| Etext transcriber's note: Many of the images may be seen at an enlarged size by clicking on them. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected; the original orthography, including variation in the spelling of names, has been retained. The Index included at the end of this etext (which includes volumes 1 thru 4) appears at the end of volume four of The History of Cuba. It is provided here for the convenience of the reader. |
"The Socrates of Cuban youth," as he has often been called, José Cipriano de la Luz y Caballero was born in Havana on July 11, 1799, and was educated at the Convent of San Francisco, the University of Havana, and the San Carlos Seminary where he was a pupil of his uncle, José Agustin Caballero, and of Felix Varela. Later he travelled and studied in the United States and Europe. In Germany he became intimately associated with Baron Humboldt. Returning to Cuba in 1831, he gave himself to the task of improving and promoting the educational interests of his country. In 1843 he revisited Europe, but was recalled the following year to answer an absurdly false charge of being implicated in the Negro Conspiracy. He then founded and until his death conducted his famous school of El Salvador, in which for a generation many of the foremost Cubans were educated, and in which manhood and patriotism were ever the foremost items of the curriculum. He was the author of a number of standard educational works. He died on June 22, 1862.
THE
HISTORY OF CUBA
BY
WILLIS FLETCHER JOHNSON
A.M., L.H.D.
Author of "A Century of Expansion," "Four Centuries of
the Panama Canal," "America's Foreign Relations"
Honorary Professor of the History of American Foreign
Relations in New York University
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME THREE
NEW YORK
B. F. BUCK & COMPANY, INC.
156 FIFTH AVENUE
1920
Copyright, 1920,
By CENTURY HISTORY CO.
———
All rights reserved
Entered at Stationers Hall
London, England.
PRINTED IN U. S. A.
| CONTENTS | ||
|---|---|---|
| PAGE | ||
| [CHAPTER I—] | [1] | |
| Conditions at the Beginning of the Era of Revolution—Cuba'sCommercial Backwardness—Resources Unappreciated—Statisticsof Imports and Exports—The Sugar Trade—Burdensome Taxesand Tariffs—Restrictions on Personal Liberty—Obstacles toTravel—Titles of Nobility—The Intendent and His Powers—Authorityand Functions of the Captain-General—District Governments—MunicipalOrganization—The Courts—Control of theNavy—Censorship of the Press—Adversion to Foreigners, Particularlyto Americans. | ||
| [CHAPTER II—] | [23] | |
| Narciso Lopez and His Career—His Valor in the VenezuelanWars—A Soldier of Spain—Some Daring Exploits—With theSpanish Army in Cuba—His Distinguished Career in Spain—ALeader Against the Carlists—General and Senator—ImportantOffice in Cuba—Alienation from Spain—First Plans for CubanRevolution. | ||
| [CHAPTER III—] | [37] | |
| Betrayal of Lopez's First Revolutionary Venture—His Flightto New York—Cuban Juntas in the United States—Lopez's Negotiationswith Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee—UnofficialAmerican Aid—Strained American Relations with Spain—OfficialWarnings Against Filibustering—An Elaborate ExpeditionPrepared by Lopez in the United States for the Freeing of Cuba—HisProclamation to His Followers—The Voyage to Cuba. | ||
| [CHAPTER IV—] | [49] | |
| The Landing of Lopez at Cardenas—The Flag of Cuba Librefor the First Time Unfurled on Cuban Soil—Parleying and Fightingat Cardenas—Spanish Treachery—Failure of the Cuban Peopleto Rally to the Support of Lopez—Retreat and Reembarcationof the Expedition—Mutiny of the Crew—Landing at KeyWest—Spanish Wrath Against the United States—Arrest of Lopezand His Comrades—Their Release. | ||
| [CHAPTER V—] | [62] | |
| Administration of Concha and His Recall—Second Expeditionof Lopez Recruited in the United States—Men and Money Providedin the South—Betrayal of the Scheme—Proclamation ofthe Captain-General—Disturbances in Cuba—Third Expeditionof Lopez Organized—Aguero's Attempt at Revolution at PuertoPrincipe—His Proclamation—Initial Victories Over the Spaniards—AFatal Mistake—Suppression of the Revolution by OverwhelmingNumbers—Execution of the Leaders—Suppression ofOther Uprisings. | ||
| [CHAPTER VI—] | [91] | |
| Another Expedition Organized by Lopez—Its Roster—Departurefrom New Orleans—Colonel Crittenden—Arrival at Key West—TheLanding in Cuba—Lack of Cuban Support—Fatal Divisionof Forces—Desperate Fighting with Spaniards—Crittenden'sMistake—Capture of the Revolutionists by the Spaniards—Indignitiesand Tortures—Fifty-Two Put to Death—Heroism of Crittenden—IllFortune of Lopez—Betrayal and Capture of Lopezand His Comrades—His Death on the Scaffold. | ||
| [CHAPTER VII—] | [116] | |
| Failure and Success of Lopez—Irrepressible Determination ofCuba to Be Free—Crisis in the Affairs of Spain—AnimosityBetween Creoles and Spaniards—Expressions of Cuban Sentimentand Determination—Profound Impression Produced in theUnited States—Opposing Views of Pro-Slavery and Anti-SlaveryMen—Attitude of Great Britain and France—Anti-Spanish Outbreakin New Orleans—Webster's Diplomacy—England andFrance Warned Not to Meddle in Cuba—Spain's Appeal to EnglandAgainst America—Tripartite Pact Refused. | ||
| [CHAPTER VIII—] | [132] | |
| American Overtures for the Purchase of Cuba—Some EarlyDiplomacy—Change of Policy Under President Polk—Spain'sRefusal to Consider Sale—Pierre Soule's Extraordinary Negotiations—TheBlack Warrior Controversy—Soule's Humiliation—TheOstend Manifesto—Marcy's Shrewd Disposition of It—Buchanan'sFutile Persistence. | ||
| [CHAPTER IX—] | [145] | |
| Revolution in Peninsular Spain—General Prim's Proclamations—GeneralResponse Throughout the Kingdom—Serrano's EntryInto Madrid—Flight of the Queen—Republican GovernmentEstablished—Downfall of Maximilian in Mexico—Change inAmerican Attitude Toward Cuba Because of the Civil War andAbolition of Slavery—Organization of the Spanish "Volunteers"in Cuba—The Moret Anti-Slavery Law—Cuban Interest in theSpanish Revolution. | ||
| [CHAPTER X—] | [155] | |
| Cuban Independence Proclaimed at the Outbreak of the TenYears' War—Provisional Government Organized—Carlos ManuelCespedes—Proclamation of Emancipation—Representative GovernmentFormed—Cespedes's Address—The First Cuban Constitution—TheHouse of Representatives—Presidential Proclamation—Proclamationof General Quesada—Proclamation of CountValmaseda—Request for Recognition—The "Juntas of the Laborers"—CubanGovernment and Laws—Organization of theCuban Army. | ||
| [CHAPTER XI—] | [180] | |
| Beginning of Hostilities—Comparative Strengths of the Cubanand Spanish Armies—The Spanish Navy—Pacific Measures FirstTried by Captain-General Dulce—Their Rejection by the Cubans—TheFirst Engagements—Cuban Victories—Destruction ofBayamo—Revolts in Many Places—Murder of Cespedes's Messengerby Volunteers—Guerilla Warfare—Havana in a State ofSiege—Progress of the Insurrection Throughout the Island—Dulce'sChange of Policy—Sympathy and Aid for the Revolutionfrom the United States. | ||
| [CHAPTER XII—] | [200] | |
| An Appeal to the United States for Recognition—PresidentGrant Overruled by His Secretary of State—Americans Stirredby News of Spanish Cruelties—Cuban Disappointment at Non-Recognition—Progressof the War—Spanish Reenforcements—Liberationof Slaves—Spanish Successes—Controversies with theUnited States—Destruction of Property—Arrival of General Jordanwith Supplies—Dulce Forced Out of Office by the Volunteers—Accessionof Rodas and His Decrees—The "Butcher ofCadiz"—American Protests Against Interference with Commerce—Proposalsof Mediation—More Aid from the United States. | ||
| [CHAPTER XIII—] | [225] | |
| Great Increase of Revolutionary Strength—Spain's EnormousForce—The Case of Napoleon Arango—His ExtraordinaryManifesto—An Elaborate Appeal for Betrayal of the Revolution—DesigningDecrees of Rodas—Emancipation Decree of theSpanish Government—Its Practical Effects—Atrocities Practisedby the Spanish—Downfall of Rodas and Appointment of Valmasedaas Captain-General—Spanish Overtures to the UnitedStates—Murder of Zenea by the Volunteers—Address byCespedes—Treacheryin the Ranks. | ||
| [CHAPTER XIV—] | [259] | |
| Counter-Revolution in Spain—Amadeus Made King—IncreasedMalignity of the Volunteers—The Massacre of the Cuban Students—Deathof General Quesada—Reorganization of the CubanArmy—Campaign of Maximo Gomez—Progress of the War withVarying Fortunes—Calixto Garcia at Jiguani—Gradual Reductionof Cuban Strength—Valmaseda's Savage Threats. | ||
| [CHAPTER XV—] | [271] | |
| Spain's Desperate Efforts to Suppress the Revolution—StubbornResistance of the Cubans—Valmaseda Opposed and Overthrownby the Volunteers—Accession of Jovellar—Increasing Interestin Cuban Affairs in the United States—Spain a Republic Again—Retirementof Cespedes—The Seizure of the Virginius—Massacreof Many of Her Passengers and Crew—Strenuous Intervention—Settlementof the Affair—"The Book of Blood"—SpanishConfessions of Brutality. | ||
| [CHAPTER XVI—] | [289] | |
| Renewed Cuban Successes—The Island in a State of Siege—ConchaAgain Captain-General—Record of the Cost of the War—TheUnited States Threatens Intervention—Spanish Anger—AProtest to England Against America—American Peace Proposals—Strengthof the Spanish Army—A War of Extermination—MartinezCampos Becomes Captain-General—His ConciliatoryDecrees—Surrender of Cuban Leaders—The Treaty of Zanjon—Endof the War—Campos's Explanation of His Course. | ||
| [CHAPTER XVII—] | [305] | |
| Results of the Ten Years' War—Political Parties in Cuba—TheLiberals, Who Were Conservative—The Union Constitutionalists—AThird Party Platform—Cubans in the Cortes—Failureto Fulfill the Treaty of Zanjon—The Little War—CalixtoGarcia's Campaign—Cuban Fugitives Protected by England—Revoltof 1885—Custom House Frauds at Havana—A Reign ofLawlessness—Tariff Troubles—The Roster of Rulers. | ||
| [CHAPTER XVIII—] | [315] | |
| The Intellectual and Spiritual Development of Cuba—SomeFamous Cuban Authors—José Maria Heredia—Felix Varela yMorales—José de la Luz y Caballero, "The Father of the CubanRevolution"—Domingo del Monte and the "Friends of Peace"—JoséAntonio Saco—Joaquin Lorenzo Luaces—Dona LuisaPerez—Dona Gertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda—Nicolas Azcarate—JuanClemente Zenea—Rafael Merchan—The Distinguished IntellectualStatus of Cuba Among the Nations. | ||
| [INDEX] for Volumes 1 thru 4 | ||
| ILLUSTRATIONS | |
|---|---|
| FULL PAGE PLATES | |
| José Cipriano de la Luz y Caballero | [Frontispiece] |
| FACINGPAGE | |
| The Old Presidential Palace | [14] |
| Falls of the Hanebanilla | [110] |
| Carlos Manuel de Cespedes | [158] |
| Ignacio Agramonte | [258] |
| Calixto Garcia | [268] |
| A Santiago Sunset | [280] |
| José Silverio Jorrin | [308] |
| José Maria Heredia | [318] |
| Gertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda | [332] |
| TEXT EMBELLISHMENTS | |
| PAGE | |
| Narciso Lopez | [23] |
| Ramon Pinto | [62] |
| Manuel Quesada | [167] |
| Francisco V. Aguilera | [173] |
| Bernabe de Varona | [178] |
| Miguel de Aldama | [204] |
| Domingo Goicouria | [234] |
| Nicolas Azcarate | [251] |
| Juan Clemente Zenea | [252] |
| Salvador Cisneros Betancourt | [276] |
| Felipe Poey | [315] |
| Antonio Bachiller | [317] |
| Felix Varela | [320] |
| José Agustin Caballero | [321] |
| Domingo del Monte | [323] |
| José Jacinto Milanes | [324] |
| José Manuel Mestre | [326] |
| Luisa Perez de Zambrana | [328] |
| Joaquin Lorenzo Luaces | [330] |
| Enrique Piñeyro | [334] |