keys, etc. (192). Fifty-fifth week, strikes himself and observes his hands; compares fingers of others with his own (195).
FOURTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Seeing Near and Distant Objects.—Fifty-eighth week, grasping at lamp above him (55).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Fear of falling (169). Fifty-eighth week, astonishment at lantern (173).
WILL.
Instinctive Movements.—Child could be allowed to bite paper to pieces; he took the pieces out of his mouth (253). Fifty-seventh week, he hitches along on hands and knees; can not walk without support. Sixtieth week, raises himself by chair (277).
Imitative Movements.—For imitating swinging of arms an interval of time was required (287). Coughing imitated (288). Nodding not imitated (315).
Expressive Movements.—Confounding of movements (322). Affection shown by laying hand on face and shoulders of others (324).
Deliberate Movements.—Child takes off and puts on the cover of a can seventy-nine times (328).
INTELLECT.
Wrong understanding of what is heard (89).
Speech.—No doubt that atta means "going"; brrr, practiced and perfected; dakkn, daggn, taggn, attagn, attatn; no special success in repeating vowels and syllables (117). Child tries and laughs at his failures, if others laugh; parrot-like repetition of some syllables (118). Gain in understanding of words heard; association of definite object with name (119). More movements executed on hearing words (120). Confounding of movements occurs, but grows rare; begging attitude seen to be useful (121).
Feeling of Self.—Four hundred and ninth day, child bit himself on the arm (189). Pulling out and pushing in a drawer, turning leaves of book, etc. (192). Fifty-seventh week, child looks at his image in hand-mirror, puts hand behind glass, etc. (198). Fifty-eighth week, his photograph treated in like manner; he turns away from his image in mirror; sixtieth week, recognizes his mother's image in mirror as image (199).
FIFTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Direction of Look.—Sixty-third to sixty-fifth week, objects thrown down and looked after (50).
Interpretation of what is seen.—Grasps at candle, puts hand into flame, but once only (63).
Hearing.—Laughing at new noises, as gurgling or thunder (89).
Smell.—Coffee and cologne make no impression till end of month (134).
WILL.
Instinctive Movements.—Sixty-second week, child stands a few seconds when support is withdrawn. Sixty-third week, walks, holding on to a support (277). Sixty-fourth week, can walk without support, if he thinks he is supported; sixty-fifth week, walks holding by one finger of another's hand; raises himself to knees, stands up if he can hold to something (278).
Imitative Movements.—Coughing. Learns to blow out candle (288). Opening and shutting of hand (289).
Expressive Movements.—Laughing at new sounds (299). The words "Give a kiss" produce a drawing near of head and protruding of lips (306). Wrinkling of brow in attempts at imitation (310). Deprecating movement of arm (314). Sixty-fourth week, nodding sometimes accompanies the word "no"; four hundred and forty-fifth day, an accompanying movement (316). First shrugging of shoulders (317). Begging gesture made by child when he wants something (318). Same made in asking for amusement (319). Wish expressed by handing a ring, looking at glasses to be struck, and saying hay-ŭh (323).
INTELLECT.
Hunting for scraps of paper, etc. (17). After burning his finger in flame of candle, the child never put it near the flame again, but would, in fun, put it in the direction of the candle. He allowed mouth and chin to be wiped without crying (20).
Speech.—New sound wa; astonishment expressed by hā-ā-ĕā-ĕ, joy by crowing in high and prolonged tones, strong desire by häö, hä-ĕ, pain, impatience, by screaming in vowels passing over into one another (121). The atta still used when a light is dimmed (122). Advance in repeating syllables. Child is vexed when he can not repeat a word. One new word, heiss (hot) (123). The s is distinct; th (Eng.) appears; w; smacking in sixty-fifth week; tongue the favorite plaything (124). Understands words "moon," "clock," "eye," "nose," "cough," "blow," "kick," "light"; affirmative nod at "ja" in sixty-fourth week; negative shaking at "no"; holding out hand at words "Give the hand" or "hand"; more time required when child is not well (125).
Feeling of Self.—Child bit his finger so that he cried out with pain (191). Sixty-second week, playing with his fingers as foreign objects; pressing one hand down with the other (195). Sixty-first week, trying to feel of his own image in the mirror (199).
SIXTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Seeing Near and Distant Objects.—Sixty-eighth week, reaching too short, too far to left or right, too high or too low (56).
Interpretation of what is seen.—Grasping at jets of water (63).
Hearing.—Child holds watch to his ear and listens to the ticking (89).
Smell.—Smell and taste not separated; a flower is taken into mouth (135).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Fear of high tones (169).
WILL.
Impulsive Movements.—Sleeping child raised hand to eye (202). Accompanying movement of fingers in drinking (210).
Reflex Movements.—Respirations, in sleep, twenty-two to twenty-five a minute (217).
Instinctive Movements.—Sixty-sixth week, four hundred and fifty-seventh day, child runs alone (278). Next day, stops and stamps. Four hundred and sixty-first day, can walk backward, if led, and can turn round alone. At the end of the week can look at objects while walking. Sixty-seventh week, a fall occurs rarely. Sixty-eighth week, walking becoming mechanical (279).
Imitative Movements.—A ring put on his head in imitation (289). Waiting attitude (318).
Expressive Movements.—Lips protruded almost like a snout (302). Shaking head meant "No" and "I do not know" (316). Child shrugs shoulders when unable to answer (317). Waiting attitude becomes a sign (318).
Deliberate Movements.—Opening and shutting cupboards, bringing objects, etc. Holding ear-ring to ear (327).
INTELLECT.
Child holds an ear-ring to his ear with understanding (I, 327). A begging movement at seeing box from which cake had come (11). Small understanding shown in grasping at ring (13).
Speech.—Progress in repeating words spoken for him and in understanding words heard. Desire expressed by hä! hä-ö! hä-ĕ! hĕ-ĕ! More seldom hi, gö-gö, gö, f-pa, a͡u; more frequently, ta, dokkn, tá-ha, a-bwa-bwa, bŭā-bŭā; once dagon. Child "reads" the newspaper (126). Pain expressed by screaming; joy by crowing with vowel i; a repeated on command; mö and ma; imitation tried (127). Touches eye, ear, etc., when these are named—not with certainty (128). Understands "bring," "give," etc. (129).
Feeling of Self.—Putting thumbs against the head and pushing, experimenting (191). Sixty-sixth week, child strikes at his image in mirror. Sixty-seventh week, makes grimaces before mirror; turns round to see his father, whose image appeared in mirror (199). Sixty-ninth week, signs of vanity (200).
SEVENTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Interpretation of what is seen.—Child grasps at tobacco-smoke (64).
Hearing.—Holding watch to ear (89).
Taste.—Surprise at new tastes (119).
Smell.—Inability to separate smell and taste (135).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Prolonged sleep; ten hours at a time (162).
WILL.
Reflex Movements.—Right hand moved when right nostril is touched (221).
Instinctive Movements.—Clasping of finger in sleep (243). Seventieth week, child raises himself from floor alone; seventy-first week, steps over threshold (279).
Expressive Movements.—Shaking head means "I do not wish" (316). Throwing himself on floor and screaming with rage (323).
INTELLECT.
Child brings traveling-bag to stand upon in order to reach (12). Play of "hide and seek" (17).
Speech.—Screaming, whimpering, etc. (101). Increase of discrimination: bibi, nä-nä-nä, t-tó, höt-tó; voluntary imitation (129). Associations of words heard with objects and movements (130).
Feeling of Self.—Making grimaces before mirror (200).
EIGHTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Direction of Look.—Seventy-eighth week, throwing away of playthings is rare (50).
Interpretation of what is seen.—Anxiety on seeing man dressed in black (64).
Smell.—Objects no longer carried to mouth (135).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Laughing at thunder (170).
WILL.
Impulsive Movements.—Holding little finger apart from others (209).
Instinctive Movements.—Walks over threshold by holding on (275). Seventy-seventh week, runs around table; seventy-eighth, walks over threshold without holding on (280).
Imitative Movements.—Blowing horn (290).
Expressive Movements.—Trying to hit with foot, striking, etc. (315). Waiting attitude (318).
Deliberate Movements.—Full spoon carried to mouth with skill (329).
INTELLECT.
Memory of towel (8). Watering flowers with empty pot (16). Plays (17). Giving leaves to stag, etc. (18). Stick of wood put in stove (20).
Speech.—Understanding of words increases (130). Repeating of syllables is rare; atta becomes tto, t-tu, ftu; feeling recognized by tone of voice (131).
Feeling of Self.—Recognition of himself as cause of changes (192).
NINETEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Hearing.—Hearing watch on his head (89).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Fear of strangers ceases (150). Laugh at thunder and lightning (170).
WILL.
Imitative Movements.—Combing and brushing hair, washing hands, etc. (290).
Expressive Movements.—Fastidious about kissing (306). Pride in baby-carriage (324).
Deliberative Movements.—Spoon taken in left hand (329).
INTELLECT.
Father recognized after absence (8). Bringing cloth for wrap and begging for door to be opened (12). Grunting in order to be taken away (13). Induction, watch and clock (18). Crying seen to be useless (20).
Speech.—Imitation of whistle (91). Spontaneous sound imitations more frequent (131). Gazing after objects thrown and whispering, reading newspaper (132). Response to pa correctly given (133). Objects correctly pointed out; memory of tricks (134).
Feeling of Self.—Attempt to give his foot (190).
TWENTIETH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Discrimination of Colors.—First color-tests. Eighty-fifth week, no discrimination (7). Eighty-sixth and eighty-seventh weeks, no results (8).
Movements of the Eyes.—Readiness of convergence, pupils very wide open (38).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Prolonged sleep habitual, etc. (163).
WILL.
Reflex Movements.—Respirations twenty-two and more (217).
Instinctive Movements.—Eighty-fifth week, thresholds stepped over quickly; inclines forward in running (280).
Imitative Movements.—Use of comb and brush, putting on collar (290). Scraping feet, putting pencil to mouth, marking on paper (291).
Expressive Movements.—Proximity essential in kissing; bends head when "kiss" is said (306). Antipathy expressed by turning head at approach of women in black (315).
Deliberate Movements.—Carries spoon with food to mouth cleverly (329).
INTELLECT.
As in nineteenth month, grunting (12,13).
Speech.—Rodi, otto, rojo (93). Understanding of the word "other" (128, 129). Five hundred and eighty-fourth day, important advance in repeating words said (135). Imagination; can not repeat three syllables; laughs when others laugh (136). Single words more promptly understood (137). One new concept, expressed by dā and ndā, or tā and ntā. Eighty-seventh week, attah said on railway-train; papa and bät or bit (for "bitte") rightly used; much outcry (138). Crowing tones not so high; loud readings continued (139).
TWENTY-FIRST MONTH.
SENSES.
Hearing.—Dancing not rhythmical (89, 90).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Fear of the sea (170).
WILL.
Instinctive Movements.—Eighty-ninth week, running is awkward, but falling rare (280).
Imitative Movements.—Imitation without understanding (290, 291).
Expressive Movements.—Ninetieth week, pointing as expression of wish (321).
INTELLECT.
Recognition of father (8). Association of biscuit with coat and wardrobe (11).
Speech.—Imitations more frequent. Eighty-ninth week, babbling different, more consonants; ptö-ptö, pt-pt, and verlapp, also dla-dla; willfulness shown in articulate sounds and shaking head (139). Unlike syllables not repeated, dang-gee and dank-kee; tendency to doubling syllables, tete, bibi; babbling yields great pleasure; bibi for "bitte" rightly used. New word mimi, when hungry or thirsty (140). Understands use and signification of sound, neinein; and answers of his own accord jaja to question in ninety-first week. Strength of memory for sounds; points correctly to nose, mouth, etc. (141). Astonishing progress in understanding what is said. Few expressions of his own with recognizable meaning, jāĕ excepted. Att, att, att, unintelligible. Tried to imitate sound of steam of locomotive (142).
Feeling of Self.—Placing shells and buttons in rows (193). Puts lace about him; vanity; laughs and points at his own image in mirror (200). The same on six hundred and twentieth day (201).
TWENTY-SECOND MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—New impressions enchain attention; the mysterious more attractive (64).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—Progress in understanding; orders executed with surprising accuracy (142). Strength of word-memory; facility of articulation; spontaneous utterance of pss, ps, ptsch, pth; pa-ptl-dä-pt; greeting with hāā-ö, ada and ana. Singing, rollo, mama, mämä, etc. More certainty in reproducing sounds: "pst, anna, otto, lina," etc. Three-syllabled words correctly repeated, a-ma-ma, a-pa-pa (143). Words too hard are given back with tapĕta, pĕta, pta, ptö-ptö or rateratetat. Ja ja and nein nein, with da and bibi and mimi, used properly in request. Cry of pain a strong contrast with the crowing for joy (144).
TWENTY-THIRD MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Seeing Near and Distant Objects.—Ninety-sixth week, does not appreciate distance (56).
WILL.
Imitative Movements.—Imitative impulse seems like ambition; ceremonious movements imitated (291).
Expressive Movements.—Kiss given as a mark of favor (306). Striking hands together in applause and desire for repetition (319). Tears of sorrow instead of anger; tries to move chair to table, etc. (324).
INTELLECT.
Joy at seeing playthings after absence of eleven and a half weeks (8). Concept of "cup" not sharply defined (16). Use of adjective for the first spoken judgment (96).
Speech.—Heiss (hot) means "The drink is too hot," and "the stove is hot" (144). Watja and mimi; mimmi, mömö, māmā, mean food; atta, disappearance; spontaneous articulation, o͡i, e͡u, ana, ida, didl, dadl, dldo-dlda; in singing-tone, opojö, apojopojum aui, heissa; calls grandparents e-papa and e-mama; knows who is meant when these are spoken of. Understands words more easily, as "drink, eat, shut, open" (145). Word-memory becoming firm; imagination. Great progress in reproducing syllables and words (146). Child's name, "Axel," is called Aje, Eja. "Bett, Karre, Kuk," repeated correctly. Echolalia reappears (147). Words are best pronounced by child when he is not called upon to do it (148).
Feeling of Self.—Child holds biscuit to his toes (190).
TWENTY-FOURTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Interpretation of what is seen.—Moving animals closely observed (64).
Hearing.—Trying to sing, and beating time (90).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Astonishment more seldom apparent (174).
WILL.
Instinctive Movements.—Child turns, of himself, dancing in time to music; beats time (280).
Imitative Movements.—Ceremonious movements imitated, salutation, uncovering head (291).
Expressive Movements.—Roguish laughing first observed (299).
INTELLECT.
Understanding of actions and of use of utensils more developed than ability to interpret representations of them (I, 64, 65).
Speech.—Voluntary sound-imitations gain in frequency and accuracy; genuine echolalia (148). Imperfect imitations (149). Multiplicity of meanings in the same utterance (150). Distinguishing men from women. Combination of two words into a sentence, seven hundred and seventh day; words confounded; also gestures and movements; but not in the expression of joy and grief (151, 152).
TWENTY-FIFTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Discrimination of Colors.—Color-tests, red and green; seven hundred and fifty-eighth day, eleven times right, six wrong; seven hundred and fifty-ninth, seven right, five wrong; seven hundred and sixtieth, nine right, five wrong (8). Does not yet know what blue and green signify. Moves and handles himself well in twilight (21).
Seeing Near and Distant Objects.—One hundred and eighth week, power of accommodation good; small photographic likenesses recognized (56).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—Progress is extraordinary. Does not pronounce a perfect "u." All sound-imitations more manifold, etc.; begins saying "so" when any object is brought to appointed place (152). Has become more teachable, repeats three words imperfectly. Evidence of progress of memory, understanding and articulation in answers given. No word invented by himself; calls his nurse wolá, probably from the often-heard "ja wohl." Correct use of single words picked up increases surprisingly (153). Misunderstandings rational; words better understood; reasoning developed (154). Inductive reasoning. Progress in forming sentences. Sentence of five words. Pronouns signify objects or qualities (155, 156).
TWENTY-SIXTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Discrimination of Colors.—Seven hundred and sixty-third day, 15 right, 1 wrong. Three colors pointed out; disinclination to continue (8). Seven hundred and sixty-fifth day, green confounded with yellow. One hundred and tenth week, right 73, wrong 22. Blue added. End of one hundred and tenth week to one hundred and twelfth week, right 124, wrong 36. Yellow more surely recognized than other colors. Violet added (9). Colors taken separately. One hundred and twelfth week, right 44, wrong 11. Tests in both ways; attention not continuous. Gray is added. One hundred and twelfth and one hundred and thirteenth weeks, right 90, wrong 27 (10, 11). Child does not know what "green" means in one hundred and twelfth week (21).
Seeing Near and Distant Objects.—One hundred and thirteenth week, articles of furniture recognized in pictures at distance of three inches or three feet (56).
WILL.
Instinctive Movements.—First attempts at climbing (331).
INTELLECT.
Child points out objects in pictures, and repeats names given to them; list of results (156). Points out of his own accord, with certainty, in the picture-book. Appropriates many words not taught him, tola for "Kohlen," dals for "Salz." Others correctly said and used (157). Some of his mutilated words not recognizable; "sch" sometimes left out, sometimes given as z or ss. Independent thoughts expressed by words more frequently; "Good-night" said to the Christmas-tree (158). Verb used (in the infinitive) showing growth of intellect; learning of tricks decreases (159). No notion of number; does not understand "Thank you," but thanks himself. More names of animals, learned from adults; no onomatopœia (160).
TWENTY-SEVENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Discrimination of Colors.—Color-tests, from one hundred and fourteenth to one hundred and sixteenth week, four trials, colors mixed; result, 59 right, 22 wrong (11). Blue especially confounded with violet, also with green. Four trials in one hundred and fourteenth and one hundred and fifteenth weeks; result, 58 right, 32 wrong (12). Two trials in one hundred and fifteenth week; result, 25 right, 16 wrong (13).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Uncomfortable feeling through pity; child weeps if human forms cut out of paper are in danger of mutilation (150, 151).
WILL.
Instinctive Movements.—Pleasure in climbing begins (280).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—Activity of thought. Observation and comparison. Gratitude does not appear (161). Wishes expressed by verbs in the infinitive or by substantives. Adverbs; indefinite pronouns. Seven hundred and ninety-sixth day, makes the word Messen (162). Wolà and atta have almost disappeared. Independent applications of words (163). Monologues less frequent. Begs apple to give to a puppet. Echolalia prominent. Tones and noises imitated (164). Laughing when others laugh; fragments of a dialogue repeated. Feeble memory for answers and numbers. Eight hundred and tenth day, gave his own name for first time in answer to a question (165). No question yet asked by the child. The article is not used. Pronunciation slowly becoming correct (166).
TWENTY-EIGHTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Discrimination of Colors.—One hundred and twenty-first week, greater uncertainty (13).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Fear of pigs (168).
WILL.
Instinctive Movements.—Going on all-fours; jumping, climbing gives pleasure (280).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—Rapid increase of activity in forming ideas, and greater certainty in use of words. Ambition; observation and combination; beginning of self-control; use of his own name and of names of parents; independent thinking (167). Increase in number of words correctly pronounced; attempt to use prepositions; first intelligent use of the article (168). Questioning active; first spontaneous question on eight hundred and forty-fifth day. "Where?" is his only interrogative word. Reproduction of foreign expressions (169). Imagination lively; paper cups used like real ones. Articulation better, but still deficient. Many parts of the body named correctly (170). Child makes remarks for a quarter of an hour at a time concerning objects about him, sings, screams in sleep (171).
TWENTY-NINTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Discrimination of Colors.—One hundred and twenty-fourth week, right, 58; wrong, 49. Eight hundred and sixty-eighth day, child takes colors of his own accord and names them; confounding rose, gray, and pale-green, brown and gray, blue and violet. One hundred and twenty-fourth and one hundred and twenty-fifth weeks, right, 80; wrong, 34 (14). Red and yellow generally named rightly; blue and green not. Red and yellow are removed; child is less interested. One hundred and twenty-fifth and one hundred and twenty-sixth weeks, right, 80; wrong, 63. Orange confounded with yellow, blue with violet, green with gray, black with brown. Failure of attempt to induce child to put like colors together, or to select colors by their names (15).
Direction of Look.—One hundred and twenty-fourth week, gaze follows ball thrown (50).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Fear of dogs (168).
INTELLECT.
Personal pronoun used in place of his own name. Inflection of verbs appears, but the infinitive is generally used for imperative; regular and irregular verbs begin to be distinguished (171). Desire expressed by infinitive. Numbering active; numerals confounded. Eight hundred and seventy-eighth day, nine-pins counted "one, one, one," etc. (172). Questioning increases; "too much" is confounded with "too little." Yet memory gains (173). Sounds of animals well remembered. Slow progress in articulation (174).
Feeling of Self.—Personal pronoun in place of his own name; "me" but not yet "I" (202).
THIRTIETH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Discrimination of Colors.—One hundred and twenty-sixth, one hundred and twenty-seventh, and one hundred and twenty-eighth weeks, four trials with single color at a time; 75 right, 34 wrong. Eight hundred and ninety-eighth day, every color rightly named; some guessing on blue and green (16).
Interpretation of what is seen.—Persistent desire daily to "write" locomotives (66).
Hearing.—While eating, by chance puts hand to ear while kettle of boiling water stood before him; notices diminution in force of sound (88).
WILL.
Instinctive Movements.—Mounting a staircase without help; ten days later with hands free (280, 281).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—Independent activity of thought. When language fails, he considers well (174). Deliberation without words; concepts formed. Intellectual advance shown in first intentional use of language (175). Only interrogative word is still "Where?" "I" does not appear, but "me" is used. Sentences independently applied (176). More frequent use of the plural in nouns; of the article; of the strong inflection; auxiliaries omitted or misemployed. Twofold way of learning correct pronunciation (177). Memory for words denoting objects good; right and left confounded (178).
THIRTY-FIRST MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Discrimination of Colors.—Nine hundred and thirty-fourth day, child says he can not tell green and blue. Green mostly called gray; blue, violet (17).
Feeling.—Sensibility to Temperature.—Child laughs joyously in cold bath (115).
WILL.
Weakness of will shown by ceasing to eat when told that he has had enough (344).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—Onomatopœia: imitation of locomotive-whistle (91). Two new questions. Indefinite article more frequent. Individual formations of words, as comparative of "high"; "key-watch." Confounding of "to-day" and "yesterday" (178). Forming of sentences imperfect. Reporting of faults. Calls things "stupid" when he is vexed by them. Changes occupation frequently. Imitation less frequent. Singing in sleep. "Sch" not yet pronounced (179).
Feeling of Self.—Causing change in objects, pouring water into and out of vessels (193). Laughing at image of self in mirror (201).
THIRTY-SECOND MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Discrimination of Colors.—One hundred and thirty-eighth and a few previous weeks, six trials, child taking colors and naming them; right 119, wrong, 38 (16, 17). Green and blue called "nothing at all." Unknown colors named green; leaves of roses called "nothing," as are whitish colors. One hundred and thirty-eighth and one hundred and thirty-ninth weeks, three trials; right, 93, wrong, 39 (17, 18). Green begins to be rightly named, blue less often (18).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—"I" begins to displace the name of child. Sentence correctly applied. Clauses formed. Particle separated in compound verbs. Longer names and sentences distinctly spoken, but the influence of dialect appears (180). Memory improved, but fastidious; good for what is interesting and intelligible to child (181).
Feeling of Self.—Fourfold designation of self (202).
THIRTY-THIRD MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Discrimination of Colors.—One hundred and thirty-ninth, one hundred and forty-first, and one hundred and forty-sixth weeks, took colors of his own accord and named them; result of three trials, 66 right, 19 wrong (18).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Fear of even smallest dog (168).
INTELLECT.
Understanding that violations of well-known precepts have unpleasant consequences (21).
Speech.—Strength of memory shown in characteristic remarks Narrative of feeding fowls (181). Interest in animals and other moving objects; lack of clearness in concepts of animal and machine; meaning of word "father" includes also "uncle"; selfhood more sharply manifested. Confounds "too much" with "too little," etc. (182).
Feeling of Self.—"I" especially used in "I want that," etc. (202).
THIRTY-FOURTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Discrimination of Colors.—"Green" rightly applied to leaves and grass (18). Order in which colors are rightly named up to this time; right, one thousand and forty-four; wrong, four hundred and forty-two: right, 70.3 per cent; wrong, 29.7. Yellow and red much sooner named rightly than green and blue (19).
WILL.
Instinctive Movements.—First gymnastic exercises (281).
Expressive Movements.—Kissing an expression of thankfulness (306).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—Repeating, for fun, expressions heard. Calls, without occasion, the name of the nurse; calls others by her name, sometimes correcting himself. Seldom speaks of himself in third person; gradually uses "Du" in address; uses "What?" in a new way. One thousand and twenty-eighth day, "Why?" first used; instinct of causality expressed in language (183). Questioning repeated to weariness. Articulation perfected, with some exceptions (184).
Feeling of Self.—Repeats the "I" heard, meaning by it "you" (202).
THIRTY-FIFTH MONTH.
WILL.
Reflex Movements.—Responsive movement in sleeping child (221).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—Fondness for singing increases; pleasure in compass and power of his voice (185).
THIRTY-SIXTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Hearing.—Musical notes C, D, E, could not be rightly named by child, in spite of teaching (90).
INTELLECT.
"When?" not used until close of the third year (184). Great pleasure in singing, but imitation here not very successful, though surprisingly so in regard to speech. Grammatical errors more rare. Long sentences correctly but slowly formed. Ambition manifested in doing things without help (185).
Invention in language rare. Participles well used (186).
THIRTY-SEVENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
Sight.—Discrimination of Colors.—Colors named correctly except very dark or pale ones (21).
Organic Sensations and Emotions.—Night's sleep from eleven to twelve hours; day-naps no longer required (163). Fear (in sleep) of pigs (168).
INTELLECT.
Speech.—Child's manner of speaking approximates more and more rapidly to that of the family (186).
FORTIETH MONTH.
INTELLECT.
Feeling of Self.—Fortieth month, pleased with his shadow (201).