Lameness
Dogs, as well as horses, become lame from stiff joints, splints, and sprains. Stiff joints are occasioned by anchylosis, or the deposit of calcareous or osseous matter within the ligament or around the head of the bone, which latter defect is known as ring-bone in the horse.
Treatment
. — Stimulating friction to the parts, such as spirits of camphor, or camphorated liniment, mercurial ointment, tincture of iodine, opodeldoc, blistering, &c. —
L. end of editorial addition
[Contents]/[Detailed Contents, p. 7]/[Index]
[Chapter XVI — Fractures]
These are of not unfrequent occurrence in the dog; and I once had five cases in my hospital at the same time.
In the human subject, fractures are more frequent in adults, and, perhaps, in old men, than in infants; but this is not the case with the smaller animals generally, and particularly with dogs. Five-sixths of the fractures occur between the time of weaning and the animal being six months old; not, perhaps, because of their chemical composition, that the bones are more fragile at this age; but because young dogs are more exposed to fall from the hands of the persons who carry them, and from the places to which they climb; and the extremities of the bones, then being in the state of
epiphysis
, are easily separated from the body of the bone. When the fracture takes place in the body of the bone, it is transverse or somewhat oblique, but there is scarcely any displacement.
A simple bandage will be sufficient for the reduction of these fractures, which may be removed in ten or twelve days, when the preparatory
callus
has acquired some consistence. One only out of twenty dogs that were brought to me with fractures of the extremities, in the year 1834, died. Two dogs had their jaws fractured by kicks from horses, and lost several of their teeth. In one of them the anterior part of the jaw was fractured perpendicularly; in the other, both branches were fractured. Plenty of good soup was injected into their mouths. Ten or twelve days afterwards, they were suffered to lap it; and in a little while they were dismissed cured.
It will be desirable, perhaps, to describe our usual method of reducing the greater part of the fractures which come under our notice.
- [The] humerus was fractured just above the elbow and close to the
joint. The limb was enclosed in adhesive plaster, and supported by a
firm bandage. The bones were beginning to unite, when, by some means
concerning which I could never satisfy myself, the tibia was broken a
little above the hock. Nothing could well be done with this second
fracture; but great care was taken with regard to the former. The lower
head of the humerus remained somewhat enlarged; but the lameness became
very slight, and in three weeks had nearly or quite disappeared. Nothing
was done to the second fracture; in fact, nothing more than a slight,
annular enlargement, surrounding the part, remained — a proof of the
renovating power of nature.
- A spaniel was run over by a light carriage. It was unable to put
the left hind leg to the ground, and at the upper tuberosity of the
ileum some crepitus could be distinguished. I subtracted six ounces of
blood, administered a physic-ball, and ordered the patient to be well
fomented with warm water several times during the night. On the
following day no wound could be discovered, but there was great
tenderness. I continued the fomentation. Two or three days afterwards
she was evidently easier. I then had the hair cut close, and covered the
loins and back with a pitch-plaster. At the expiration of six days the
plaster was getting somewhat loose, and was replaced by another with
which a very small quantity of powdered cantharides was mingled. At the
expiration of the fifth week she was quite well.
- [The] thigh-bone had been broken a fortnight. It was a compound
fracture: the divided edges of the bone protruded through the
integuments, and there was no disposition to unite. It is not in one
case in a hundred that an animal thus situated can be saved. We failed
in our efforts, and the dog was ultimately destroyed.
- The femur was broken near the hip. I saw it on the third day,
when much heat and swelling had taken place. I ordered the parts to be
frequently bathed with warm water. The heat and tenderness to a
considerable degree subsided, and the pitch-plaster was carefully
applied. At the expiration of a week the plaster began to be loosened. A
second one was applied, and when a fortnight longer had passed, a slight
degree of tenderness alone remained.
- [The] following account is characteristic of the bull terrier. The
radius had been broken, and was set, and the bones were decidedly
united, when the dog, in a moment of frantic rage, seized his own leg
and crushed some of the bones. They were once more united, but his wrist
bent under him in the form of a concave semicircle, as if some of the
ligaments of the joint had been ruptured in the moment of rage. It was
evident on the following day that it was impossible to control him, and
he was destroyed.
- [A] spaniel, three months old, became fractured half-way between the
wrist and the elbow. A surgeon bound it up, and it became swollen to
an enormous size, from the adhesive plaster that had been applied and
the manner of placing the splints. I removed the splints. On the
following morning I had the arm frequently fomented: a very indistinct
crepitus could be perceived at the point of the humerus: I applied
another plaster higher up, and including the elbow. The hair not having
been cut sufficiently close, the plaster was removed, applied much more
neatly and closely, and the original fracture was firmly bound together.
No crepitus was now to be perceived.
I saw no more of our patient for four days, when I found that he had fallen, and that the elbow on the other side was fractured within the capsular ligament. A very distinct crepitus could be felt, and the dog cried sadly when the joint was moved. I would have destroyed him, but he was a favourite with his master, and we tried what a few days more would produce. I enclosed the whole of the limb in a plaster of pitch, and bound it up without splints. Both the bandages remained on nearly a fortnight, when the fractures were found to be perfectly united, and the lameness in both legs gradually disappeared. - July 22, 1843. A spaniel was frightened with something on the
bed, and fell from it, and cried very much. The instep, or wrist, of the
right leg, before was evidently bowed, and there was considerable heat
and tenderness. It was well fomented on the two following days, and then
set, and adhesive plaster was tightly applied, and a splint bound over
that.
24th. The foot began to swell, and was evidently painful. The outer bandage was loosened a little, but the inner bandage was not touched.
Aug. 4. The bandage, that had not been meddled with for eleven days, now appeared to give him some pain. For the last two days he has been gently licking and gnawing it. The splints were removed; but the adhesive plaster appearing even and firm, was suffered to remain.
26th. Everything appeared to be going on well, when he again leaped from his bed. The wrist was much more bowed, and was tender and hot. Simple lint and a firm calico bandage were had recourse to.
27th. He is unable to put his foot to the ground, and the joint is certainly enlarging. An adhesive plaster, made by a Frenchman, was applied at the owner's request, over which was placed a splint. The dog soon began to gnaw the plaster, which formed a sticky but not very adhesive mass. Before night the pain appeared to be very great, and the dog cried excessively. I was sent for. We well fomented the leg, and then returned to our former treatment. There was evidently a great deal of pain, but it gradually passed over, and a slight degree of lameness alone remained.
I
great pleasure in adding the following accounts of the successful treatment of fractures in dogs by Mr. Percivall:
"Hopeless as cases of fracture in horses generally are, from the difficulty experienced in managing the patient, they are by no means to be so regarded in dogs. I have in several instances seen dogs recover, and with very good use of the parts, if not perfect restoration of them, when the accidents have been considered, at the time they took place, of a nature so irremediable as to render it advisable to destroy the animals.
"May 4, 1839. A [valuable] Irish spaniel fell from a high wall, and fractured his off shoulder. On examination, I found the os humeri fractured about an inch above its radial extremity, causing the limb to drop pendulously from the side, and depriving the animal of all use of it. The arm, by which I mean the fore arm, was movable in any direction upon the shoulder, and there was distinct crepitus: in a word, the nature of the accident was too plain to admit of doubt; nor was there any splinter or loose piece of bone discoverable. I directed that the animal might be laid flat upon his sound side in a hamper, or covered basket or box, of sufficient dimensions, but not large enough to admit of his moving about; to have his hind legs fettered, his mouth muzzled, and his injured parts covered with a linen cloth wetted with a spirit lotion.
May 5. The parts are tumefied, but not more, nor even so much as one night have expected. Continue the lotion.
6th. At my request, Mr. Youatt was called in to give his opinion as to the probability of effecting a cure. He thought from the inconvenient situation of the fracture, that the chances of success were doubtful; and recommended that a plaster, composed of thick sheep-skin and pitch, cut to the shape of the parts, should be applied, extending from the upper part of the shoulder down upon the arm, and reaching to the knee; and that the whole should be enveloped in well-applied bandages, one of them being carried over the shoulders and brought round between the fore legs, to support the limb, and aid in retaining the fractured ends in apposition. Prior to the application of the pitch plaster the hair was closely shorn off. Thus bound up, the dog was replaced in his hamper, and had some aperient medicine given to him.
8th. The medicine has operated; and he appears going on well, his appetite continuing unimpaired.
10th. He growls when I open the basket to look at him. On examining him (while his keeper had hold of him), I found the plaster loosening from its adhesion; I took it off altogether, and applied a fresh one, composed of the stopping composition I use for horses' feet.
June 7. Up to this time everything appears to have been going on properly. The fracture feels as if it were completely united, and, as the plaster continues to adhere firmly, I thought the bandages enveloping it, as they were often getting loose, might now he dispensed with, and that the dog might with benefit be chained to a kennel, instead of being so closely confined as he has been. In moving, he does not attempt to use the fractured limb, but hops along upon the three other legs.
July. He has acquired pretty good use of the limb. Being now at liberty, he runs about a good deal; halting, from there being some shortness of the limb, but not so much as to prevent him being serviceable, as a slow hunter, in the sporting-field.
"[About] a twelvemonth ago," continues Mr. Percivall, "I was consulted concerning a blood-hound of great size and beauty, and of the cost of £50, that had been a cripple in one of his hind limbs for some considerable time past, owing, it was said or thought, to having received some injury. After a very careful handling, and examination of the parts about the hips, the places where he expressed pain, I came to the conclusion that there had been, and still existed, some fracture of the ischial portion of the pelvis, but precisely where, or of what nature, I could not determine; and all the treatment I could recommend was, that the animal should be shut up within a basket or box of some, sort, of dimensions only sufficient to enable him to lie at ease, and that he be kept there for at least six months, without being taken out, save for the purpose of having his bed cleansed or renewed. His owner had previously made up his mind to have him destroyed; understanding, however, from me, that there still remained a chance of his recovery, he ordered his groom to procure a proper basket, and see that the dog's confinement was such as I had prescribed. The man asked me to allow him to have his kennel, which, being no larger than was requisite for him, I did not object to; and to this he had an iron lattice-door made, converting it into a sort of wild beast cage. After two months' confinement, I had him let out for a short run, and perceived evident amendment. I believe altogether that he was imprisoned five months, and then was found so much improved that I had him chained to his kennel for the remaining month, and this, I believe, was continued for another month. The issue was the complete recovery of the animal, very much to the gratification and joy of his master, by whom he is regarded as a kind of unique or unobtainable production.
"The fractures of dogs and other animals must, of course, be treated in accordance with all the circumstances of their cases; but I have always considered it a most essential part of their treatment that such portable patients as dogs and cats, &c., should be placed and kept in a state of confinement, where they either could not, or were not likely to, use or move the fractured parts; and, moreover, I have thought that failure, where it has resulted after such treatment, has arisen from its not having been sufficiently long persisted in."
the opinion of Professor Simonds, when there is fracture of the bones of the extremities, a starch bandage is the best that can be employed. If applied wet, it adapts itself to the irregularities of the limbs; and if allowed to remain on twelve hours undisturbed, it forms a complete case for the part, and affords more equal support than anything else that can possibly be used.
following case was one of considerable interest. It came under the care of Professor Simonds. Two gentlemen were playing at quoits, and the dog of one of them was struck on the head by a quoit, and supposed to be killed. His owner took him up, and found that he was not dead, although dreadfully injured. It being near the Thames, his owner took him to the edge of the river, and dashed some water over him, and he rallied a little. Professor Simonds detected a fracture of the skull, with pressure on the brain, arising from a portion of depressed bone. The dog was perfectly unconscious, frequently moaning, quite incapable of standing, and continually turning round upon his belly, his straw, or his bed. It was a case of coma; he took no food, and the pulsation at the heart was very indistinct.
"I told the proprietor that there was no chance of recovery except by an operation; and, even then, I thought it exceedingly doubtful. I was desired to operate, and I took him home.
"The head was now almost twice as large as when the accident occurred, proceeding from a quantity of coagulated blood that had been effused under the skin covering the skull. I gave him a dose of aperient medicine, and on the following morning commenced my operation.
"The hair was clipped from the head, and an incision carried immediately from between the eye-brows to the back part of the skull, in the direction of the sagittal suture. Another incision was made from this towards the root of the ear. This triangular flap was then turned back, in order to remove the coagulated blood and make a thorough exposure of the skull. I was provided with a trephine, thinking that only a portion of the bone had been depressed on the brain, and it would be necessary, with that instrument, to separate it from its attachment, and then with an elevator remove it; but I found that the greater part of the parietal bone was depressed, and that the fracture extended along the sagittal suture from the coronal and lamdoidal sutures. At three-fourths of the width of the bone, the fracture ran parallel with the sagittal suture, and this large portion was depressed upon the tunics of the brain, the dura mater being considerably lacerated. The depressed bone was raised with an elevator, and I found, from its lacerated edges and the extent of the mischief done, that it was far wiser to remove it entirely, than to allow it to remain and take the chance of its uniting.
"[In] a few days, the dog began to experience relief from the operation, and to be somewhat conscious of what was taking place around him. He still requires care and attention, and proper medicinal agents to be administered from time to time; but with the exception of occasionally turning round when on the floor, he takes his food well, and obeys his master's call."[1]
Trans. Vet. Med. Assoc
., i. 51.
[Contents]/[Detailed Contents, p. 7]/[Index]
[Chapter XVII — Medicines Used in the Diseases of the Dog]
These are far more numerous and complicated than would, on the first consideration of them, be imagined. The Veterinary Surgeon has a long list of them, suited to the wants and dangers, imaginary or real, of his patients; and he who is not scientifically acquainted with them, will occasionally blunder in the choice of remedies, or the application of the means of cure which he adopts. Little attention may, perhaps, be paid to the medical treatment of the dog; yet it requires not a little study and experience. I will endeavour to give a short account of the drugs, and mode of using them, generally employed.
administering of medicines to dogs is, generally speaking, simple and safe, if a little care is taken about the matter, and especially if two persons are employed in the operation. The one should be sitting with the dog between his knees, and the hinder part of the animal resting on the floor. The mouth is forced open by the pressure of the fore-finger and thumb upon the lips of the upper jaw, and the medicine can be conveniently introduced with the other hand, and passed sufficiently far into the throat to insure its not being returned. The mouth should be closed and kept so, until the bolus has been seen to pass down. Mr. Blaine thus describes the difference between the administration of liquid and solid medicines:
"A little attention will prevent all danger. A ball or bolus should be passed completely over the root of the tongue, and pushed some way backward and forward. When a liquid is given, if the quantity is more than can be swallowed at one effort, it should be removed from the mouth at each deglutition, or the dog may be strangled. Balls of a soft consistence, and those composed of nauseous ingredients, should be wrapped in thin paper, or they may disgust the dog and produce sickness."
Dogs labouring under disease should be carefully nursed: more depends on this than many persons seem to be aware. A warm and comfortable bed is of a great deal more consequence than many persons who are fond of their dogs imagine. Cleanliness is also an essential point. Harshness of manner and unkind treatment will evidently aggravate many of their complaints. I have sometimes witnessed an angry word spoken to a healthy dog produce instant convulsions in a distempered one that happened to be near; and the fits that come on spontaneously in distemper, almost instantly leave the dog by soothing notice of him.
| [Medication] | Application |
| Acidum Acetum (Vinegar) | [This] is useful for sprains, bruises, and fomentations. |
| Acidum Nitricum (Nitric Acid; Aqua Fortis) | [This] may be used with advantage to destroy warts or fungous excrescences. A little of the acid should be dropped on the part and bound tightly down. The protuberance will slough off and healthy granulations will spring up. A surer application, however, is the nitrate of silver. |
| Acidum Hydrocyanicum (Prussic Acid) | [This] is an excellent application for the purpose of allaying irritation of the skin in dogs; but it must be very carefully watched. I have seen a drachm of it diluted with a pint of distilled water, rapidly allay cuticular inflammation. The dreadful degree of itching which had been observed during the last two or three years yielded to this application alone; and to that it has almost invariably yielded, a little patience being used. |
| [Acupuncturation] | is a practice lately introduced into veterinary surgery. It denotes the insertion of a needle into the skin or flesh of a person or animal suffering severely from some neuralgic affection. The needle is small and sharp: it is introduced by a slight pressure and semi-rotating motion between the thumb and forefinger, and afterwards withdrawn with the same motion. This should always employ a quarter of an hour at least, and in cases of very great pain it should continue two hours; but when the object is to afford an exit to the fluid collected, mere puncture is sufficient. It is attended with very little pain; and therefore it may be employed at least with safety if not with advantage. The operation was known and practised in Japan, many years ago; but it was only in the seventeenth century that its singular value was ascertained. In 1810 some trials of it were made in Paris, and M. Chenel look the lead. He had a young dog that he had cured of distemper, except that a spasmodic affection of the left hind leg remained. He applied a needle, and with fair success. He failed with another dog; but M. Prevost, of Geneva, relieved two mares from rheumatism, and an entire horse that had been lame sixteen months. In the Veterinary School at Lyons acupuncturation was tried on two dogs. One had chorea, and the other chronic paralysis of the muscles of the neck. The operation had no effect on the first; the other came out of the hospital completely cured. In the following year acupuncturation was tried without success in the same school. Four horses and two dogs were operated upon in vain. |
| [a]Adeps] (Hog's Lard) | forms the basis of all our ointments. It is tasteless, inodorous and free from every stimulating quality. |
| Alcohol (Rectified Spirit) | [This] is principally used in tinctures, and seldom or never administered to the dog in a pure state. |
| Aloes, Barbadoes | [From] these are formed the safest and best aperients for the dog — consisting of powdered aloes, eight parts; antimonial powder, one part; ginger, one part; and palm oil, five parts; beaten well together, and the size of the ball varying from half a drachm to two drachms, and a ball administered every fourth or fifth hour. Mr. Blaine considers it to be the safest general purgative. He says that such is the peculiarity of the bowels of the dog, that while a man can take with impunity as much calomel as would kill two large dogs, a moderate-sized dog will take a quantity of aloes sufficient to destroy two stout men. The smallest dog can take 15 or 20 grains; half a drachm is seldom too much; but the smaller dose had better be tried first, for hundreds of dogs are every year destroyed by temerity in this particular. Medium-sized dogs usually require a drachm; and some large dogs have taken two or even three drachms. |
| Alteratives | are [medicines] that effect some slow change in the diseased action of certain parts, without interfering with the food or work. The most useful consist of five parts of sublimed sulphur, one of nitre, one of linseed meal, and two of lard or palm oil. |
| Alum | is a [powerful] astringent, whether employed externally or internally. It is occasionally administered in doses of from 10 to 15 grains in obstinate diarrhœa. In some obstinate cases, alum whey has been employed in the form of a clyster. |
| Oxide of Antimony | in [the] form of a compound powder, and under the name of James's powder, is employed as a sudorific, or to cause a determination to the skin. |
| [Antimonii] Potassio Tartras (Tartar Emetic) | besides its effect on the skin, is a useful nauseant, and invaluable in inflammation of the lungs and catarrhal affections of every kind. The Black [Sesquisulphuret] of Antimony is a compound of sulphur and antimony, and an excellent alterative. |
| Argenti Nitras — Nitrate of Silver (Lunar Caustic) | I [have] already strongly advocated the employment of this caustic for empoisoned wounds and bites of rabid animals. In my opinion it supersedes the use of every other caustic, and generally of the knife. I have also given it internally as a tonic to the dog, in cases of chorea, in doses from an eighth to a quarter of a grain. A dilute solution may be employed as an excitant to wounds, in which the healing process has become sluggish. For this purpose, ten grains or more may be dissolved in a fluid ounce of distilled water. A few fibres of tow dipped in this solution, being drawn through the channel which is left on the removal of a seton, quickly excite the healing action. Occasionally one or two drops of this solution may be introduced into the eye for the purpose of removing opalescence of the cornea. In cases of fungoid matter being thrown out on the cornea, the fungus may be touched with a rod of nitrate of silver, and little pain will follow. |
| [Peruvian Bark] | or its active principle the disulphate of quina, is a valuable tonic in distemper, especially when combined with the iodide of iron; the iron increasing with the general tone of the system, and the iodine acting as a stimulant to the absorbents. |
| Blisters | are occasionally useful or indispensable in some of the
casualties and diseases to which the dog is liable. They are mostly of
the same description, and act upon the same principles as in the horse,
whether in the form of plaster, or ointment, or stimulating fluid.
[Blisters] can be kept on the dog with difficulty: nothing short of a wire
muzzle will suffice; Mr. Blaine says, that for very large dogs, he used
to be compelled to make use of a perforated tin one. The judgment of the
practitioner will determine in these cases, as well as with regard to
the horse, whether the desired effect should be produced by severe
measures or by those of a milder character, by active blisters or by
milder stimulants; the difficulty of the measures to be adopted, and the
degree of punishment that may be inflicted, being never forgotten by the
operator. [We] have stated in our work on the Horse, that "the art of blistering consists in cutting or rather shaving the hair perfectly close; then well rubbing in the ointment, and afterwards, and, what is the greatest consequence of all, plastering a little more of the ointment lightly over the part, and leaving it. As soon as the vesicles have perfectly risen, which will be in twenty or twenty-four hours, the torture of the animal may be somewhat relieved by the application of olive or neat's-foot oil, or any emollient ointment. "[An] infusion of two ounces of the cantharides in a pint of oil of turpentine, for several days, is occasionally used as a languid blister; and when sufficiently lowered with common oil, it is called a sweating oil, for it maintains a certain degree of irritation and inflammation on the skin, yet not sufficient to blister; and thus gradually abates or removes some old or deep inflammation, or cause of lameness."[1] Iodine in various cases is now rapidly superseding the cantharides and the turpentine. |
| Calomel | [Sufficient] has been said of this dangerous medicine in the course of the present work. I should rarely think of exhibiting it, except in small doses for the purpose of producing that specific influence on the liver, which we know to be the peculiar property of this drug. In large doses it will to a certain extent produce vomiting; and, if it finds its way into the intestines, it acts as a powerful drastic purgative. |
| Castor Oil (Oleum Ricini)' | [This] is a most valuable medicine. It is usually combined with the syrup of buckthorn and white poppies, in the proportions of three parts of the oil to two of the buckthorn and one of the poppy-syrup; which form a combination of ingredients in which the oleaginous, stimulant, and narcotic ingredients happily blend. |
| Catechu | [This] is an extract from the wood of an acacia-tree (Acacia catechu), and possesses a powerful astringent property. It is given in cases of superpurgation, united with opium, chalk, and powdered gum. A tincture of it is very useful for the purpose of hastening the healing principle of wounds. Professor Morton says, that he considers it as the most valuable of the vegetable astringents. |
| Clysters | [Professor] Morton gives an account of the use of clysters.
The objects, he says, for which they are administered, are:
To empty
the bowels of fæces: thus they act as an aperient. Also, to induce a
cathartic to commence its operations, when, from want of exercise or due
preparation, it is tardy in producing the desired effect. Clysters
operate in a twofold way: first, by softening the contents of the
intestines; and, secondly, by exciting an irritation in one portion of
the canal which is communicated throughout the whole; hence they become
valuable when the nature and progress of the disease require a quick
evacuation of the bowels. The usual enema is warm water, but this may be
rendered more stimulating by the addition of salt, oil, or aloes. For the purpose of killing worms that are found in the rectum and large intestines: in this case it is usually of an oleaginous nature. For restraining diarrhœa: sedatives and astringents being then employed. For nourishing the body when food cannot be received by the mouth. Gruel is generally the aliment thus given. For allaying spasms in the stomach and bowels. |
| Copper | [Both] the verdigris, or subacetate, and the blue vitriol of sulphate of copper, are now comparatively rarely used. They are employed either in the form of a fine powder, or mixed with an equal quantity of the acetate of lead in order to destroy proud flesh or stimulate old ulcers. They also form a part of the ægyptiacum of the farrier. There are many better drugs to accomplish the same purpose. |
| Creosote | is [seldom] used for the dog. We have applications quite as good and less dangerous. It may be employed as a very gentle excitant and antiseptic. |
| Creta Preparata (Chalk) | in [combination] with ginger, catechu, and opium, is exceedingly useful; indeed, it is our most valuable medicine in all cases of purging, and particularly the purging of distemper. |
| Digitalis | is [an] exceedingly valuable drug. It is a direct and powerful sedative, a mild diuretic, and useful in every inflammatory and febrile complaint. |
| Gentian and Ginger | are [both] valuable; the first as a stomachic and tonic, and the last as a cordial and tonic. It is occasionally necessary, or at least desirable, to draw this distinction between them. |
| Chloride of Lime | is a [useful] application for ill-conditioned wounds and for the frequent cleansing of the kennel. |
| Epsom Salts, or Sulphate of Magnesia | are [mild] yet effective in their action: with regard to cattle and sheep, they supersede every other aperient; for the dog, however, they must yield to the castor-oil mixture. |
| Mercury | The [common] mercurial ointment is now comparatively little used. It has given way to the different preparations of iodine. In direct and virulent mange, it is yet, however, employed under the form of calomel, and combined with aloes, but in very small doses, never exceeding three grains. It is also useful in farcy and jaundice. The corrosive sublimate is occasionally used for mange in the dog, and to destroy vermin; but it is a very uncertain and dangerous medicine. |
| Palm Oil | [would] be an excellent emollient, if it were not so frequently adulterated with turmeric root in powder. It is far milder than the common lard. |
| Nitrate of Potash | is a [valuable] cooling and mild diuretic, in doses of eight or ten grains. |
| Sulphur | is [the] basis of ihe most effectual applications for mange. It is a good alterative, combined usually with antimonials and nitre, and particularly useful in mange, surfeit, grease, hide-bound, and want of condition. |
| Turpentine | is an [excellent] diuretic and antispasmodic; it is also a most effectual sweating blister and highly useful in strains. |
| The Sulphate of Zinc | is [valuable] as an excitant to wounds, and promotes adhesion between divided surfaces and the radix. |
- To empty
the bowels of fæces: thus they act as an aperient. Also, to induce a
cathartic to commence its operations, when, from want of exercise or due
preparation, it is tardy in producing the desired effect. Clysters
operate in a twofold way: first, by softening the contents of the
intestines; and, secondly, by exciting an irritation in one portion of
the canal which is communicated throughout the whole; hence they become
valuable when the nature and progress of the disease require a quick
evacuation of the bowels. The usual enema is warm water, but this may be
rendered more stimulating by the addition of salt, oil, or aloes.
- For
the purpose of killing worms that are found in the rectum and large
intestines: in this case it is usually of an oleaginous nature.
- For
restraining diarrhœa: sedatives and astringents being then employed.
- For nourishing the body when food cannot be received by the mouth. Gruel
is generally the aliment thus given.
- For allaying spasms in the stomach and bowels.
The Horse
, p. 501.
[Contents]/[Detailed Contents, p. 7]/[Index]
[Appendix — The New Laws of Coursing]
'As Revised and Enlarged at a Meeting of Noblemen and Gentlemen, held at the Thatched House Tavern, St. James's Street, June 1, 1839'.
- Two stewards shall be appointed by the members at dinner each day, to act in the field the following day, and to preside at dinner. They shall regulate the plan of beating the ground, under the sanction of the owner or occupier of the soil.
- Three or five members, including the secretary for the time being, shall form a Committee of Management, and shall name a person, for the approbation of the members, to judge all courses — all doubtful cases shall be referred to them.
- All courses shall be from slips, by a brace of greyhounds only.
- The time of putting the first brace of dogs in the slips shall be declared at dinner on the day preceding. If a prize is to be run for, and only one dog is ready, he shall run a by, and his owner shall receive forfeit: should neither be ready, the course shall be run when the Committee shall think fit. In a match, if only one dog be ready, his owner shall receive forfeit; if neither be present, the match shall be placed the last in the list.
- If any person shall enter a greyhound by a name different from that in which he last appeared in public, without giving notice of such alteration, he shall be disqualified from winning, and shall forfeit his match.
- No greyhounds shall be entered as puppies unless born on or after the 1st of January of the year preceding the day of running.
- Any member, or other person, running a greyhound at the meeting, having a dog at large which shall join in the course then running, shall forfeit one sovereign; and, if belonging to either of the parties running, the course shall be decided against him.
- The judge ought to be in a position where he can see the dogs leave the slips, and to decide by the colour of the dogs to a person appointed for that purpose: his decision shall be final.
- If, in running for prizes, the judge shall be of opinion that the course has not been of sufficient length to enable him to decide as to the merits of the dogs, he shall inquire of the Committee whether he is to decide the course or not; if in the negative, the dogs shall be immediately put again into the slips.
- The judge shall not answer any questions put to him regarding a course, unless such questions are asked by the Committee.
- If any member make any observation in the hearing of the judge respecting a course, during the time of running, or before he shall have delivered his judgment, he shall forfeit one sovereign to the fund; and, if either dog be his own, he shall lose the course. If he impugn the decision of the judge, he shall forfeit two sovereigns.
- When a course of an average length is so equally divided that the judge shall be unable to decide it, the owners of the dogs may toss for it; but, if either refuse, the dogs shall be again put in the slips, at such time as the Committee may think fit; but, if either dog be drawn, the winning dog shall not be obliged to run again.
- In running a match the judge may declare the course to be undecided.
- If a member shall enter more than one greyhound, bonâ fide his own property, for a prize, his dogs shall not run together, if it be possible to avoid it; and, if two greyhounds, the property of the same member, remain to the last tie, he may run it out or draw either, as he shall think fit.
- When dogs engaged are of the same colour, the last drawn shall wear a collar.
- If a greyhound stand still in a course when a hare is in his or her sight, the owner shall lose the course; but, if a greyhound drops from exhaustion, and it shall be the opinion of the judge that the merit up to the time of falling was greatly in his or her favour, then the judge shall have power to award the course to the greyhound so falling, if he think fit.
- Should two hares be on foot, and the dogs separate before reaching the hare slipped at, the course shall be undecided, and shall be run over again at such time as the Committee shall think fit, unless the owners of the dogs agree to toss for it, or to draw one dog; and if the dogs separate after running some time, it shall be at the discretion of the Committee whether the course shall be decided up to the point of separation.
- A course shall end if either dog be so unsighted as to cause an impediment in the course.
- If any member or his servant ride over his opponent's dog when running, so as to injure him in the course, the dog so ridden over shall be deemed to win the course.
- It is recommended to all union meetings to appoint a committee of five, consisting of members of different clubs, to determine all difficulties and cases of doubt.
'[The] following general rules are recommended to judges for their guidance:'
The features of merit are:
- The race from slips, and the first turn or wrench of the hare (provided it be a fair slip), and a straight run-up.
- Where one dog gives the other a go-by when both are in their full speed, and turns or wrenches the hare. (N. B. If one dog be in the stretch, and the other only turning at the time he passes, it is not a fair go-by.)
- Where one dog turns the hare when she is leading homewards, and keeps the lead so as to serve himself, and makes a second turn of the hare without losing the lead.
- A catch or kill of the hare, when she is running straight and leading homewards, is fully equal to a turn of the hare when running in the same direction, or perhaps more, if he show the speed over the other dog in doing it. If a dog draws the fleck from the hare, and causes her to wrench or rick only, it is equal to a turn of the hare when leading homewards.
- When a dog wrenches or ricks a hare twice following, without losing the lead, it is equal to a turn.
N. B.
It often happens when a hare has been turned, and she is running from home, that she turns of her own accord to gain ground homeward, when both dogs are on the stretch after her; in such a case the judge should not give the leading dog a turn.
There are often other minor advantages in a course, such as one dog showing occasional superiority of speed, turning on less ground, and running the whole course with more fire than his opponent, which must be led to the discretion of the judge, who is to decide on the merits.
[LOCAL] RULES.
- The number of members shall be regulated by the letters in the Alphabet, and the two junior members shall take the letters X and Z, if required.
- The members shall be elected by ballot, seven to constitute a ballot, and two black balls to exclude.
- The name of every person proposed to be balloted for as a member, shall be placed over the chimney-piece one day before the ballot can take place.
- No proposition shall be balloted for unless put up over the chimney-piece, with the names of the proposer and seconder, at or before dinner preceding the day of the ballot, and read to the members at such dinner.
- Every member shall, at each meeting, run a greyhound his own property, or forfeit a sovereign to the Club.
- No member shall be allowed to match more than two greyhounds in the first class, under a penalty of two sovereigns to the fund, unless such member has been drawn or run out for the prizes, in which case he shall be allowed to run three dogs in the first class.
- If any member shall absent himself two seasons without sending his subscription, he shall be deemed out of the Society, and another chosen in his place.
- No greyhound shall be allowed to start if any arrears are due to this Society from the owner.
- Any member lending another a greyhound for the purpose of saving his forfeit (excepting by consent of the members present) shall forfeit five sovereigns.
- Any member running the dog of a stranger in a match shall cause the name of the owner to be inserted after his own name in the list, under a penalty of one sovereign.
- No stranger shall be admitted into the Society's room, unless introduced by a member, who shall place the name of his friend over the chimney-piece, with his own attached to it; and no member shall introduce more than one friend.
- The members of the [erased] Clubs shall be honorary members of this Society, and when present shall be allowed to run their greyhounds on payment of the annual subscription.
- This Society to meet on the [erased] in [erased], and course on the [erased] following days.
[Contents]/[Detailed Contents, p. 7]/[Index]
[Index (including the Editor's Additions)]
[A] - [B] - [C] - [D] - [E] - [F] - [G] - [H] - [I] - [J] - [K] - [L] - [M] - [N] - [O] - [P] - [R] - [S] - [T] - [U] - [V] - [W] - [Y] - [Z]
| Familiaris | [sub-genus] |
| Feet | sore ([1]) ([2]) [diseases of the] |
| Femur | [fracture of the] |
| [Fighting-pits] | |
| [First division of varieties] | |
| Fistula | [in the anus, causes and treatment of] [lachrymalis] |
| Fits | [symptoms of] [ treatment of] [distemper] [puerperal] |
| Fitzhardinge | [Lord, his management of hounds] |
| Flap | [tumours of the] |
| Flogging hounds | [disapproved of] |
| Food | the dog used for ([1]) ([2]) of the greyhound ([1]) ([2]) [of the foxhound] [insufficient, a cause of distemper] |
| Fore-arm | [fracture of the] |
| Fouilloux | [Jacques du, his recipes for rabies] |
| Foxhound | [description of the] [size and proper conformation of] [pupping] [treatment of whelps] [breaking in] [management in the field] [general management and food of] [Lord Fitzhardinge's management] |
| Fractures | [most frequent in young dogs] [of the humerus] [ of the femur (thigh)] [of the radius] [of the fore-arm] [of the shoulder ] [of the pelvis] [ of the skull] |
| French pointer | [description of the] |
| Fungus hæmatodes | [post-mortem appearances] |
| Gasehound | [description of] |
| Gêlert | [the dog of Llewellyn, poem on the death of] |
| Gentian | |
| Ghoo-khan | [or wild ass, hunted by Persian greyhounds] |
| Giddiness | [nature and treatment of] |
| Ginger | |
| Glass | powdered, the best vermifuge ([1]) ([2]) |
| Glossitis | [causes and treatment of] |
| Goître | [nature of] [cause and treatment of] |
| Good qualities | [of the dog] |
| Goodwood kennel | [description and plan of] |
| Grecian | [dogs, description of] [sacrifices of dogs] [greyhound, description of the] |
| Greyhound | [description of the] [puppies, out of] [origin of] [known in England in the Anglo-Saxon period] old verses describing the ([1]) ([2]) ([3]) [cross with the bull-dog] [proper conformation of] [colour of] [breeding] [rules for age] [food] [training] [ laws for coursing with] [English] [Grecian] [Highland] [Irish] [Italian] [Persian] [Russian] [Scotch] [Turkish] |
| Grognier | [Professor, description of the French sheep-dog] |
| Gullet | [description of the] |
| Gutta | [serena] |
| Hare Indian dog | [description of the] |
| Harrier | [description of the] |
| Head | [bones of the ] [ form of in the foxhound] |
| Heart | [description of the] [ action of the] [ rupture of the] |
| Hecate | [dogs sacrificed to] |
| Hembel | [Mr., his anecdotes of rabid dogs] |
| Hepatitis | [causes, symptoms, and treatment of] |
| Hertwich | [Professor, on rabies] |
| Highland greyhound | [description of the] |
| Hindoos | [regard the dog unclean] |
| Hippocrates | [prophylactic properties of the dog recommended by] |
| Hogg | [James, anecdotes of his dog] |
| Hog's lard | [the basis of all ointments] |
| Horse | [doctors] |
| Hospitals | [for dogs] |
| Hound | [the various kinds of] [blood] [fox] [otter] [southern] [stag] |
| Humerus | [fracture of the] |
| Hunting | [with dogs first mentioned by Oppian] |
| Hunting- | [kennels] |
| Huntsman | [the requisites of a] |
| Hydatids | [in the kidney] |
| Hydrocyanic acid | [useful in cases of irritation of the skin] |
| Hydrophobia | [see Rabies] |
| Hydrophthalmia | [treatment of] |
| Hyrcanian dog | [description of the] |
| Iceland dog | [description of the] |
| Ileum | [description of the] |
| Incontinence | [of urine] |
| India | [degeneration of dogs in] |
| Inflammation | [of the lungs] [of the stomach] of the intestines ([1]) ([2]) of the peritoneal membrane ([1]) ([2]) [of the liver] [ of the kidney] [of the bladder] of the feet ([1]) ([2]) |
| [Intelligence of the dog] | [anecdotes illustrative of the] |
| Intestines | [description of the] inflammation of the ([1]) ([2]) |
| Intussusception | [nature and causes of ] [treatment] |
| Iodine | a valuable medicine: [ in goître] [in dropsy] |
| Irish | [greyhound, description of the] [wolf-dog] [setter] [setter, inductive reasoning in an] |
| Italian | [greyhound, description of the] [ wolf-dog] |
| James's powder | |
| Jaundice | [causes, symptoms, and treatment of] |
| Javanese dog | [description of the] |
| Jejunum | [description of the] |
| Jenner | [Dr., on distemper] |
| Jews | [regard the dog with abhorrence] |
| John | [kept many dogs] [received greyhounds in lieu of fines] |
| Kamtschatka | [uses of the dog as a beast of draught in] |
| Karáráhé or New Zealand dog | [description of the] |
| Kennel | [description of] [description and plan of Goodwood] [for watch-dog construction of] [hare, use of] [lameness, nature of] [ causes of] [means of prevention] |
| Keyworth | [Mr., springer belonging to] |
| Kidney | [inflammation of the] [hydatids in the] |
| King Charles's spaniel | [description of] |
| Lachrymal duct | [description of the] |
| Lapland dog | [description of the] |
| Larynx | [description of the] [ inflammation of the] |
| Laws | [of coursing] |
| Leblanc | [M., on jaundice] |
| Léonard | [M., his exhibition of dogs] |
| Lime | [chloride of, the uses of] |
| Lion dog | [description of the] |
| Lips | [functions of the] [swellings of the] |
| Liver | [description of the] [ functions of the] [inflammation of the] |
| Llewellyn | [poem on the dog of] |
| Locrian dog | [description of the] |
| Louisiana | [marmot] |
| Lunar caustic | [the best] [recommended for bites of rabid dogs] |
| Lungs | [inflammation of the] [congestion of the] |
| Lurcher | [description of the] |
| Madness | canine, [a]see Rabies] |
| Magnesia | [sulphate of, a purgative] |
| Mahratta dog | [description of the] |
| Majendie | [his experiments on the olfactory nerves] |
| Major | |
| Maltese dog | [description of the] |
| Mammalia | |
| Management | [of the pack] |
| Mange | [nature of] [is hereditary] [the scabby] [treatment] [causes of] [frequently causes goître] |
| Mangy edges | [treatment of] |
| Marmot | [Lousiana] |
| Mastiff | [description of the] [used in Cuba to hunt the Indians] |
| Matin | [description of the] |
| Maxillary bones | [description of the] |
| Meatus | [description of the] |
| Medicines | [mode of administering] |
| Medullary | [substance of the brain] |
| Memory | [of the dog] |
| Mercury | [preparations of] [ uses of] |
| Mexico | [shepherd dogs of] [their introduction into this country] |
| Milk | [accumulation of, in the teats] [ secretion of, connected with cancer] |
| Mohammedan | [abhorrence of dogs] |
| Molossian dog | [description of the] |
| Moral | [qualities of the dog] |
| Nasal | [bones, description of the] [catarrh, nature of] [cavity, polypus in the] |
| Neck | [a]should be long in the greyhound] |
| Nepâl dog | [description of the] |
| Nerves | [description of the] |
| Nervous system | [diseases of] |
| Newfoundland dog | [description of the] [as a retriever] [ two varieties of] [account of two imported into this country] |
| New Holland dog | [description of the] |
| New Zealand dog | [description of the] |
| Nictitating membrane | [of the eye] |
| Nimrod | [opinion on kennel lameness] |
| Nitrate of potash | |
| Nitrate of silver | [recommended for the bites of rabid dogs] [useful in chorea] [in canker] |
| Nitric acid | |
| Norfolk spaniel | [description of the] |
| Nose | [anatomy of the] [diseases of the] [discharge from the, in distemper] |
| Nux vomica | [effects of] |
| Olfactory nerves | [size of, in different animals] [development of the] description of the ([1]) ([2]) ([3]) |
| Ophthalmia | [symptoms of] [causes of] [ treatment of] [chronic, treatment of] [traumatic] [sympathetic] |
| Oppian | [the first who mentions hunting with dogs] [description of British dogs by] |
| Orbit of the eye | [form of the] |
| Orford, Lord | [first crossed greyhounds with the bull-dog] [death of] |
| Otorrhœa | [simple, treatment of] |
| Otter-hound | [description of the] |
| Ovaries | [removal of the] |
| Ovid | [description of coursing by] |
| Ozæna | [a]nature and treatment of] [injection for] |
| Ulceration | [of the cornea] [of the eyelids] |
| Unguents | [use of, in mange] |
| Unguiculata | |
| Uterus | [case of inversion of the] [extirpation and cure] |
| Vagina | [polyps in the] |
| Van Diemen Land | [ravages of wild dogs in] |
| Varieties | [three divisions of] [ first division of] [second division of] [ third division of] |
| Vatel | [his observations on the pulse of different animals] |
| Vegetating excrescences in the ear | [nature and treatment of] |
| Vermifuge | glass the most effectual ([1]) ([2]) |
| Vertebrated animals | [what] |
| Vinegar | [useful for fomentations] |
| Voice | [change of in rabies] |
| Vyner | [Mr., opinion on kennel lameness] |
| Warts | treatment of ([1]) ([2]) ([3]) [of the ear] |
| Washing | [of hounds disapproved of] |
| Watch-dog | [frequent ill-usage of the] |
| Water-spaniel | [description of the] [anecdotes of the] |
| Weak | [eyes] |
| Wild dog | [description of the] [of Africa] [of Australia] [of Van Diemen Land] |
| Williamson, Captain | [account of the wild dogs of Nepâl] [on the degeneration of dogs in India] [description of the dhole] |
| Wolf | [supposed to be the origin of the dog] [anecdotes of the] |
| Wolf-dog | [Irish] [Italian] |
| Worms | [varieties of] [symptoms of] [means of expelling] [ cases of] [ a cause of sudden death] [causes of] |
| Wounds | [of the ear] |
| Yellow distemper | [nature of] [a] treatment of] |
| Yellows | [a]the] |
| Zinc | [sulphate of, a valuable excitant] |
| Zoological | [classification of the dog] |
[Contents]/[Detailed Contents, p. 7]/[Index]
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