Index.
Abadiano, Dionysio, [246], [251].
Above (see [“Heaven or Above”]).
Academia Manuscript, [11].
Acamapichtli, Mexican ruler, having title of “Woman-serpent,” [63], [67], [71].
Acatl, one of the four Mexican year-symbols, [76], [170], [179], [257], [280].
Acolma, [55].
Agave or maguey, juice of, “drink of life,” [188].
Ahau, Maya glyph, chief, lord, [169];
figured on gold plaque from Cuzco, [169], [220].
Ahau-ka-tun, 24-year period, [219];
literally lord, 20 stone, compared with Copan stelæ, [219], [221].
Ah-cuch-cab, Maya name of ruler or chief of a town or place, [184];
title of chief, [220];
terrestrial lord, [224].
Ah-cuch-haab, Maya name for four year-signs, [220].
Air, in Mexico, Quetzalcoatl, lord of, [126];
name of one of the four eras since the creation of the world, [253].
Air and water design, on sacred edifices in ancient America, [126];
union of, [126];
emblem of Above, [126];
on drinking vessels, [127];
on dome of ancient Greek monument, [127];
associated with the male region, [249].
Akbal, Maya glyph, [108].
Akkad=the North, [334].
Akkadians, Semitic race of Assyria-Babylonia, [334].
Alexander of Macedonia, [527].
Allen, Richard Hinckley, [448], [451], [525].
Alligator, altar at Copan, [227], [228], [296];
totem of Copan tribe, [228];
symbol in codices, [504], [518];
totem of Mayas and Mexicans, [520].
Altars at Copan, [226], [227], [228], [229].
Amaterasu, Japanese sun-goddess, [311].
Amaytun, painted representation of the 20 and 24-year epoch, [219], [226].
Amen-Ra, the supreme dual god of the Egyptians, [389], [390], [391].
American Association for the Advancement of Science, [510], [545].
American Folk-Lore Society, [510].
American Museum of Natural History, [234].
American peoples, [479-548].
Ammon, [522].
Ammonites, [351].
Anacreon, [453].
Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, [86], [93], [98].
Andastes, [196].
Andean art, compared with Mediterranean, [545].
Angrand, Leonce, [150], [151].
Animal form, as totem, [154];
associated with Four Quarters by Zuñi, [295];
combined with bird, symbol of union of Above and Below, [296];
summary of use in symbolism [296];
in Chinese calendar, [299], in Buddhist mythology, [318];
combined with human in Babylonian symbolism, [335] (see [Human form]).
Anthromorphites, [530].
Apis, sacred Egyptian bull, [399];
cult of, very ancient, [437].
Apollo, worshipped in form of a column, [447], [513].
Arabia, star worship, axial rotation, seven-day period, etc., [322], [324], [448], [482], [495], [556].
Aratos, [453].
Arcadius, [530].
Architecture, ancient, influenced by religious cults of Heaven and Earth, [284];
Byzantine, [515];
cruciform, [515];
symbolism of (see [Windows], [Cone], [Tau], [Pyramid], [Color], [Greek fret], etc.).
Arctos, [452].
Aristotle, [485], [486], [487].
Arriaga, Padre, [134].
Arrowpoint, barbed, used instead of flint knife as symbol of life-producing force, [55], [56].
Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, [366], [369].
Ashurbanipal, Assyrian king, offspring of Heaven and Earth, [346].
Asia Minor, compared with North America in relation to tertiary plants and fungi, [479].
Asiatic contact, [534], [541] (see [Pre-Columbian contact]).
Asiatic Society of Japan, [565], [575].
Assyria, star-cult, [326];
numerical divisions, etc., [328];
cult of Polaris, [335];
analogies with China and Central America, [349];
civilization more recent than that of Babylonia, [353];
founded by Semitic Babylonians, [354];
rise of pure monotheism, [355];
stelæ with seven symbols, seven circles, etc., [358];
Pole-star worship, seven-fold division, Four Quarters, etc., [367];
summary, [483].
Astarte, Assyrian goddess figured as cow and as moon, [337], [345], [350].
Astronomy, cast of astronomy-leaders, [22];
study of, among native races, [42];
basis of religion, [43];
knowledge of, among Eskimo, [50];
and other native peoples, [53];
Mexican astronomers, [82];
among the Zuñi, [205];
astronomer-priests of Mexico [274];
in China, [285];
Chinese, Babylonian, Hindoo, Chaldean, [pg 578] Egyptian, Thibetan and Indian, [300], [301];
in Chaldea, [330];
in Babylonia and Assyria, [328], [338];
Egyptian zodiac signs, illustrated, [395];
the time when there ceased to be a conspicuous pole star, [525-526] (see [Polaris], [Calendar], etc.).
Atlantis, Island of, [446].
Atlatl or spear thrower, [211];
on temple of the Tigers, and on Stone of Tizoc, [212].
Attiwendaronks, [196].
Avila, [132].
Axayacatl, living representative of Huitzilopochtli, [71].
Axial rotation (or wheel) in ancient religion, symbolism and government;
in Maya name for Ursa Major, [8-10];
title of Mexican supreme divinity, “Wheel of the Winds,” [11], [33];
origin of idea was rotation of Ursa Major around Polaris;
symbolized by swastika symbol, [18-23];
imitated by Mexican game, “Those who fly,” [24];
associated with Mexican Calendar system, [25];
indicated by name Teo-Culhuacan or Aztlan, [56];
represented by Mexican sacred dance, [59];
indicated in Vienna Codex by circle of footstep, [90];
in Zuñi religious ceremony, [129];
in religious ceremony and irrigating canals of Peru, [145], [146];
symbolized by Nahuiollin on Mexican Calendar Stone, [251-52];
by one-footed man on Mexican “Sacrificial Stone,” [259];
in ancient plan of Mexican government, [273];
pictured divinity surrounded by circle of footsteps, [279];
in plan of ancient Chinese government, [280-291];
in calendar systems of China and Mexico, [292];
symbolized by spider's web, [293];
in Chinese calendar, [309];
the wheel in Hindu religion, [313], [319];
in Babylonia and Assyria, [331], [332], [356], [365], [366], [367];
“Wheel of the law” and “lord of the wheel” of India, in Egyptian symbolism, [394], [400], [401];
centrifugal power and rule indicated by names of capital cities in Egypt and Greece, [413];
revolving pillar on Acropolis at Athens, [447];
in Arabia, [448];
in India, [448];
in Plato's cosmical conception, [449];
in Homer's works, [452];
in Sophocles' work, [453];
in ancient Greece, polos=a star revolving on itself, [453];
Sanscrit god, “the driver of the axle,” [453];
Greek “Ixion's wheel,” [453];
indicated by cross symbol and later by swastika, [461];
wheel associated with Jove on Roman tombstone, [464];
in Scandinavia, the wain wheeled around the throne of Thor, [473];
Turanian god of heaven=the pole turned by the revolving days and weeks, [499];
symbols of, in Old and New World, [494-544];
summary, [544].
Ayllu, Peruvian word for tribe or lineage, [141].
Aztlan, land of light, [56], [57].
Baal, Assyrian god, [345];
worshipped under image of bull, [410].
Babylonia, Chinese immigrants from, [299];
Middle kingdom, [299];
astronomy, [300];
star cult, [326];
numerical divisions, etc., [328];
either a mountain or a star signified a god, [329];
astronomical observations of great antiquity, [329];
oriented to the Four Quarters, [333];
decline of the empire, [347];
female ruler, [347];
described in Revelations;
sevenfold organization, [348];
seven-staged tower, [356];
sevenfold state, [357];
altar of gold, [361].
Babylonia-Assyria, the Babylonia triad, Anu, Ea, and Bel, signify the Above, Middle and Below, [336];
compared with gods of China, [336];
combined Heaven and Earth cult, [344];
seven-fold organization, [360];
seven-staged tower (Zikkurat) and the great basin (Apsu) symbolized cosmological conceptions;
tree or pole as sacred symbol;
fire-stick, [361];
worship of Polaris;
male and female principles in nature, [363];
New Year's festival, [364];
summary and conclusions, [367], [544].
Bacab, title of Maya chief, [86];
title of rulers of Four Quarters, [183].
Bailly, [319].
Balam, Maya word for ocelot;
title of four lords of Below or Earth;
same as chac, [185].
Balboa, [150].
Ball, C. J., [302].
Bandelier, Ad. F., [61], [74], [79], [84], [168], [200].
Baptism, Maya, [225].
Barber, Commander, U. S. N., [159].
Bartholomew de las Casas, Friar, [32].
Bat, symbol of happiness, [277].
Bat-kin-ya-mûh, the Water people, [200].
Bastian, A., [153].
Bead, jade bead, as symbol in Mexico, [81];
“gold bead,” used as title;
symbolical among the Mayas, [237].
Beard, on stelæ at Copan and Quirigua, [219], [230];
on calendar sign;
on images of air-god, [231];
worn by representatives of Above, [231];
not worn by representatives of Below, [231];
in pictorial art, [232];
on portrait-statue of Stela E, at Quirigua, [232];
bearded personages on stelæ were high-priests, etc., [232];
beardless effigies indicated different caste, [232];
bearded Spaniards regarded, by Mexicans, descendants of founders of their civilization, [266];
emblem of sovereignty in Egypt, [426].
Bee, Maya word for=cab;
Cab glyph, [110].
Beetle (see [Scarab]).
Beltram de Santa Rosa, Fray, [89], [101].
Benares, temple of;
sacred cow, [316].
Bentham, [476].
Bentley, [300].
Berichten der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, [478].
Berlin Museum, [380], [417], [423], [424], [426], [427], [457], [460], [507].
Berra, Orozco y, [264], [268], [269].
B. N. MS. (Biblioteca Nationale MS.), same as “Lyfe of the Indians.”
Biblioteca Nazionale Manuscript (in press), [7], [9], [11], [12], [34], [37], [39], [44], [45], [46], [47], [54], [57], [64], [66], [71], [99], [102], [111], [112], [125], [128], [130], [189], [241], [279], [505].
Bird, title of Mexican war chief, [25];
humming-bird in symbolism, [39];
with spider, serpent and cross on shell gorget, [49];
Bird-god, borne on litter, [71];
ancient Yucatan in shape of bird, [86];
illustrated social organization in Mexico, [87];
totem of Incas, [157];
on arms of Mexico, [157];
on sculptures at Tiahuanaco, [167];
man-bird represented ruler of upper division of State in Mexico, [185];
typical of lords of four provinces in Mexico, [190];
blue-bird, Mexican symbol, [190];
name of Nahuatl tribe, [206], [214];
three most powerful tribes of Yucatan have bird names, [217];
on altar at Copan, [228];
in sculptures at Palenque, and in Mexican Fejervary chart, [235];
mask in Mexican festival, [242];
totem of the Air people in Mexico, [254];
recapitulation of meaning of symbol, [282];
use of as symbol, [296];
vulture, symbol of Upper Egypt, [368].
Blackfoot Indians, myth about Ursa Major, [511].
Black, Robert, [526].
Black Sun, in B. N. MS., [54].
Blood offerings, meaning of, [98], [99], [442].
Boas, Franz, [147].
Boat, in sculptured bas-relief at Chichen-Itza, [160];
in Babylonian symbolism, [366];
in Egyptian symbolism, [403];
Egyptian, Grecian, Phœnician in early times, [491].
Bochica or Ida-can-zas, culture hero of the Muyscas;
personification of the Sun or Above, [171].
Bodleian Library at Oxford, [508].
Boeckh, [488].
Bogota, dual government, calendar, etc., [171].
Bohn, [486].
Book of the Dead, [372], [374], [386], [387], [404], [406].
Book of Manu, [317].
Book of Yu, [296].
Bopp and Pott, [500].
Boturini, [150], [180], [181], [182], [268], [269].
Bourbourg, B. de, [35], [69], [89], [191], [206], [211], [216], [217], [271].
Bovallius, Dr., [230].
Bowl or vase (see [Vase]).
Brandenburg, spearhead from, illustrating triskelion and swastika associated, [28].
Brandsford, J. F., [50].
Brazil, wooden clubs with Greek fret, [121];
symbolism, etc., compared with that of other ancient American civilizations, [224].
Breath, puffs of, conventionalized on Copan slab, [223];
on bas-relief at Palenque, [223];
at Quirigua, [223];
compared with Zuñi symbolism, [223];
in Copan, [280].
Brinton, D. G., [60], [69], [72], [82], [88], [93], [100], [107], [109], [110], [111], [112], [164], [171], [175], [178], [181], [182], [191], [192], [217], [235].
Britain, ancient, numerical divisions, middle, central ruler, quadruple organization, [470], [493].
British Guiana, wooden clubs with “Greek fret,” [121].
British Museum, [151], [166], [234], [353], [355], [356], [357], [366], [457], [459].
Brown, Robert, [324], [325], [327], [338], [364].
Brugsch, [370], [376], [377], [378], [379], [382], [385], [387], [390], [393], [395], [397], [398], [399], [400], [401], [402], [404], [406], [407], [418], [419], [423], [424], [425], [429], [431], [432], [433], [436], [437], [438], [439], [440], [441], [442].
Buddhism, [294], [298], [301], [306], [311], [314].
Budge, Wallis, [367], [368], [370], [371], [372], [373], [374], [375], [379], [382], [388], [389], [391], [394], [397], [425], [437], [443].
Bull, winged bulls of Babylonia and Assyria, [336];
symbolism of, [337];
Yahwe, national god of the Hebrews, represented as man or as bull, [350];
astronomical sign in Egypt for Ursa Major, and possibly of Polaris, [385];
linguistic reasons why king of Egypt was entitled “the bull,” [385];
title of Egyptian supreme deity, [389];
cow, bull or ox, in Egyptian zodiac signs, [395];
Apis, sacred bull of Egypt, [399];
in inscription in temple of Denderah, [401];
Baal worshipped under image of, [410];
Egyptian ka, rebus, signifying Polaris and Ursa Major, [410];
title of Amen-Ra, [410];
associated with the goose in symbolism, [418];
Minotaurus, ruler of Crete, [457].
Burger, George, [486].
Burial urn, emblem of earth mother, [106].
Buschmann, Dr., [153], [155], [158], [165], [172].
Butterfly used as symbol of immortal soul by Mexicans, [39];
symbol of Centre and Four Quarters, [47].
Byzantine architecture, [515].
Cab, Maya day sign, word for bee, also earth, [109];
honey, [110];
associated with female principle, [110].
Cabal, day-sign, on Copan altar, [227].
Caban, Maya day-sign, identical with symbol of earth, [107];
figured with leaves of maize, [109];
the Below, [227].
Cæsar, called the Son of the Sun, [440], [470], [537].
Cakchiquel Indians of Guatemala, [79];
court of, [79];
obsidian mirror used as oracle, [80];
Annals of, [164];
legend suggesting form of government, [172];
tribal division associated with calendar, [178], [179];
tradition in relation to 7-day period, [182].
Calendar systems, Mexican, [7];
suggested by Polaris and circumpolar constellations, [25];
Maya, origin of, [35];
Mexican, monograph on, [53];
origin of, [100];
ancient Peruvian, [145];
among the Muyscas, [171];
connection between calendar signs and divisions of the people, [175];
a governmental institution, [179];
invention of native system by ancient inhabitants of Chiapas, [182];
among the Zuñi, [205];
kept profound secret by priesthood, [205];
Maya, [220];
fixed term of office for ancient American rulers, [221];
Mexican, originated from the fixed market-days, [245];
signs identified with different parts of human form, [282];
instituted by the Chinese emperor, Yaou, [289], [292];
comparison of American and Chinese, [297], [298], [299], [309];
Chaldean and Hindoo, [300];
Japanese compared with Mexican, [311];
Hindu with Mexican, [319];
Assyrian and Babylonian, [337], [348], [349];
ancient Egyptian, [377], [378];
lunar and solar, [439];
Esne calendar, [440];
Canopus calendar, [441];
Central American and Mexican, [528];
time when first adopted, [529], [530].
Calendar-stone of Mexico, [12];
night sun pictured on, [13];
symbol of five dots compared with same on recumbent stone figure, [95];
market-stone of the City of Mexico, regulated social organization, [245];
special work on, by Zelia Nuttall, [246];
image of “Great Plan” or Scheme of Organization, [247];
figured and described, [248-258];
regulated machinery of state, [254];
Gama's, Valentine's and Chavero's descriptions, [256];
based on observation of Polaris, [257];
embodied the idea of a central, dual and quadruple power, etc., [258];
contains symbol of union of dual principles of nature, [280].
Calendar-swastika, [9], [18], [41]
(see [Swastika]).
California Indians, use today two symbols in use by ancient Mexicans and Mayas, i. e., flint-knife and “stone yoke,” [104], [105].
Calli, Nahuatl for western horizon=the house, [38];
one of the four-year symbols, [76];
meaning, the house, [253].
Campiña de Puebla, [275].
Can, Maya word for serpent, [38];
serpent and numeral four, [50], [110], [112];
affix in names of towns, Iroquois, Maya and Mexican, [198];
associated with pyramid as Teotihua-Can, [263];
in Chinese and Maya associated with fourfold division, [288].
Canaan, account of Hebrew religion, [350].
Canada, Iroquois town, [197];
Maya meaning of, [198].
Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, [440].
Capital, Maya word for, homonymous with five=ho, [256].
Caracol, or Round Temple, of Chichen-Itza, built by Quetzalcoatl, representing Middle and Four Quarters, and centre of dominion, [97].
Cardinal points, assignment of colors and parts of human body, [293], [294];
associated with form of quadruped among the Zuñi, [295]
(see [Four Quarters]).
Carillo, Crescencio, [85], [86].
Carthaginians, having knowledge of an island in the ocean, [540].
Cartier, [197].
Cary's translation of Herodotus, [437].
Caryatids, at Chichen-Itza, [212].
Cassiopeia, [22], [25], [26], [29], [40], [49].
Caste, in Peru, [143];
in Mexico, [273].
Castelnau, [150].
Cat, sacred symbol in Egypt, [408].
Catari, chronicler of the Incas, [151].
Celi-Ced, the dual power, from which the universe was born (Druidic), [471].
Centipede, Mexican symbol, [186].
Central America, fundamental basis of government and civilization, [15];
symbolical form in architecture, [113], [119];
carved stone seats or altars, [283]
(see [Copan], [Guatemala], etc.).
Centre (stable centre or middle), in ancient government, religion, and symbolism: Polaris, the centre of axial energy, [22], [30];
centre of the Cosmos, among Zuñis, Mayas, Mexicans and Peruvians, [41];
symbols of, [46];
on shell gorgets, [49];
divergence from idea, [52];
represented by recumbent stone figure, [96];
among Incas, [136], [142], [144];
and Four Quarters represented on carved slab from Santa Lucia, [172];
in ancient American game, [178];
in Féjérvary Codex, [178];
in social organization, [180];
on sculpture of Lord of Above, [186];
colors associated with, [192];
among the Zuñi, [202];
in Copan Swastika, [222], [224], [225];
on Tablet of the Cross at Palenque, [236], [243];
union with Four Quarters in Mexican calendar-stone, [250], [258];
on Mexican monolith “Divine Twin,” [260], [262], [264];
symbolized by pyramid, [273], [274];
words and symbols connected with, [277];
associated with swastika, [280];
expressed by pyramid, [282];
typified by cross-legged human figure, [283];
expressed in flower symbol, [284];
Chinese “Middle kingdom,” [286], [287], [288], [291], [294], [299];
in America, symbolized by human heart and navel, in China by stomach, [296];
in Chinese religion, [306];
Japan called “Centre of the Earth,” [310];
represented by statue of Buddha, [314];
Nirvana, [315];
in Hindu religion, [317];
in religion of Arabia, [323], [324];
of Persia, [325];
Jerusalem, sacred spot marking the centre of the world, [352];
in Babylonia-Assyria [364];
in Egypt, [376], [379], [380], [381], [384], [385], [386], [394];
expressed by mummy-shaped object, also by cone, [410];
by a crown, [412];
by a flower, [415];
in Egyptian feast, Tekhu, [439];
in ancient government of Crete, [457];
in ancient Rome, [463];
in ancient Ireland, Britain and Wales, [468-471];
in Scandinavia, [472];
in cross-symbolism, [511];
in religious ideas of Old and New World, [517], [535];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Century Dictionary, [452], [464].
Cezalcouatl, name for Kukulcan, [69].
Chaac Mool or Lord Tiger, name given by Le Plongeon to the recumbent figure bearing circular vessel, found in Chichen-Itza, [95]
(see “Recumbent stone figure”).
Chac (Maya) red color;
also rain, storms, thunder and Lightning;
title of Lord of Below, [185].
Chac-noui-tan, name for Yucatan, [210].
Chalchihuitl=jade, [34], [91];
jade beads, [81].
Chalmers, John, [511].
Chambers' Encyclopædia, [452], [462], [463], [465], [484], [564].
Chamberlain, Basil Hall, [565], [568], [571], [574], [575].
Chariot, symbolism of, [313], [500], [501].
Chavero, A., [33], [61], [253], [256].
Ché, Maya word for tree;
in names of tribes, [199], [234].
Checker-board (or tartan) design, formed by taus, [122], [123], [124].
Ch'en, Maya day sign, [110].
Cheles, one of the Yucatan tribes, [217].
Cherokees, [196].
Chess board, in Egypt, [124].
Chiapas, the present home of the Tzendals;
native calendar system, [180], [182];
migrations from, [210];
numerical divisions, [528].
Chichen-Itza, culture-hero ruled in, [68], [69];
recumbent stone figure bearing circular vessel, [93], [185], [214];
connection established with Mexico by Kukulcan (Quetzalcoatl), [93];
Caracol or Round Temple, [97];
bas-relief illustrating navigation by boats, [160];
tradition about settlement of, [207];
evidence of Aztec influence, [212];
classification of ruins, [216];
tablet in house of “Tennis-court” [259].
Chichimecs, sacrifices by, [66].
Chicome-coatl, literally, seven-serpents, title of earth mother, [181].
China, cosmical symbol compared with those of Copan and Mexico, [114];
symbols of Above and Below, [118];
sound of words, in symbolism, [276];
pole-star worship, [284];
the emperor at Pekin termed the Son of Heaven and the [pg 581] Empress inhabits the palace of Earth's repose;
Yang and Yin;
Above and Below, etc., [286];
reason of deformation of feet, [287];
Chow Dynasty, fourfold plan of cities, linguistic affinities with Mexicans and Mayas, “Quadriform constitution,” [288];
calendar system, social and religious organization compared with that of ancient America, [291], [292], [293];
tables showing the agreement and divergence in ancient systems of China and America, [293];
assignment of colors and of parts of human body to cardinal points, [294];
comparative study of symbolism, [296];
social organization, etc., [297];
calendar and numerical system, [297], [298];
origin of civilization, [299];
astronomical system, [300], [301];
Buddhism, [301], [303], [315];
primitive calendar, [301];
Taouism, [301];
Chinese language said to be the same as Akkadian, [302];
civilization not indigenous, emigration into, [303];
Dowager Empress Ling, [304];
Israelites, [303-306];
Christians, [306];
fundamental principles of religion identical with that of ancient America, but later, divergent, [306], [307], [308], [309];
Heaven and Earth cult practised at the present time, [344];
summary of numerical divisions, [483];
use of wheel from earliest times, [501-502];
use of Cross symbol with idea of central power, [511];
resemblances and differences, Chinese and Maya, Mexican, [533], [534];
doubt about extreme age of governmental scheme, [533];
celestial kingdom dates from first century, [541], [542];
summary and conclusions, [546].
Cholula, contains largest pyramid in America, [268];
built as place of refuge from inundations, [271], [272];
place of sanctity, [275];
also called Cholola or Colola, [275];
marks site of great and ancient Tollan, [275], [276], [529].
Cholollan, pyramid, a venerated sanctuary, [269];
tradition concerning, [270];
native name is “tollan,” [275]
(see [Tullan Cholollan]).
Christianity, in China, [305], [306];
period of growth, persecution of pagans, [530], [531];
St. Augustine states that it has existed from the beginning, [536], [537], [538], [539], [541].
Chuen, Maya day-sign, [112].
Cib, Maya day-sign, [109], [110], [111].
Cibola, seven cities of, [203].
Cihuacoatl, the earth mother, flint knife in wrappings, symbol of, [55];
the Woman serpent (or twin), [60];
name of Quilaztli, [60];
female ruler, [62], [63], [64];
Mexican ruler, [67];
personification of Earth, [76];
Montezuma's substitute, [77];
duties of, agents of, [78];
offered sacrifice to god of Underworld, [79];
compared with serpent in Maya Codex, [111];
emblem of, [128];
female title of lord of the night, [181].
Cipactli, Mexican sign for a “marine monster,” [228].
Circle, symbol of heaven, [260];
influence on ancient architecture and symbolism, [284];
with dot, Egyptian sign for time, [387].
Circle or ring, symbol of Egyptian “lord of the ring,” Hindu “lord of the wheel,” Persian “god of the ring,” and Mexican “lord of the circle,” [401].
Circle or disk, Egyptian symbol, [402], [412], [444];
also in Peru, [444].
Circumpolar constellations, studied by primitive man, [15];
in relation to origin of swastika symbol, [15];
form triskelion on night of winter-solstice, [27];
relation to sacred numbers, [29];
associated with idea of death and resurrection, [39];
in relation to underworld, [40];
four movements of, [54];
in connection with cult of Below, [54];
worship of in Old World, [383-387]
(see [Pleiades], [Ursa Major], [Ursa Minor], [Polaris]).
Circumpolar region, probable birth-place of cult of Polaris, [475];
place where human race probably spent its infancy, [475];
fauna and flora, [476], [478], [479].
Circumpolar rotation, represented by swastika and star-symbols on pottery, [50-52];
compared to rotation of fire-drill by early peoples, [502]
(see [Rotation or Wheel]).
Claws (or nails) of the state, title of warriors, [87];
in Mexican calendar-stone, [249];
on monolith “Divine Twin,” [261].
Cliff dwellers, tau as symbol, [119].
Clubs (wooden) from South America and Peru, with symbolical designs, [122].
Coatl (serpent or twin) in connection with tree symbolism, [188];
compared with Zuñi Koa=twin, [201].
Cocomes, Maya tribe, [209], [214].
Codices: Borgian, [27], [36], [55], [91], [95], [98], [103], [116], [189], [504], [505];
Chimalpopoca, [270];
Chumazel, [85];
Cortesian, [111];
Dresden, [35], [37], [39], [41], [45], [110], [183];
Féjérvary, [9], [10], [44], [107];
Fuenleal, [8], [10], [12], [33], [44];
Mendoza, [63], [87], [88], [117], [118], [122], [130], [173], [263];
Telleriano-Remensis, [10], [11], [240];
Vatican, [11], [44], [55], [50], [78], [80];
Vienna, [34], [44], [86], [90], [100], [103], [119], [123], [127].
Cogolludo, [89], [180], [206], [210], [218].
Colebrook and Bentley, [300].
Colhuacan, Mexican local name, [263].
Color, red in Mexico, associated with north, [57];
cult of Earth, [185];
title, [193];
blue, associated with rulership and divinities, [61], [62], [91], [214];
black, associated with Tezcatlipoca and with Quilaztli, [62];
yellow, color of the west, female region, [64];
on Moki masks, [119];
in tau design, [122];
on ancient Mexican temples and sculptures, [128];
in Peruvian symbolism, [130];
in Zuñi symbolism, [130];
in architecture at Uxmal, [131];
used to denote social status by Peruvians, Mayas, Mexicans and Zuñis, [192];
associated with four Quarters and Above and Below, [192], [251];
used for face and body painting, [193];
Huaxtecan mantle of five hundred colors, [208];
painting of caryatids in Chichen Itza, [212];
symbolic at Copan and Quirigua, [233];
emblematic, in China, [286];
assigned to elements by Mexicans, Zuñis and Chinese, [200], [293];
assigned to cardinal points, in China and America, [294];
in Buddhist temple; in Quetzalcoatl's temples in Mexico, [295];
in Hindu caste, [313];
in Babylonia, [328];
in Egypt, red associated with the north and male sex, and white with south and female sex, [369], [373], [425].
Colorado, cliff dwellers, [119].
Column, sacred, in great temple of Mexico, [53];
on hill of justice in Guatemala, [79];
stelæ at Copan and Quirigua, [220], [230], [512];
laws inscribed on, centre of island Atlantis;
laws of Solon inscribed on, in centre of Athenian state;
of Apollo at Delphi, [447];
the cosmical round tower of Ireland, [470];
at Mitla, Mexico, [513];
symbolism of, in Old and New World, [513], [517].
Confucianism, [115], [289], [298], [306].
Cone, in Mexican ollin-sign, signified the Above, [118];
used in native architecture;
culminated in pyramid, [118];
represented by shape of windows in ancient ruins, [120];
on summit of House of the Doves at Uxmal, [131].
Conical stone, on which human victims were sacrificed, [118].
Congress of Americanists, [230], [231].
Congress of Orientalists, [544].
Conquest Stone of Mexico, “Sacrificial Stone,” “Tribute Stone,” [258], [507].
Constantine, [509], [513], [514], [515], [530];
his numerical scheme compared with same in India, Mexico and Yucatan, [542], [543].
Copan, lentil-shaped stone altar, from, [113];
carved stelæ, [215];
purpose of erection, [216];
study of the ruins, [219];
cult of Polaris illustrated by carved slab in temple, [11], [222];
numerical organization illustrated, [222];
numerical divisions, symbolism, etc., identical with those of Peru, Guatemala, Mexico, Yucatan, Zuñi, etc., [226], [228], [233];
numerical divisions on altar conform with Zuñi clan-organization, [229];
bearded effigies, [231];
dual rulers, [232];
totemic animals and symbolic colors, [233];
excavation at Mound, [4], [233];
same cult as that of Palenque and Quirigua, [240];
carved stone seats or altars, [283];
alligator altar, [295];
stelæ as memorial columns, [512], [513];
remnants of old civilization, [528].
Copan swastika, compared with design on club from South America, [224];
compared with tablet in “Temple of the Sun,” [239]
(see also [Swastika]).
Copts, [530].
Cord (Maya kaan), associated with Maya word for Heaven=caan, and with glyph, can, [112];
meaning of carved gorget worn on a cord, [112];
sky represented as a circle composed of a cord to which stars were attached, [113];
on lentil-shaped stone altar at Copan, [114];
on shield of Mexican god, [128];
on Copan stela, [219].
Corinth, coin with swastika, [459].
Cortes, [34], [67], [68], [74], [75], [77], [97], [107], [150], [171], [183], [208], [245], [264], [266], [542].
Cosmos, four-fold and seven-fold divisions of, in Peru, Mexico, Yucatan, Zuñi, [41], [42];
in Babylonia, India, Persia, etc., [328];
in pagan philosophy, [484], note
(see separate headings; also, Quadruple Organization and Numerical Divisions).
Cow, venerated in India, [316];
Canaan goddess, Astarte, in form of, [337];
Egyptian god Isis (Hathor) worshipped under form of, [406];
or bull, cult of Apis in Egypt, [437]
(see [Bull]).
Coya, wife or sister of Inca, [134].
Cozumel cross, called symbol of “rain-god,” [280].
Creation myths, ancient Mexican, [54], [55], [56];
Peruvian, [138];
Hindu, [313-318];
Babylonian and Hebrew evidently from same source, [353].
Creator, or “Supreme Being,” in Mexico, [8];
title “wheel of the winds,” [11];
Polaris, [22];
worshipped by ancient Americans, [32], [36];
earliest form of;
feathered serpent, image of, [70];
the four elements regarded as attributes of, [99];
belief in, represented by mushroom-shaped stone figure, [115];
Inca knowledge of, [135], [149];
Quechua title for;
Mexican title for, [159];
in Peru, identified with Mexican “Lord who guides,” or Polaris;
and associated with star and cross, [161];
image of at Cuzco, [162];
worship of in Texcoco, [163];
in Peru, [164];
in Tiahuanaco, [168];
native title, “Heart of Heaven”, [189];
in Mexico represented by rebus of the feathered serpent, [209];
Nahuatl title, expressed by an eye and pyramid in picture-writing, [269];
Divine Twain, Father and Mother of all, in Mexico, Quetzalcoatl, [270];
in China, [302];
Akkadian name for symbol, an eight-pointed star, [302], [304];
among the Hindu, [312];
Brahmanistic conception of, [314];
in Persia, [325];
among the Hebrews=Yahwe lord of Heaven, [304], [351], [352];
in ancient Egypt, [397], [403], [412], [444];
in Plato's Timæus, [449];
the Norse, Thor, [473];
the source of the four elements, [510];
comparison of names in Old and New World, [532];
summary, [548].
Cremation, significance of, [106].
Crete, Greek plan of organization came from, description of symbols on coin [457];
ancient philosophy of, [486-488].
Cross-bones, origin of symbol, [184].
Cross-legged seated figures, on Central American stone seats or altars, [283];
emblem of stable centre and Four Quarters, [283].
Cross-symbol, Maya and Mexican, figured and described, [37], [38], [45], [46], [47];
on shell gorget from Tennessee, [49], [50];
on pottery from Mississippi Valley, 51;
from Arizona, [52];
on Iroquois belt, [198];
in symbolical carving from Brazil or Guiana, [224];
four-spoked wheel as cross symbol in Assyria, [356];
emblem of sovereignty in Babylonia-Assyria, [365];
used as symbol at earlier period than swastika, [461];
with idea of Central power, [511];
emblem of Christian religion, [535], [536];
summary, [544]
(see [Swastika]).
Cross-tablets at Palenque, [237], [238], [239].
Cross-worshippers, Chinese name for Christians, [305].
Cruciform structures, vaults under stelæ at Copan and Quirigua, [512];
at Mitla, Mexico, [513];
at Rome, [514];
buildings and churches of later period, [515];
at Byzantium, [515];
in Syria, [515];
in India, [516];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Cruz, Alonzo de la, [230].
Culin, Stewart, [178].
Cum-ahau, name of divinity of Yucatan, [93], [222], [226].
Cup-shaped depression, on stone altar at Copan, [114].
Cushing, Frank H., [41], [99], [115], [129], [132], [192], [200], [201], [203], [205], [206], [227], [295], [511], [574].
Cuzco, “navel of the earth,” [133];
plan of city, Centre and Four Quarters, [136];
founded by Manco Capac, [156];
temple, facing north and containing gold image of “Creator,” [163];
gold plaque from, [168];
symbolism analogous to Mexican and Maya, [170].
Dahlgren, E. W., [230].
D'Alviella, Goblet, [19], [459].
Dances, sacred, [57];
description of Mexican dance, representing wheel or axial rotation, [58], [59];
of Moki Indian, [119];
at Cuzco, [145];
Sun pole dance of American Indians, [313], note.
Davis, J. F., [300].
Day-sign, Maya and Mexican, [75], [107-112];
influence of, [177];
Cabal, on Copan altar, [227];
and year signs of native calendar, [248];
in calendar-stone, [253];
names of, used as personal and tribal names, [253].
Death, symbol of, [39].
Deer, mask of, [165].
Deities, Aztec, number of, same god under several names, [8].
Demosthenes, lantern of, [127].
Denderah, [400].
Dennis, J. S., [483].
DeRossi, [514].
Desjardins, [150].
Destruction of the earth, Mexican traditions concerning, [270], [271].
Diaz, Bernal, [71], [72], [75], [77], [80], [96], [97], [245], [265], [542].
Din-gira, Akkadian name for God, [302].
Diocletian, [514].
Divination, in connection with use of mirrors, [83];
origin of [177];
in China, Thibet and India, [301].
Divine Twin
(see [Duality]).
Documentos ineditos del Archivio de Indias, [77].
Dog, head of, on sculptures from Santa Lucia, [165]; Maya word for=men, [234].
Donelly, Ignatius, [374], [516].
D'Orbigny, [150].
Douglas, R. K., [285], [291], [298], [299], [302].
Draconis, observation in Egypt, [384].
Dragon, at Quirigua, [233].
Dragon-fly, employed as cross-symbol, on Algonquin garment, [48].
Drums, [58], [59], [60], [213].
Duality or “Divine Twin,” symbol of, [39];
conventional representation of, [46];
idea of, [47];
dual stellar divinity, [56], [57];
represented in sacred dance, [59];
by male and female ruler, [62];
development of idea, [67];
twin brothers as rulers in Yucatan, [68];
Montezuma, impersonation of, [73], [77], [78];
in Peruvian symbolism, [134];
the “Beloved Twain” of the Zuñi, [200];
Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan, [223];
dual ruler at Copan, [228];
in Quirigua, [232];
on Palenque tablet, [245];
on Mexican Calendar Stone, [249];
in Mexican sculpture, [251], [260-262];
dual government at time of Conquest, [266];
in China, [285];
in Hindu religion, [312];
in India, [314];
in Babylonia-Assyria, [342];
in Egypt, [389], [397], [399], [410], [412], [415], [423];
in ancient Rome, [463];
in ancient Ireland, [468];
in Druidic traditions of Wales, [471].
Duemichen, [385].
Duran, Friar, [26], [41], [56], [57], [58], [61], [71], [77], [78], [80], [88], [182], [241], [243], [245], [258], [282].
Eagle (quauhtli), associated with Cassiopeia;
title of Mexican war chief, [25], [167];
Eagle-woman, [60];
among the Incas, [156];
on bas-reliefs of Santa Lucia, Guatemala, [156], [157];
totem of one or more of the Incas, [157];
on bas-relief in City of Mexico, [157];
in arms of Mexico, [157];
symbol of Above among the Zuñi, [204];
symbol of state in Mexico and Central America, [295];
summary of use as symbol, [296].
Earth, or “The Below,” in ancient religion and symbolism;
in ancient Mexican and Maya cosmos;
in secret beliefs of Zuñi priests, [41];
female region, [42];
lord of, [45];
cult of, [54];
associated with woman, [60-65]5;
sacrifices to, [66];
Cihuacoatl, personification of, [76];
sacrifices to god of, [79];
in connection with human sacrifices, [91];
in Zuñi ceremonies, [100];
in connection with cremation, [106];
symbol of, in use by California Indians, [106];
priestesses of, buried in caves, [107];
symbols of, [110];
associated with image of serpent, [111];
with angular form, [113];
composed of fire and water, [113];
on altar at Copan, [114];
associated with square form and bowl, [115];
flat-topped mitre worn by lord of, [116];
Chinese symbol, [118];
sacrifices [118];
tau upright, emblem of, [118], [119];
cult of, in Peru, [130], [133], [134], [135], [141], [142];
idea prevailed in Tiahuanaco, [166];
among the Muyscas, [171];
in calendar, [179];
in social organization, [180], [181];
associated with animal form, [184], [185];
color associated with, [192];
associated with female principle, [193];
votaries of, [195];
in Zuñi social system, [202], [203], [204];
priests of, represented without beards on sculptures at Copan and Quirigua, [231], [232];
moon symbol of cult, [267];
cultivation of maize, by daughter of, [276];
symbolized by quadruped, [282];
vase, emblem of, [283];
associated with square form, and darkness;
influence on primitive architecture and symbolism, [284];
flower used as symbol of, [284];
in China, [285], [288], [290], [307];
in Hindu religion, cult of Siva, [314];
in Persian religion, [325];
in Assyrian and Babylonia cult, [334], [336], [338], [339];
cult combined with that of Above practised in China at present time, [344];
Baal, Phœnician god of Earth, [351];
in Egypt, [381];
symbolized in Scandinavia by Thor's hammer, [474];
table of countries where traces of cult have been found, [480];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Earth-mother, represented by Cihuacoatl, [79];
pictured in Borgian Codex, [98];
Zuñi symbol of, [100], [200], [201]
(see Earth or the Below, also [Cihuacoatl]).
Earth-work builders of the Ohio valley, [50], [199], [280].
Eddas, written by agricultural people, having knowledge of the fire-drill, axial rotation, etc., [502], [503].
Egypt, crux ansata, [119];
checker-board design;
basis of chess-board, [124];
civilization mainly Euphratean, [327];
explanations and illustrations of Egyptian symbols, [367-461];
color symbolism;
high development of pole-star worship;
territorial divisions, [368];
Four Quarters;
hieroglyph for capital or city, cross symbol with four divisions, [369], [371];
pyramid, and square form associated with earth, and round with sky, [371];
numerical divisions, [375];
seven-fold organization, centre, Polaris, [376];
sky-goddess Nut, [378];
lotus flower symbol, [379];
Polaris, sphinx, pyramid, Middle, [379];
Ursa Major, used as a measurer of time, [384];
bull, used as astronomical sign of Ursa Major, king entitled “The Bull,” [385];
Amen-Ra, the supreme, dual god;
king associated with sun, and queen with moon, [389];
hawk-headed god, An, compared with Assyrian, Greek and Mexican gods of the circle or wheel, [401];
Egyptian queen analogous in position to Mexican Quilaztli, [428], [429];
festival of Tekhu, [439];
becomes a Roman province, [440];
cult of dual principles of nature, [441];
summary, [483];
the sacred and tribal tree, [499];
the symbolical use of the column, [513];
Aha-Mena, first historical ruler, was a builder, [532];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Faber, [516].
Fauna and flora of the tertiary period, in Old and New World, [476-479].
Feather, symbol of divinity (Mexican and Maya), [69], [70];
names signify something divine, [129];
Egyptian symbol, [390], [409], [410].
Feathered serpent, origin of use as symbol, [69];
effigies of in Mexico, [70];
used as rebus to express Supreme Being and his earthly representative, [208]
(see also [Serpent]).
Feet of Chinese women, deformation of, [287].
Féjérvary Codex, [178], [187], [235], [250].
Ferlini, [427].
Fewkes, J. Walter, [130], [199], [200].
Figueredo, Padre Juan de, [164].
Finger and toe count=20: [175], [295], [296], [297].
Fire, sacred, Pleiades in connection with kindling, [53];
new, kindling of, [56];
festival of god of, [57];
earliest form under which deity was worshipped, [58], [64], [70];
in Peru, [83];
lighting of, by means of mirror, [83];
god of, associated with sceptre having gold disk, [87];
kindled on body of human victim, [91], [95];
feast of in Mexico, [240];
name of one of the four eras since the creation of the world, [253];
symbolical meaning of, [280];
means of producing in Mexico and India, [318];
in connection with cult of Polaris, [319];
worship of in India, [320], [321];
in Parsee religion, [326];
in Babylonia-Assyria, [362];
ceremonial rite, in ancient Egypt, [442];
at New Year festival in Scandinavia, [474];
(in Old World) sacred fire, fire-drill, fire-socket, fire-altars, lord of fire, [494-504], [519], [520], [521];
(in New World) sacred fire, fire-drill, fire-socket, fire-altar, fire-drill god, [504-509];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Five elements in China, [293], [301], [309];
in India and in Greece, [484], note.
Five-day periods, year divided into in Mexico, [292];
in Japan, [310].
Five-dot groups, idea of, [256];
on monolith “Divine Twin,” [260];
on coin found in island of Crete, [457];
on the cenotaph of king Midas, [459].
Fletcher, Alice C., [196], [511].
Flint, Earl, [195].
Flint knife, Tecpatl, in wrappings, symbol of earth-mother, used as sacrificial knife, [55], [56];
on head dress in B. N. MS., [57];
in connection with emblematic vase, [103];
sacred among the Hupa Indians of California, [105];
on sacrificial stone of Mexico, [258];
emblem of generation, [521]
(see [Tecpatl]).
Flood and destruction myths and traditions, [88], [240], [253], [270-275]
(see [Myths and Traditions]).
Flower, as symbol, [101];
four petals, two leaves and stalk, [191];
on Tablet of the Cross, [236];
symbol of Centre and Four Quarters, [278];
recapitulation of meaning of, [284];
lotus in Hindu religion, [314];
or rosette, in Assyrian symbolism, [366];
seven petalled flower on Phœnician tablets, [395];
Egyptian word for=ankh means also “life,” [413];
emblem of Middle, axial rotation and life, [413-420].
Footsteps, in circle, indicating rotation, [90], [279].
Forrer, R., [460].
Förstemann, E., [107], [109], [112].
Four Elements, in ancient religion and symbolism: union of, in sacred rites, [97];
regarded as attributes of Supreme Divinity, [99];
Mexican and Zuñi beliefs and ceremonies, [99-102];
symbolized by calendar signs, [182];
symbols of, on Mexican Calendar Stone, [249-251], [253], [254];
classification of among the Mexicans, Zuñi, and Chinese, [293], [294];
Creator, in Peru and Mexico, named Earth, air, fire and water in One, [494], [510], [529].
Four Quarters, in ancient religion and symbolism: [38], [41], [46];
colors of, represented on feathered serpent, [70];
represented in Mexico by four executive officers, [75], [76];
ancient Yucatan divided into, [85], [86];
in Borgian Codex, [91];
represented in Caracol or Round Temple of Chichen Itza, [97];
all things divided into, for an indefinite period, finally subdivided, [99];
figured as single sign, [124];
in plan of capital and form of government among Incas, [136], [144];
represented on carved slab from Santa Lucia, [172];
represented by four limbs of human figure, [174];
symbolized in ancient American games [176], [178];
in Féjérvary Codex, [178];
represented by 20-day period, [179], [180];
lords of, among the Quiches, [182];
colors of, [192];
among Zuñi, [201];
in pyramid temple at Chichen Itza, [208];
idea of, carried out by Quetzalcoatl in the Mexican temples, [209];
ruler of, on Copan stelæ, [220];
meaning of symbol as used among the Maya, [223];
on Copan swastika, [224];
on Palenque tablets, [243];
in Mexican calendar-stone, [250];
designated by colors on monuments in Mexico, [251];
symbolized on monolith “Divine Twin,” [260];
cult of, in Mexico and Peru, [264];
Cortes regarded as Lord of, [266];
in connection with pyramid, [273];
list of symbols connected with, [278];
expressed by pyramid, [282];
in flower symbol, [284];
in Chinese calendar system, [285], [291];
associated with color and the elements, [293];
with parts of the body by Chinese, [294];
with form of quadruped by Zuñi, [295];
in China, [298];
in Japan, [311];
in India, [313];
in Persia, [325];
in Assyria and Babylonia, [332], [333], [337], [357];
in Egypt, [369], [372], [386], [394], [395], [415];
in ancient Ireland, the five kings assigned one to the middle and the others to the cardinal points, [468];
in ancient Britain, [470];
in ancient Scandinavia, [472];
table of countries in which traces of cult have been found, [480-494];
in religious ideas of Old and New World, [517], [539];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Gallatin, [196].
Gama, Leon y, [96], [186], [246], [252], [256], [260].
Game of ball, represented idea of perpetual motion of the heavenly bodies, [82];
of patolli, description of, [87];
tlachtli and patolli in Mexico, [176], [177], [178].
Garcia, [150].
Garcilaso de la Vega, [132], [133].
Gaul, divided into seven provinces, [493].
Gesenius, [518].
Gensler, Dr., [395].
Ghizeh Museum, [427].
Gibbon, [150].
Gilgamesh epic, [366].
Gillies, John, [487].
Globus, [52].
God C, Maya divinity, [108], [111];
not identical with Polaris, [112].
God L, Maya divinity, [108].
God M, Maya divinity, [108].
Godman, F. Ducane, [120].
Godman and Salvin, [216].
Gomara, [26], [39], [90], [150].
Goodyear, William H., [314], [395], [413], [414], [415], [418], [420], [424], [460].
Goose, in Egyptian symbolism, [398];
in Egyptian, Sanscrit and Hindu religious art, [418];
in the prehistoric art of Greece, Italy, Hallstatt, Gaul, Sweden;
name for in different languages, [419].
Gordon, G. B., [512].
Gottfriedt, J. L., [63].
Government (see [Quadruple organization], and [Social organization]).
Great Plan, stone of, [506].
Great temple of Mexico, [53], [80];
recumbent stone figure on summit of, [96];
contains forty high towers to hold effigies of lords of the Above, [107], [225].
Great Turtle at Quirigua, [234], [240].
Greece, use of checker-board design, [124];
primitive government of, [445];
Athenian culture, [454-459];
summary, [484];
Greek colonies in Egypt, [491];
the symbolic use of the column, [513];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Greek fret, evolution of, on the American continent, [121];
formed by upright and reversed tau, [121].
Griffis, W. E., [310].
Grote, [484], [485], [486], [491], [492], [527].
Guatemala, cult of Polaris, [44];
Cakchiquel Indians, [79], [171];
obsidian mirror as oracle, [82];
ancient capital of, divided into two and four parts, [85];
ancient civilization in, [89];
mushroom-shaped stone figures from, [114];
sculptured slabs resembling image in Inca fable, [153];
Nahuatl language spoken in, [155];
caste division associated with left hand, evidence that Nahuatl was spoken in, [165];
Nahuatl names of four provinces, [172];
stela with symbol of open hand, [184];
numerical divisions, social organization, symbolism, [226];
summary, in table of countries, [494].
Gubernatis, Angelo de, [318], [544].
Gudea, [357].
Guiana, symbolism, etc., compared with that of other ancient American civilizations, [224].
Guillemin, Amedée, [162], [163].
Hagar, Stansbury, [480], [510].
Haliburton, R. G., [339], [469].
Hammurabi, [349].
Hanan-ayllu, upper lineage in Peru, [133].
Hanan Cuzco=the Above, ruled by the Inca, [133];
division of Inca capital including those of upper class, [140], [164].
Hathor-Isis, Egyptian goddess of whom the queen was the living image, [429-437].
Hawk god, in Egyptian zodiac, [400];
on inscriptions in temple of Denderah, [401];
Egyptian god Horus represented with head of hawk, [402];
used as image of Amen-Ra, [412].
Heaven, or “the Above,” in ancient religion and symbolism:
in conception of cosmos in ancient Mexico, in secret beliefs of Zuñi priests, associated with rising of celestial bodies, [41];
male region, [42], [54], [62], [65];
sacrifices to, [66];
Montezuma living representative of, [71], [72];
in Zuñi ceremonies, [100];
symbolized as air, light and water, [103];
lords of, buried in wooden effigies placed in high towers, [107];
associated with rounded form;
temples were circular, [113];
on lentil-shaped altar at Copan, [114];
in mushroom-shaped stone figures from San Salvador and Guatemala, [115];
peaked mitre worn by lord of, [116];
represented in Mexican ollin-sign by cone, [118];
symbolized by conical stone on which human victims were sacrificed, [118];
Chinese emblem of, [118];
in Moki Indian dance, [119];
in ancient architecture, [119-121];
on clubs from Brazil and British Guiana, [121];
in Peru, [130-146];
in Tiahuanaco, [166];
in Bogota, [171];
represented by human head, [174];
associated with human figure, [184], [185];
in Mexican tree symbolism, [188], [189];
color associated with, [192];
priests represented with beards on sculptures at Copan and Quirigua, [231];
in Mexican calendar-stone, [249];
in “Divine Twin,” [260];
list of symbols connected with, [278], [282];
in China, [284-290], [298], [299], [301], [306], [307], [344];
Hebrew Jehovah called “God of Heaven,” [304], [323], [351];
in India, [314];
in Persia, [325];
in Assyria and Babylonia, [334], [336], [338], [339];
in Egypt, [429];
in Scandinavia, [474];
table of countries in which traces of cult have been found, [480];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Heaven and Earth, union of:
symbolized by human face, [46], [47];
expressed by cross-symbols, [48];
illustrated by double tau-shaped figure, [86];
in connection with Toxcatl festival, [97];
in ancient architecture, [120];
in ancient symbolism [130];
typified by shape of irrigating canals of Peru, [132];
on Copan stelæ, [221];
on summits of high mountains, [283];
in China, [286];
by figure of ocelot and eagle combined, [296];
in Babylonia, [330], [334-346];
Hebrews, [304], [305], [327], [350], [351], [352], [364].
Heliopolis, seat of learning and monotheism in ancient Egypt, [444].
Heraclitus of Ephesus, [452].
Hercules, twelve labors of, [511].
Herodotus, [300], [328], [329], [361], [375], [399], [412], [437], [442-492].
Hesiod, [453].
Hewitt, [453], [480-482], [494-509], [517-524], [565-575].
Hiawatha, [197].
Hieroglyphs, and symbols, on stone monuments of Central America, [218-233];
Yucatan, [234-244];
Mexico, [245-275].
Hilavi, [134].
Hipparchus, [452].
Historical Exposition at Madrid, [23].
Ho, ancient name for Merida, on ancient map from Codex Chumazel, [86], [90].
Hochelaga, kingdom of, [197];
Iroquois central capital, [198].
Holcan, title given to war chiefs in Mexico, signifies literally the head of four, [209];
relates to rulership of Four Quarters, [209].
Holmes, W. H., [39-48], [49], [69], [97], [131], [213], [235], [240].
Honduras, ancient civilization in, [89], [218];
Peabody Museum Expedition, [512]
(see [Copan]).
Hopi, ceremonial having affinities with the Nahuatl and Maya, [209].
Horizon, western, Nahuatl symbol for=calli, the house, [38].
Horse, sacred animal in Egypt, [409].
Horse-shoe symbol, [106], [107], [108].
Horus, Egyptian God identified with Polaris, [402].
House of the Doves at Uxmal, symbolism of, [131].
Huaca, tribal or household “idol” among the Peruvians, origin of, [138], [139], [140].
Maya colony on Mexican coast, [160], [207], [208].
Huitzilopochtli, tradition concerning, [12];
represented as humming-bird, [26];
connected with Above, the male region, [42];
the traditional leader of the Aztecs, [57];
tradition concerning sister of, [60];
associated with blue color, [62];
represented by Montezuma, [71];
title of, “Heart of the Heaven,” [72];
companion idol to that of Tezcatlipoca in great temple of Mexico, [80];
monolith in Mexico, [245];
statue of, [265].
Human arm, symbol of one of the divisions of state in Mexico, [175].
Human bones, used as rebus, [183];
reason of decoration, [184].
Human breath, symbolism of, [9], [10]
(see also [Breath]).
Human face, used symbolically, [47];
in centre of ollin sign, [54];
on sculpture at Tiahuanaco, [169];
in Mexican calendar, [169];
in Central American sculptures, [221];
in Copan sculpture, [222];
in Mexican calendar-stone, [248];
summary, [281].
Human faces, of silver and mosaic, on necklace of statue, [265].
Human figure, in sacrifice regarded as symbolic of Middle and Four Quarters, [91];
in mushroom-shaped stone figure, [114];
in Vienna Codex, [123];
statue of man and woman, symbolized duality in Peru, [134];
Inca gold image of Creator and of the sun, [135];
image of the State in Mexico, [174];
associated with Four Quarters of the Above, [184];
combined with animal figure, symbol of dual State, [185];
on Copan stelæ, [219-227];
at Quirigua, [231], [232], [233], [234];
in sculpture at Palenque, and in Mexican Féjérvary chart, [235-240];
recapitulation of meaning of symbol;
image of constitution and calendar system;
calendar signs identified with, [282];
seated cross-legged, emblem of stable Centre, [283];
parts of, assigned to cardinal points in China, [294];
in Zuñi, [295];
significance of, in sculpture, [295];
on stela, represented the chief and his term of office, [295];
summary of its use as symbol, [296];
statue of Buddha conveys idea of swastika, also of Centre, [315];
combined with animal in Babylonian symbolism, [335];
winged, bird-headed human figure on Assyrian bas-relief, [366];
in Egypt, [378], [379], [400], [437], [438];
in the island of Crete, [457], [458].
Human fingers, symbol of four officers, [175].
Human foot, symbol of lower division of State, [175].
Human hand, symbol of supplication, [127], [261];
on carved slab from Santa Lucia, [172];
meaning of, [174];
wooden sceptre in form of, [174];
symbol of capital of State, [175];
on garment of chieftain at Uxmal;
on stela used as name-sign of ruler in Mexico;
symbol of ancient capital in Yucatan;
sceptre in shape of, [184];
symbol of four lords of the Above, [185];
the idea of many hands guided by one head or central power, [186];
symbol of lord or chief, [190];
expressed numeral five, [279];
Egyptian symbol of Centre and Four Quarters, [394].
Human head, on Tablet of the Cross, [236];
as corn cobs on maize plant, [237];
in serpents' jaws on calendar-stone, [257];
portraits or effigies of the dead, [276];
used as symbol of Centre, [279];
on winged bull, [337].
Human heart, symbol employed by Mexicans, Mayas, Quiches, and Tzendals, [71];
extracted from human victim of sacrifice, [91];
emblem of supplication, [127];
between 4 squares, symbol for chieftain, etc., [199];
on monolith “Divine Twin,” [261];
of gold on necklace of idol, [265].
Human eye used as star symbol, [279]
(see Eye symbol).
Human mouth and teeth, symbolized earth or Below, [281].
Human nose, mystic union of two streams of breath, consecrated by wearing symbolical nose ornament, [282].
Human sacrifice
(see [Sacrifice]).
Human skull, artificial deformation of, [143].
Human stomach, in China symbol of Centre;
death by disemboweling practised, [296].
Human thumb, symbol of central ruler, [175].
Humboldt, [297], [301], [319].
Humboldt Tablet, [506].
Humis-katshina, Zuñi dance, tau symbol used in, [119].
Hunter, Annie, [222].
Hupa Indians, [105].
Hurin-ayllo, lower lineage in Peru, [133].
Hurin Cuzco=the Below, [133];
division of the Inca capital including the lower class, [141], [164].
Huron Indians, [196-199], [493].
Hwang-te, Chinese emperor who introduced calendar system, [298], [301].
Idols, represented attributes of divine power, etc., [8];
tribal and household, [138], [139], [140].
Ik, Maya glyph, [225].
Illinois, cult of Polaris indicated by emblems on shell-gorget, [44].
Imix, Maya glyph, [108].
Incas of Peru, [133];
cult of, [134];
Great Temple of, [135];
gold images of Creator and of the sun, [135], [136];
form of government, based on Centre and Four Quarters, [136];
ancestor worship, [137];
origin of, [151];
use of tree symbolism, [186];
record of male and female ancestry, [186];
gold associated with male element, silver with female, [187];
associated with golden effigy of sun, [264];
advent into Peru, [539];
summary and conclusions, [546]
(see also Peru).
India, divisions of year, [291];
astronomical system, [300];
swastika abounds in, [312];
Mithra, Hindu god of the wheel, [313];
Brahmans, Buddhists, [314];
marriage custom, [316];
numerical divisions, [317];
native maps of, [318];
ceremonial mode of producing fire, [318];
Middle, centrifugal power;
quadruple organization, etc., [320];
tree worship, [321];
worship of Polaris, “the pivot of the planets,” [448], note;
summary, [480];
Pythagoras derived his philosophy from, [484];
sacred fire, fire drill, fire altar, [494];
marriage, [498];
the Maghas and Nahushas compared with the Mayas of Yucatan and the Xahuas of Mexico, [509];
the idea of five elements, [526];
active intercourse with seafarers, [541];
cyclical system of, assigned to same period as Constantine's numerical scheme and the calendrical schemes of the Mayas and Mexicans, [542];
summary and conclusions, [514].
Indra, [312].
Initial scroll, in Central American inscriptions, [221], [233].
Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, [79].
Ireland, numerical divisions;
quadruple organization;
dual ruler;
Middle;
Four Quarters;
cosmical round tower;
Seven Churches;
great hall of Tara (midcourt), [468-470];
summary, in table of countries, [493].
Iroquois, social organization, [196];
wampum belts, [197];
numerical divisions, [198];
linguistic affinities with Mayas, [198], [199].
Irrigation, in ancient Peru, [146].
Ishtar, cult of, [342-350];
ring or circle, symbol of, [359], [360];
“axis of the heavens,” female Polaris, [503].
Isis, Egyptian goddess worshipped under form of cow, [406];
in sculpture and symbolism, [421-434];
called daughter of the sun, [440], [441].
Isokrates, [492].
Israelites, [345];
idea of central power;
star-cult developing into monotheism, [352], [353], [355].
Itza, tribe who occupied Chichen-Itza, [206].
Ixion's wheel, [453].
bas-relief at, [259].
Ixtlilxochitl, [33], [66], [84], [163], [255].
Izamal, ruins of, [214], [217].
Iz-calli, Mexican 20-day period, [240];
festival of “renovation,” [241].
Iztaccihuatl, giant volcano, [275].
Jade, Nahuatl word for, chalchiuitl, [34], [81];
symbol of;
emblem of water goddess, [91];
placed with dead of upper class in Mexico, [195];
jade celts from Nicaragua, [196];
ancient name for pyramid of Cholula, “the monument or precious jade stone of the Toltecs, etc.,” [269];
Chinese word for, significance of, [563], note.
Jaguar, figure of, represented four lords of the Below, [184], [185];
skeleton of, in Mound 4 at Copan, [233];
compared with ocelot, [233];
on Cross tablets at Palenque, [239]
(see Ocelot, Puma, Quadruped and Animal form).
Janus, double-faced, probably symbol of double state in Rome, [463].
Japan, junks, [309];
organization founded on plan derived from Corea;
“great Centre of the Earth;”
tradition about North Pole;
compared with China, [310];
Buddhism, [311];
four divisions of population, with Emperor at head;
governed by two rulers, celestial and terrestrial, [311];
swastika;
Shinto religion, [311];
quadruple organization, [311], [312];
summary, [483].
Jastrow, Morris, [327-344], [348], [350], [354], [357], [361-367].
Jensen, [327].
Jerusalem, temples to Baal and altar to Astarte, [350-352];
destruction of, [530].
Jesup expedition to the North Pacific, [534].
Jones, Sir William, [300].
Joyce, [570].
Justinian, [530].
Kaan, Maya word for cord, associated with caan, Heaven, [112].
Kaka or Akaka-kwe, mythic dance drama people, among the Zuñi, [204].
Kan=numeral four, [110];
Maya word for serpent, [112];
Nahuatl word for serpent, [189];
Chinese word for mountain, also for province or ruler, [287].
Kan-asta (Iroquois) frame poles of the council house, [197].
Kanasta-tsi-koma (Iroquois) “the great framework;”
name of Iroquois league, [197].
Katun, period of twenty years marked by sculptured stone, [218], [219], [220], [221].
Kingsborough, [11], [57], [62], [78], [240], [246].
Kin (Maya)=sun, [217].
Kin-ich-ahua, one title of Maya supreme divinity, [36].
Kircher, [485].
Knight, [470].
Kukulcan, Maya title for Mexican god Quetzalcoatl, [68];
meaning of name=divine serpent, [68], [69];
represented by feathered serpent in Yucatan and Mexico, [69];
tradition concerning, [69];
ruler of Chichen Itza, [69];
assumed offices of four rulers, [69];
established connection between Chichen Itza and Mexico, [93];
compared with culture hero of Bogota, [171];
Maya chief or lord, journeyed to Mexico and was there called, Quetzalcoatl, [206];
actual person, Maya high priest, Mexican culture hero, [207];
brought colony from Yucatan to Mexico, [208];
name signified “divine four,” [208];
title expressed by serpent on Copan stelæ, [220], [223];
represented by monolith “Divine Twin,” [262].
Kulkun, mountain in China, called king of mountains, summit of the earth, etc., [287].
Kushites, myth regarding origin of life, etc., [495].
Kwakiutl Indians, social organization and secret societies, [147];
compared with Maya, Mexican and Peruvian, [148].
Lacedæmon, ancient philosophy of, [487].
Lacouperie, T. de, [300], [302].
Land, conventional symbol of, [123].
Landa, Fra Diego de, [35], [69], [86], [191], [192], [206-220], [242], [281].
Language, differed in male and female communities, [193];
influence on ancient American symbolism, [284]
(see [Linguistics]).
Laoutsze, founder of Taouism, [298], [534].
Laplace, [319].
Las Casas, [67].
Layard, [360].
Lea, Chinese word for Below, [118].
Left-hand;
left-handed was attribute of Mexican god, [12];
consecration of, in Mexico and Peru, [163], [164];
honorific title, [165];
on Copan altar, [228].
Legge, [286], [289], [290], [292], [296], [298], [299].
Lenormant, [566].
Le Plongeon A., [93], [95], [184], [214].
Life of the Indians (same as Hispano-Mexican MS., Biblioteca Nazionale MS., or B. N. MS.).
Linguistics, traces of words associated with archaic set of ideas in Old and New World, [531];
comparative tables of words, Appendix I, [549]; and Appendix III, [563].
Lion, sacred symbol in Egypt, [408].
Lizard, skin of, in connection with human sacrifice, and with goddess of earth and underworld, [91], [96], [98].
Lizana, [210].
Lloque Yupanqui, third Inca, [133].
Lockyer, Norman, [13], [14], [20], [162], [252], [376], [377], [381], [382], [384], [385], [386], [400].
Lorenzana, [68].
Lorillard City (see Menché), [210];
sculpture and art of, [234].
Lotus, as symbol in Egypt and India, [314], [320], [379], [413].
Luna, Don Jose, [50].
Lunar year, [254].
Lunar periods, [256].
Lunar calendar in Mexico, [297];
Luschan, Felix von, [332], [356], [357].
Lysicrates, choragic monument of, [127].
Maghadas of India, [497].
Maghas of India compared with Mayas, [509];
a Finnic race, [519].
Maghi of Persia, [497].
Mahaffy, J. P., [417].
Maize, ceremonial, [78];
symbol of goddess of Earth, [91], [98];
used in ceremonial offerings by Californian Indians, [105];
on earth symbol in codices, [109], [117], [123];
on sculptures at Palenque and Copan, [237], [239], [243];
in Mexican New Year festivals, [241];
cultivation of, in very early times, [272], [275];
legacy of Corn Maidens and Daughters of Earth, [276];
as year symbol, [291].
Maler, Teobert, [184], [212], [213], [214].
Maltaya bas-relief, [359], [360].
Manco, Capac, [133];
founder of Cuzco, [156], [161], [186].
Manché, a tribe of Menché and Palenque, [235].
Mandaite pole-star worship, [321], [322], [556].
Marcianus, [530].
Market stone of the City of Mexico, [245]
(see [Mexican Calendar Stone]).
Marinus, [452].
Maritime intercourse between Old and New World, interrupted for many centuries by interregnum of Polaris, [531];
equatorial currents favoring migrations to New World, [524], [525];
evidence of Græco-Egyptian contact with Mexico, [538]
(see [Pre-Columbian contact]).
Markham, Clements B., [132], [136], [142], [152], [160], [168], [510].
Marriage, in Mexico, sacred rites in connection with, [102];
laws governing, [176];
among the Hindu, [316];
on New Year's day in Babylonia and Assyria, [331], [346];
in ancient Egypt, [441];
festivals, in India and in Mexico connected with worship of Pleiades, [498]
(see [Heaven and Earth, union of]).
Marroquin, [80].
Master builders, ah-men, Maya name for;
aman-teca, Mexican name for, [234];
kinship between those of Central America and Mexico, and the trained builders of cosmical structures in the Old World, [517], [529], [532], [533].
Maudslay, Alfred P., [120], [121], [170], [172], [215], [216], [218], [219], [221], [222], [223], [227], [229], [230], [233], [234], [235], [236], [239], [504].
Mayapan, capital of confederacy of Mayas, [69];
ancient capital of Yucatan, [86];
Ho, another name for, [206];
Ichpa, another name for, [206];
ancient chronicles, [209], [211];
Cocomes, people of, [211-216].
Mayer's Manual, [285].
Mazahuas or deer people, of Guatemala, [165].
McGee, W. J., [101].
Mecca, “the mother of cities;”
the grave of Mother Eve, [323].
Medhurst, W. H., [285], [289].
Melchites, [530].
Memorial stones, in Copan, [219].
Men, name of dog in Maya calendar;
means master-builder, artisan, etc., [234].
Menché, ancient ruins of, [215];
“Lorillard City,” [234];
ancient civilization of, [244].
Merida, modern capital of Yucatan, [68];
ancient name, “Ho,” [85];
figured in ancient map, [86].
Mesopotamia, pole-star worship, [321], [557];
quadruple organization, stable Centre, [322];
seat of various empires, [334].
Mexican Calendar Stone
(see [Calendar Stone of Mexico]).
Mexican Calendar system
(see [Calendar Systems]).
Mexican MSS. unpublished, [90].
Mexican Sacrificial Stone
(see [Sacrificial stone]).
Mexico, number of deities;
same god under several names, [7];
idols, [8];
worship of supreme Creator, [8];
calendar-swastika, [9];
calendar-stone, [12], [13], [95], [245-258], [280];
system of government, origin of, [15];
game, symbolizing axial rotation, [24], [25];
calendar system, [25], [35], [53], [100], [145], [176], [179], [182], [221], [245], [282], [297], [528], [529], [530];
Great Temple of, [58], [83], [90], [96], [107], [225], [507];
City of, divided into four quarters, [83];
built on dual island in dual lake, [84];
ancient map of, [88];
ancient capital of, divided into two halves, [89];
recumbent stone figures bearing circular vessel, [93];
tribal and household “idols,” origin of, [139];
native arms of, [157];
caste division associated with left hand, [165];
origin of human sacrifice, [173];
numerical divisions, social organization, symbolism, etc., identical with Peru, Copan, Guatemala, Yucatan, Zuñi, etc., [226];
map of, to be published, [230], [231];
compared with other ancient cultures of America, [235-244];
sun cult and moon cult existing at same time, [264];
dual government at time of Conquest, [266];
cradle of American civilizations, [276];
names of symbols translated from Maya, [278];
swastika symbol found associated with calendar signs, [280];
spider's web as symbol of numerical divisions, [293];
summary, in table of countries, [494];
the sacred and tribal tree, [499];
lighting the sacred fire, [504];
symbols and plan of government compared to those of Old World, [506-524];
numerical divisions on which the cosmical scheme was based, [528];
date when calendar was instituted, [530];
ruder forms of culture, [531];
civilization at time of Conquest indicative of contact with Old World, [538];
period of warfare, pestilence, etc., [539];
resemblance between name of capital (Temistitan), and of Greek philosopher, Themistius, [543];
summary and conclusions, [546].
Meyer's Lexikon, [288].
Micmac Indians, myths about Ursa Major, [510].
Mictlampa, Nahuatl name for the North, [8].
Mictlan, land of the dead, [40], [245].
Mictlantecuhtli, identical with Tezcatlipoca, [8];
symbols of, [37], [42], [44], [47], [57], [185], [186], [249], [260], [295].
Midas, king of Phrygia, [459].
Migration, from the north, to South America, [224];
caused by desire to find stable centre of the earth, [275];
in Mexico and Central America in twelfth century, [539]
(see [Migration myths]).
Migration myths and traditions: in connection with cult of Polaris, [43];
Peruvian, Mayan, Mexican, [149], [150], [151];
motive of, explained by Zuñi, [201], [202];
Kukulcan driven out of Chichen Itza and journeyed to Mexico, [206];
three brothers came from the West and settled in Chichen Itza, [207];
into Yucatan from the South, [210], [211];
the Mayas came from Tollan in Zu-iva, [217];
the Mexican culture hero came from the East, “the ancient red land,” [525], [528-530]
(see [Myths and Traditions]).
Mikado, [311].
Mill-stone, as symbol, [494-509].
Milne, J. G., [425].
Minotaurus, ruler of island of Crete, [457].
Mirror, of obsidian, [10];
used as oracle among the Cakchiquel Indian of Guatemala, [80];
in sacred edifices;
in great temple of Mexico;
eyes of image of Tezcatlipoca, [80];
symbol of Tezcatlipoca;
oracle of judgment in Mexico and Guatemala;
aid to astronomical observations, [82];
of obsidian, symbol of star-cult;
of polished pyrites, symbol of sun-cult, [83];
in connection with symbolical tree and serpent, [110];
bowl of water, preceded use of, [225];
in Shinto symbolism, [311];
in Egypt, [409].
Mississippi valley, cult of Polaris, [44];
earth-work builders, [50];
early peoples of, in contact with Mayas, [112];
names of cities and tribes showing Maya influence, art resembling that of Mayas, [199].
Missouri, cult of Polaris indicated by emblems on shell-gorget, [44].
Mit (Egyptian)=death, or the dead, [381].
Mithra, Aryan god of the wheel, [313].
Mitimaes, Peruvian colonists, [149].
Mitla, [244];
recent excavations at, [513].
Moabites, [351].
Mohammedans, [305].
Mol, glyph on Copan altar, [227].
Molina's dictionary, [8], [93], [132], [138], [139], [141], [145], [146], [147], [152], [154], [158], [165], [168], [186], [189], [192], [553].
Monarquia Indiana, [95].
Mongolia, Buddhists of, [315].
Monkey=Ozomatli, Mexican day-sign, [112].
Monophysite doctrine of Eutyches, [530].
Montezuma, [34], [43], [54], [60], [61], [67-75], [83], [106], [125], [150], [183], [208], [231], [245], [265], [266], [540], [547].
Moon, associated with cult of night, Earth Mother, the Below, [104];
in Peruvian cult of the Below, [134], [135], [148];
in Bogota, [171];
astronomical attainments of priests of, [180];
in Mexican calendar stone, [250];
image in silver on pyramid at Teotihuacan, [264], [267];
in China, [286], [287], [292];
lunar calendar, [297];
in religion of Persia, [325];
in Babylonia and Assyria, [332], [344], [347];
in Egypt, [389], [424], [438].
Moqui Indians, tau symbol used by, [119].
Morien, [471].
Morse, Edward T., [473], [478].
Mortillet, Gabriel de, [19].
Mortuary customs in Mexico, placing jade with dead of upper class, and texaxoctli with dead of lower class, [195];
carried northward from the south, [196];
body of Mexican ruler covered with raiment of four principal gods, [209].
Moslems, [324].
Motowori, [575].
Motul, dictionary of, [112].
Mound, symbol of Earth, [110];
in symbolic carving from Brazil or Guiana, [224].
Mound-builders (see “[Earth-work Builders]”).
Mountain, sacred (see “[Pyramid or Mountain]”).
Mueller, Iwan, [454].
Müller, Max, [459], [484], [564].
Muluc, Maya division of 4 years assigned to the north, [218].
Mummy, in Egyptian symbolism, [380], [394], [403], [404], [410].
Museums: American, of New York, [234];
Berlin, [380], [417], [423], [424], [426], [427], [457], [460], [507];
Bonn, [464]; British, [151], [166], [234], [353], [355-357], [366], [457], [459];
Ghizer, [427];
National, Mexico, [9], [13], [86], [93], [98], [256], [260];
National, Washington, [19], 51;
New Haven, [507];
Peabody, [34], [48], [61], [153], note, [195], [218], note, [512];
South Kensington, [216], [227], [234], [239], [313];
Stockholm, [48]; Trocadero, [104], [174], note.
Mushroom-shaped stone figures, from San Salvador and Guatemala, [114];
represent native idea of Above and Below with central ruler of both, [114];
indicate belief in one supreme ruler, [115].
Mussulman, [324].
Muyscas of Bogota, [171].
Myths and traditions: Creation myths
(see separate heading), [54], [55], [56], [105], [138], [200], [223], [313-318], [334], [340], [353], [495];
flood and destruction myths
(see separate heading), [88], [240], [253], [270-275];
migration myths
(see separate heading), [43], [149], [150], [201], [202], [206], [207], [210], [211-217], [525-530];
star cult myths,—Mexican, [11], [12], [25], [26];
American Indian, [511], note;
Mexican, life after death and relative position of man and woman, [38], [39];
Tezcatlipoca cast down from Heaven and arose as an ocelot, [44], [45];
Quilaztli, “woman serpent,” [60-62];
Maya, culture hero, Kukulcan, [69];
suggesting worship of Polaris, [159];
relating to 7-day period among the Cakchiquel Indians of Guatemala, [182];
Peruvian, concerning the Inca Yupanqui who introduced the worship of the Creator, [152], [153];
relating to ancestors of Manco Capac and the “royal eagle,” [156];
concerning contest between serpent and eagle, compared with similar Mexican tradition, [159];
Japanese, concerning birthplace of Japanese race, [310];
Arabian, Moslem tradition about Heavenly and earthly Kaaba, [324];
astronomical, [465];
Assyrian, relating to planet Venus and god Ishtar, [344];
Greek, about fire-drill, [496], and Ixion, [500];
Rig Veda, origin of fire, [521].
Nahr-el-Kelb, bas-reliefs at, [357];
Esarhaddon stela, [359].
Nahuas of Mexico compared with Nahushas of India, [509], [519].
Nahui-ollin, Mexican symbol, “four movements,” [170];
represents four movements of constellations, [250];
summary of the four-fold divisions of which it was a symbol, [251];
commemorated the four epochs of the world's history, [253];
common to the various ancient peoples of America, [256], note
(see also [Ollin]).
Nakhunte, king of Susiana, [299].
Naming of children in Mexico and Yucatan, [242].
Navel, name of cosmical centre where human victims were annually sacrificed by Mexican priests=“Navel of the Earth,” [64];
Cuzco called “Navel of the Earth,” [133];
symbol in ancient American art, [296];
in Arabia, [323];
in India, “Navel of the heaven,” [520];
“Navel of the world,” [521].
Navigation, primitive crafts and charts, Ceylon and Karashee, [159], [160];
Peruvian fishing boats of seal skin;
Quetzalcoatl's twin raft of serpent or seal skin;
illustrations in native codices and sculptures, [160]
(see also [Boat] and [Maritime intercourse]).
Nebuchadnezzar, [365].
Necklace of hearts and hands, on Mexican idol, indicative of supplication, [128].
Neo-platonism, [527].
Nepantla, the zenith, [38].
Nest, in Egyptian symbolism, [398].
Nestorian Tablet, [304].
New Year's Day, in ancient Mexico and Central America, [240-244];
in China, [292];
in Babylonia and Assyria, [331], [346];
in ancient Egypt, [419], [425-437];
in Scandinavia, [473].
Nezahual coyotl, ruler of Texcoco who erected temple to “Unknown God,” [33], [163];
title, Ome Tochtli=2 rabbit, [180].
Nicaragua, star-symbol on pottery from, [50];
ancient occupation by Nahuatl-speaking race, [158];
jade celts from, [195].
Niebuhr, [514].
Night, priest of, lord of, [82];
sons of, [83];
Egyptian symbol of, a star suspended by thread, [387].
Nimroud bas-reliefs, [366].
Nirvana, in Hindu religion, [315].
Nordenskjöld, Baron Gustav, [119], [230], note.
Norsemen, Eddas, symbolism, celestial tree, [502], [503].
North, symbols of, [10];
sign of, [35];
underworld, [39];
in Cosmos, associated with Tecpatl=flint, red, fire, warmth, [42];
color of, red, [57];
lord of, [57];
female region, [64];
symbol of, in Mexican calendar-stone, [250];
region of the dead, [267];
Maya name and symbol of, [278];
Buddha associated with, [316];
veneration of, in India, [317];
in Egyptian pyramid symbolism, [381];
Babylonian word=akkad, [400].
Nose, grotesque, on sculptures at Copan, Quirigua and Palenque, [240].
Nose ornament, religious idea associated with, [103].
Nott and Gliddon, races of men recognized by ancient Egyptians, [373].
(see [Numerical divisions]).
Numerical divisions, in sociological and calendrical systems:
in Mexico and Central America, [29], [62];
in Guatemala, [164], [171], [179];
represented by human figure, [174], [175];
in Mexican government, [179], [181];
carried northward from the south, [196];
in Huron Confederacy, [198];
among the Zuñi, [201];
in Yucatan, [209], [218], [223];
at Chichen Itza, [212], [213];
in Copan, [221], [226], [228], [229];
in symbolic carving from South America, [224];
in Mexican Calendar stone, [248], [256];
on monolith “Divine Twin,” [261];
in China, [286], [292], [302];
Mexican compared with Chinese, [297];
in Japan, [310];
in Persia, [325];
in Assyria, [328], [348], [358], [360];
in Egypt, [368-376];
in cyclical systems of Egyptians, Hindus, Chinese, Mexicans, Mayas and Greeks, [450];
in ancient Rome, [464];
and Greece, [484];
in ancient Ireland, [468-470];
Britain, [470];
Wales, [471];
table of countries in which used, [480-494];
Plato's “divine polities” compared with scheme of organization in Mexico and Peru, [509];
summary, as shown in Yucatan and Mexico, [528];
chief ruler called “Four in One,” [529];
apparent survival in early Christian religion, [536-538];
in Plato's and Inca's scheme of state, [539];
in Constantine's plan, and in Maya and Mexican calendars, [542], [543];
analogies and divergences, American divisions agree with Greek but differ from Chinese, [546].
Nutt, David, [451].
Nuttall, Zelia, work on the Atlatl, [34];
on the Mexican Calendar system, [7], [53], [244-247].
Obsidian mirror
(see [“Mirror”]).
Ocelot, Tezcatlipoca took shape of, [8];
in Mexican mythical drama, [12];
of nocturnal sky, [35];
in Mexican codices, [44];
at Tiahuanaco, [166];
title of one division of Mexican warriors, [167];
man with beast (ocelot or jaguar,) symbol of dual State in Yucatan, [185];
title of minor rulers in Yucatan, [185];
man-ocelot and man-bird, represented rulers of two divisions of state in Mexico, [185];
or tiger, warrior-caste of Mexico, [212];
skin of, worn by high-priest in Copan and Quirigua, [231], [233];
totem of the Fire people in Mexico, [254];
symbolized cult of Earth, as opposed to bird, symbol of cult of Heaven, [282];
symbol of State in ancient America, [295], [296]
(see also [Jaguar], [Puma] and [Quadruped]).
Ocna, a Maya festival, [242].
Octli, name of native wine, [78];
pulque, [101];
earth-wine, indicated by figure of rabbit, [103].
Octli-gods, agents of the Cihuacoatl, [78];
rain gods, [96];
rain-priests, [101];
priests of the earth, emblem of=vase filled with rain or earth-wine, [107];
monkey intimately connected with, [112].
Odin, Scandinavian king and deity, [471];
Norse “ruler of Heaven,” [473].
Ohio valley, ancient earth-work builders in contact with ancient Mexicans, [50];
art resembles Maya, [199];
swastika symbol associated with serpent symbol, [280].
Ojibway Indians, [511], note.
Oldenburg, [484].
Old World, fire-drill, fire altar, sacred fire, oil press, millstone, axial rotation, etc., [494-504];
civilizations compared with New World, [504-609], [525];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Oliva, Padre Anello, [132], [150], [154], [156], [157], [164].
Ollin, in Calendar-stone, [12], [13], [14], [15], [54]
(see also [Nahuiollin]).
Olmos, Friar Andreas de, [54], [189], [190], [195].
Olympic Games, marked cycle or period, [485].
Omacatl, associated with water, [81].
Omaha Indians, measured time by Ursa Major, [511], note.
Ome Tochtli Ixtlilxochitl, [163].
Ondegardo, Polo de, [132], [141], [148].
O'Neil, [448], [449], [451], [468], [469], [471], [472], [547], [568], [570], [572], [574].
Oriental Congress, [544].
Orientation, [42];
of Copan and Quirigua the same, [230];
of temples at Palenque, [235];
diagonal, in Egypt and Central America, [372], note;
Egyptian pyramids faced the north, and the pole-star, [382];
temples in Lower Egypt faced to the North; in Upper Egypt to the South, [383].
Origin of American civilizations, [543];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Orizaba, giant volcano, [275];
ancient name, Citlal-tepetl=Star Mountain, [275], note.
Ozomatli, monkey;
Mexican day-sign, [112].
Pacha-Yachachi, Inca name for Creator, [135].
Painting, in connection with symbolism, [114];
of body and face in Peru, Mexico and Yucatan, [192], [193]
(see [Color]).
Palenque, Palace House with tau-shaped recesses, [121], note;
character of stelæ, [215];
study of monuments, [234-239];
same cult as Quirigua and Copan, [240];
tablets, tribal registers, [243];
tablet, in “Temple of the Sun,” likened to Mexican Sacrificial stone, [259].
Palestine, cult of Astarte and Baal, and monotheism of the Israelites, [345].
Pan, feast of, [442].
Pantheon, [515].
Panuco, Maya colony established at, [125], [207], [208], note.
Papa, name of Mexican Priest, [39].
Papakhu, name of inner sanctuary of Babylonian and Assyrian temple, [330], [331].
Papalotl, butterfly, [39].
Parry, Francis, [104].
Parsee religion, worship of fire as outcome of pole-star worship, [326].
Parturition, symbolized by shell, [95];
by snail, [111].
Path of the Dead, ancient road leading to Pyramid of the Moon, [267].
Patolli, native Mexican game, [87];
symbolized social organization, [176], [177].
Paz Solden, [150].
Peabody Museum, [34], [48], [61], [153], note, [195].
Peabody Museum Honduras Expedition, [218], note, [512].
Pedregal de San Augustin, ancient lava-field in City of Mexico, [271].
Peking, contains temple to North Star God, [284]
Peñatiel, Antonio, [262].
Perez, [109].
Perrot and Chipiez, [421].
Perry, John, [547].
Persia, ancient religion of;
swastika;
seven divisions of Cosmos, four-fold rule, [325], [484].
Peru, worship of Pleiades, [53];
sacred fire, [83];
use of checker board design, [124];
light and dark colors used to designate the Above and Below, [130];
irrigating canals in symbolic form, [132], [146];
outline of civilization, [132];
stone monument typifying duality, [134];
knowledge of Creator, [135];
form of government, [136], [137];
tribal and household “idols,” [138], [139], [140];
four rulers, [141];
classification of people, [142];
“white virgins,” title given to upper class maidens;
“black virgins,” lower class;
caste;
deformation of skulls, [143];
ceremony for driving out sickness, [144];
Above, Below, Centre and Four Quarters, [144];
ceremony illustrating rotation, [145];
religious festivals, [146], [147];
civilization from the north, [150];
prehistoric ruins, [151], [156];
Inca fable, [152];
compared with symbolism of sculptured slabs in Guatemala, [153], [154], [155], [156];
linguistic affinities between Quechua and Maya and Nahuatl, [158], [159];
Polaris;
worship of “Creator” (Polaris) superseded sun and moon cults, [161], [164];
caste division associated with left hand, [165];
ruins of Tiahuanaco, [165-169];
symbols compared with those of Mexico and Central America, [170];
summary, [494];
scheme of government compared with Plato's “divine polities”, [509], [539];
summary and conclusions, [546].
Petrie, Flinders, [375], [380], [404], [425], [439], [461], [483], [491].
Pheidon of Corinth, [486], note.
Pherecydes, the Phœnician teacher of Pythagoras, [526].
Phœnicians, cult of Astarte, [345];
a northern race, called Turanians, [517];
navigators, [519];
worshipped serpent, fire-drill and the Pleiades;
called the “red men,” [521];
tradition indicates their migration to the New World, [524], [525], [528-535];
evidence of their influence, [538-541];
allied to Semitic race, [540], note, [541], [543];
summary and conclusions, [546].
Pig, sacred animal in Egypt, [409].
Pigmy races, traditions of, [339].
Pillar, worship of (see [Column]).
Pilli, Mexican title, [74];
meaning “fingers,” title of minor lords, [282].
Pilquixtia, a Mexican festival, [240].
Pinches, Mr., [357].
Plato, [346], [444-451], [467], [486-490], [509], [527], [529], [539], [546].
Plato's “Divine Polities,” identical with scheme of government in ancient Mexico and Peru, [509], [539].
Pleiades, study of, by primitive peoples, [52];
on Society Islands, [52];
in Mexico, [53];
in southern America, [53], [54];
on Mexican Calendar-stone, [252];
in Chinese calendar, [296];
in Babylonia and Assyria, [338] (see [Polaris], [Ursa Major] and [Ursa Minor]);
worship of, in India and Mexico;
in connection with New Year and marriage festivals, [498].
Plotinus, [527].
Plutarch, [441], [452], [488].
Polar constellations, chart of, [16].
Polar regions, both hemispheres originally peopled from, [531].
Polaris, the author's observation of, [7];
primitive man's study of, [14], [15];
Draconis, as pole-star;
apparent immovability;
means of determining direction;
supernatural power, [21]; worship of;
centre of axial energy, [22];
Mexican Calendar system suggested by, [25];
numerical value of, [30], [31];
centre of cosmic system, [40], [41];
changes in relative positions of, [42];
ceased to be brilliant and immovable about 500 B.C. to 1200 A.D., [43];
cult of;
migrations from south to north, [43];
spread of cult in Mexico, Yucatan, Honduras, Guatemala, Peru;
also, in Mississippi valley, as indicated by carvings on shell gorgets, [44];
symbols of, analogous to cross and star symbols on shell gorgets from Tennessee, [48], [49], [50];
suggestions of cult among the Eskimo, [50];
represented by star symbols and swastika on pottery from Arizona and Nicaragua, [50];
in connection with cult of Earth and Night, [54];
represented by Montezuma on his throne, [72];
not identical with God C, [112];
as centre of rotation in Zuñi emblem, [129];
as a guide in navigation between Guatemala, Nicaragua and Peru, [159];
between Ceylon and Karachee, [159], [160];
cult superseded sun and moon cults in Peru, [161];
invisible at Cuzco;
Inca worship of the invisible Creator, [161];
Yoal-tecuhtli, Mexican lord of the Night;
title of Polaris, [181];
producer of life and regulator of the universe;
tecpatl (flint knife) symbol of, [183];
in connection with tree symbolism;
title, “Heart Of Heaven,” [189];
among the Zuñi, [202];
reflected in bowl of water=Creator, [225];
in Shakespeare, [247];
represented central face in Mexican calendar-stone, [250];
Calendar-stone based on observation of, [257], note;
in connection with pyramid, [273], [274];
in connection with swastika symbol, [276];
Maya name, Ek-chuah, patron divinity of travellers and traders, [278];
North Star God, temple to, in Pekin;
Chinese name=Teen-hwang-ta-tee, literally the great imperial ruler of Heaven, [284-287], [291], [295];
in work of Confucius, [298];
in Chinese Taouism, [301], [302];
Hebrew Jehovah, having same title, “God of Heaven,” [304];
in India, [316], [318], [319];
in Mesopotamia, [321];
in Arabia, [324];
linguistic affinity between name of Polaris, and word for capital and for north, in Babylonia, [325];
Phœnician name=the serpent, [325];
in Persia, [326];
in Babylonia, “lord or king”, “Great Mountain,” [329];
cult of, in Assyria and Babylonia, [332-339];
among the Israelites, [352];
in Babylonia, highest form developed into monotheism, and lowest form into cult of Ishtar and Bel, [353];
represented in Babylonian temples by a fire in centre of square altar, [362], [363];
Euphratean star-worshippers, [364];
high development of cult in Egypt, [368], [376-382];
Egyptian mummy, image of, [386];
Egyptian names for, [398], [401-403];
in Egyptian religion and symbolism, [403], [404], [409], [410], [415], [421], [423];
in [pg 593] India, called the “pivot of the planets,” [448], note;
in Arabia, “the hole where the earth's axle found its bearing,” [448], note;
in ancient Greece, [450-453];
Greek Polos, a star revolving on itself, [453], [454];
indicated by cross symbol before the use of swastika, [461];
called by early Danes and Icelanders, “throne of Thor” or “smaller Chariot,” [473];
called by Finns “Taehti=star at the top of the heavenly mountain,” [473];
among the ancient Scandinavians and their descendants the Vikings, [474];
circumpolar region, probable birth-place of cult, [475];
table of countries in which traces of cult have been found, [480];
associated with use of fire-drill in Old and New World, [494];
among Hindus, [498];
Greek Ixion, [500];
Assyrian goddess Ishtar called the “axis of the heavens,” female Polaris, [503];
figured by wooden or stone socket from which fire and water flowed to the four quarters, [503];
pole-star god of the Hindus compared with fire-drill god of Mexico, [505];
the Mexican pole-star god compared with the Hindu, Greek, Norse, Russian, etc., [505];
Old and New World, [517];
Phœnicians steered by, from earliest times, [523], [525];
interval of time when the pole star ceased to be conspicuous, [525];
maritime intercourse interrupted, [531];
reappearance of, [538];
summary and conclusions, [544];
Mesopotamian prayer meeting of star-worshippers (Appendix II), [557].
Popocatepetl, volcano, Mexico, [275].
Popol-Vuh, sacred book of the Quichés, [72], note, [113], [270].
Popular Science Monthly, [478].
Porto Rico, stone objects from, [118];
cult of aborigines, [118].
Powell, J. W., [288], note.
Powers, Stephen, [105].
Pre-Columbian contact indicated by same cosmical divisions and scheme of government in Old and New World, [480-504];
same symbolism, etc., [509-544];
traditions indicate, [525], [528], [529], [530];
question of contact between China and America, [534];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Prescott, [541].
Pritchard, W. T., [290].
Proctor, Richard A., [162].
Propitiation, origin of, [177].
Ptolemy, [452].
Pueblo Indians, use of tau, [119];
associate step pyramid with rain, [132];
affinities with Mexican and Maya, [199];
corn maidens, [276].
Pullé, Mr., [318].
Pulque, in connection with cult of earth-mother, [193]
(see [Octli]).
Puma, four heads terminating arms of swastika at Tiahuanaco,
(see [Quadruped], [Ocelot] and [Jaguar]).
Putnam, F. W., [50], [196], [199], [545].
Pyramid or sacred mountain:
culmination of symbolism of cone, [118];
in mountain worship, [132];
Maya word for, [191];
Lord of the Mountain a sovereign title among the Quiché, [211];
origin and significance of, [251];
typified numerical divisions, [252];
on statue “Divine Twin,” [262];
origin attributed to the Maya speaking people;
at Teotihuacan, [263];
interpretation of affix “can” in names of Mexican and Maya towns, [263], [264], [266], [268];
image of central, dual and quadruple power, [269], note;
of Cholula, ancient name for, means “the monument or precious jade stone of the Toltecs, etc.,” [269];
erected as place of refuge from inundations, [272];
symbol of Central power, and quadruple organization, [274];
same as expressed by swastika, [274];
of Cholula, marks the site of great and ancient Tollan, [275];
as symbol of Centre in Cosmos, [277];
meaning of symbol, [282], [283];
in Chinese symbolism and social organization, [287], [288], [333];
in Japan, [310];
in Hindu religion, [317];
in Babylonia, [328];
star god called “Great mountain,” [329];
identical with god in Babylonia and in Assyria, [333];
Hebrew god, Yahwe, worshipped on Mount Sion, [351];
Jerusalem founded on Mount Zion, [352];
holy mound symbol of god Shamash of Assyria, [356];
central deity of Babylonia called “the great mountain,” [367];
in Egypt expressed a whole divided into four parts, [371];
miniature of cosmos, [379], [380];
seven-storied pyramid of Sakkarah, Egypt, [381], [386];
of Begerauie, [427];
“holy mountain of God” Book of Prophet Ezekiel, [449], note;
the chief idol of Ireland was called Cenn Craich (mound-chief), [469];
form of letter delta in Greek Alphabet, [511];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Pyramid temple at Chichen Itza, [207], [208].
Pyrites, mirror of, used as symbol of sun-cult, [83].
Pythagorean philosophy, [484-488], note, [515], [526];
Neo-Pythagorism, [527].
Quadruped, meaning of use as symbol, [282];
represented Zuñi state and subdivisions, [295];
illustrated by Alligator altar at Copan and by “Great Turtle” at Quirigua, also by tortoise in China, [296], note
(see [Ocelot], [Jaguar] and [Puma]).
Quadruple organization, in cosmos, and scheme of government:
origin of idea, [15];
Maya, Mexican, and Zuñi, [41], [42];
expressed in cross symbols, [47-54];
Mexico divided into four parts, [83];
at time of Conquest, [75], [76];
in ancient map of Yucatan, [86];
in ancient map of Mexico, [88];
in Bogota, [171];
among the Tzendals, [180], [181];
Quiché, [182];
in Yucatan sculptures, [185], [186];
in tree symbolism, [187], [192];
carried northward, [196];
in Huron Indian Confederacy, [198];
among Zuñi, [201];
in Maya and Mexican traditions, [208], [209];
at Quirigua, [232];
at Palenque, [236];
Palenque, Peru, Guatemala, Yucatan, Mexico and Zuñi compared, [244];
regulated by Calendar Stone, [245], [247], [254];
in connection with pyramid building, [272], [273-282];
represented by human figure, [296];
China and Mexico compared, [297];
in Japan, [310-312];
in India, [313], [318], [481];
in Mesopotamia, [321];
in Persia, [325];
in ancient Egypt, [371], [372], [399];
in Greece, [454];
indicated first by cross symbol and later by swastika, [461];
in ancient Rome, [463];
in ancient Ireland, [468];
in ancient Britain, [470];
in Scandinavia, [472];
table of countries where traces are found, [480-494];
comparative review, [509], [510];
in cruciform structures at Copan and Mitla, [512], [513];
chief ruler called “Four in One,” [529]
(see also, [Numerical Divisions]).
Quauh-Cihuatl=the Eagle woman, Mexican title, [60].
Quetquetzalcoa, plural of Quetzalcoatl, title of his successors, [70], [97], [98].
Quetzal, feathers of, carved on feathered serpent, [70];
exhibiting colors of Four Quarters, [70];
used as Mexican symbol of beloved chief or child, [190];
totem at Palenque, [236], [237];
totem at Copan, [237];
(see also [Bird]).
Quetzalcoatl, invocation to;
Creator and maker, twin lord and twin lady, [32];
“wheel of the winds,” [33];
the divine twin, centre of cosmos, [42];
other names for;
myth concerning, [55];
an actual person who came from Yucatan, [67];
ruled in Chichen-Itza, [68];
Maya title=Kukulcan, [68];
in Mexico supreme god, also god of fire, and of the four winds, [70];
successors to, [71];
was driven from Tullan by enemies, [88];
established connection between Chichen-Itza and Mexico, [93];
recumbent figure of, in temple of city of Tula, [95];
sacrifices to, [96];
god of the winds, [96];
built Caracol or Round Temple at Chichen-Itza, [97];
Round Temples in Mexico dedicated to, [97];
divine twin, [126];
on sculptured slabs from Guatemala, [154], [157];
his craft called “serpent or twin raft,” [160];
another name for Maya lord, Kukulcan, [206];
brought colony from Yucatan to Mexico, [208];
important historical person, [208];
Tollan abode of, [217];
compared with figure on Copan sculpture, and with priest in Zuñi creation myth, [223];
figured with beard, in Mexican codices, [231];
monolith “Divine Twin,” [260], [262];
image of, in temple of Cholollan, [270];
temple at Tula, [294].
Quetzalcoatl Totec Tlamacazqui, title of high priest in service of Huitzilopochtli, [71];
also title of Montezuma, [71].
Quiché, Supreme Divinity of, [71], note;
Sacred book of, [72], note;
totems, [164], note;
numerical and social system, illustrated by tradition, [182];
compared with Zuñi, [182];
“Lord of the Mountain” title, [211];
affix in name, ché, Maya word for tree, [235];
used day and year signs as personal and tribal names, [253];
traditions of destruction of earth, [270].
Quilaztli, sister of Huitzilopochtli, myth concerning, [60];
the mother of all, same as Cihuacoatl, [61], [67];
compared with Egyptian queen, [428].
Quirigua, sister city to Copan, [210];
ancient monuments, [215], [216], [218], [223], [229];
social organization same as that of Copan, [230], [231], [232];
totemic animals and symbolic colors, [233];
“Great Turtle,” [234], [240], [296], note;
stelæ as memorial stones of high priest rulers, [512];
remnants of old civilization, [528].
Ra, Egyptian word for God, [409].
Rabbit (tochtli), [78];
Mexican calendar sign;
symbol of earth and reproduction, used to represent sound of word, octli, [78];
figure of, indicates sacred octli or earth-wine, [103];
in Nahuatl picture writing, [125];
the rebus for earth-wine or rain, [506].
Rabinal, [172].
Rain, Tlaloc, god of, [78], [81];
figured with scrolls about the eyes, [95];
symbols, [96];
lords, four hundred in number, sacred vase, emblem of, [102];
Zuñi rain-makers, [132];
rites practised on summits of pyramids, [283];
ancient festival described in the Brahmanas, [496], [497];
symbolized by rabbit, [506].
Rattlesnakes, on monolith “Divine Twin,” [261].
Raven, or summer people among the Zuñi, [201].
Rawnsley, [491].
Rays, carved on Calendar stone the idea of, [255].
Read, C. H., [166].
Recumbent stone statues, [93-96], [185], [214].
Recurved staff or sceptre, [34].
Red land, in name of Mexican city Tlapallan, and of Chichen (Itza), [68];
“the great ancient red land” in the East, [525].
Red man, origin of title, [193];
title of the Phœnicians, [521];
in Genesis, [523];
Chichimecs of Mexico (literally, Red race), [532].
Rig-Veda, [494], [496], [497], [499], [500], [505], [521], [522].
Riksmuseum of Stockholm, [48].
Ring or circle, in Persia, [326]
(see [Circle or ring]).
Rio Lagartos, [217].
Rios, Padre, [11], [268], [270].
Rivero, [134];
and Tschudi, [150].
Roman, [150].
Roman Catholic Church, [537].
Roman Milliarum Aureum, [513].
Rome, sacred fire, Roma Quadrata, [461];
duality, middle, quadruple government, [463];
numerical divisions, [464];
seven-storied tower, [464];
seven-day period, [465], [466], [467];
summary, in table of countries, [493];
Constantine's plan of state-organization in New Rome identical with the numerical scheme of the Maya and Mexican calendars, [509];
the symbolical use of the column, [513];
amulet, [514];
church built by Constantine in form of Greek Cross, [514].
Rosa, Beltran de la, [181].
Rosny, Leon de, [36].
Rotation
(see [Axial rotation]).
Round form, associated with cult of Heaven or the Above in Mexico, Central America;
among Zuñis, [113-115];
in ancient architecture, [115];
associated with sky in Egypt, [371].
Round Temples of Chichen Itza and Mexico, symbolism of, [97].
Royal Ethnographical Museum of Dresden, [129], [155].
Rust, Horatio N., [104].
Sabæan star-worship, [322].
Sabbath, derivation of name, etc., [327].
Sacrifice, human, sacred rite, in Mexico, [63];
symbolism of, in Aztec religion, [66], [77];
human victim formed living swastika, [91], [92];
human blood used to moisten sacred dough, [98];
origin of blood sacrifices, [98];
to Heaven and to Earth, [118];
in Mexico, taking out heart of captive signified destroying life of conquered tribe, [263];
in China, [296];
Egyptian compared with Mexican, [442], [443].
Sacrificial-stone of Mexico=Tribute-stone, or law-stone recording collection of tributes, etc., [258], [259].
Sahagun, Friar Bernardino de, [8], [11], [32], [33], [34], [38], [39], [47], [53], [56], [61], [66], [70], [72], [73], [75], [77-83], [104], [118], [123], [127], [128], [150], [159], [173], [175], [176], [189], [192], [245], [259], [261], [279], [507], [553], [555].
St. Augustine, [536].
Sakkarah, Egyptian seven-storied pyramid, [381].
Salado, [200].
Salcamayhua, [132], [146], [148], [151], [161], [170], [186].
Salcamayhua tablet, [510], note.
Sanchez, Jesus, [44], [93], [95], [96], [157], note.
San Fun, ancient Chinese work, [291].
Saniah-ya-kwe: priesthood of the Hunt, among the Zuñis, [201].
San Salvador, mushroom-shaped stone figures from, [114].
Santa Lucia Cozumalhuapa, sculptured slabs at, [153], [154], [163], [172].
Satow and Hawes' Handbook of Japan, [570].
Saville, M. H., [513].
Saxo Grammaticus, [472].
Sayce, A. H., [324], [327], [347], [348], [349], [425], [449], [481], [491], [518], [519], [520], [521], [524], [525], [527], [532], [540], [572].
Scandinavia, triskelion associated with swastika, [28], [29];
Greek fret, [121];
numerical divisions;
middle;
Four Quarters;
Ursa Major called “Thor's Wagon;”
sacred mountain and tree;
axial rotation;
cult of Polaris;
duality;
flora and fauna, [471-479];
summary, in table of countries, [493];
use of wheel in early times, also mill stone, [502], [503].
Scarab, meaning of emblem, secret sign for “hidden god,” [397], [399].
Sceptre, with gold disk, in Mexico, [80], [81];
emblem of sovereignty in Assyria and Babylonia, [365];
in Egypt, [425].
Schellhas, P., [107], [108], [109], [111], [182].
Schlegel, G., [284].
Schliemann, H., [459], [460], [518].
Schuchhardt, [518].
Scorpion, Maya Zin-an;
symbol of Mictlantecuhtli, [9].
Scotland, use of checker-board design, [124].
Sed festival, [425], [429], [431].
Selden MS., [57], [90], [508], note.
Seeds, in symbolism of earth mother, [109];
in Maya codices, [111];
seeds of life, Zuñi, Mexican, Maya, [223], [225];
on Tablet of the Cross, [236];
on Copan swastika;
among Zuñi, [236];
conventionalized maize seeds, [237];
idols formed of seeds in Egypt and Mexico, [442], [443].
Semiramis, temple of, [347].
name of Supreme god=Yahu or Yaho or Yahve, [532];
allied to the Phœnicians, [540], note, [541].
Sendschirli tablet, [365].
Sepher Hathora, Hebrew book of the law, [361].
Serpent, in ancient religious symbolism:
associated with time, [26], [27];
Nahuatl name=twin, Maya name=four, [31];
symbol of dual or quadruple nature, [31];
of eternal life and the Creator, [32];
cursive sign for, [38];
on shell gorgets from Mississippi valley, [49], [112];
origin of symbol, [50];
divine ruler of four quarters, [68], [69];
feathers with (see Feathered serpent) [70], [71];
pertaining to earth-mother, [100];
double-headed, forming vase, [101];
in connection with tree of life, [103], [110], [189];
with burial of woman, [107];
with symbol of Earth, [111];
associated with air symbol, [126];
in ancient Peruvian fable, [152];
on sculptured slabs from Guatemala, [154];
totem of tribe conquered by Incas, [157];
in arms of Mexico, [157];
on silver pendant from Cuzco, [170];
with seven heads, symbolical of Mexican and Maya seven tribal divisions, [181];
of dual ruler, [190];
mythological snake among the Pueblo people, [200];
symbol of Below among the Zuñi, [204];
totemic animal of Uxmal, [214];
at Copan and Quirigua, [219], [220], [223], [228];
on “Cross Tablets” at Palenque, [236], [238], [239];
on Calendar-stone, [255];
on monolith “Divine Twin,” [261];
of gold and mosaic on statue of Huitzilopochtli, [266];
meaning of symbol, [281];
in India, [313];
in Persia, [325];
in Babylonia, [335];
worshipped in the temple of Solomon, [351];
in Egyptian symbolism, [389], [391], [393], [424];
in Old and New World, [522-523].
Serpent-woman, [60], [61], [65];
Cihuacoatl, Mexican ruler, [67], [77], [79], [111];
emblem of, figured and described, [128].
Seven, sacred number, [29], [56]
(see summary, [480-494];
also [Numerical divisions]).
Shakespeare, [247], note.
Shamash, temple of, in Babylonia, [331];
antiquity of cult of, [332];
symbols of, [356];
cross and four-spoked wheel of, [355], [365], [495];
image of, made by a race of pole star worshippers, [503];
compared with “black or night sun” on Mexican Calendar stone, [506].
Shang, Chinese word for Above, [118].
Shang-te, Chinese supreme ruler, whose residence was “Tien”=Heaven, [301].
S-shape, Ursa Minor figured as, [11];
bronze brooch from Scandinavia, [29];
on native fabrics, in Vienna Codex, [34];
in Sahagun's Historia, [34];
cakes in shape of, [34];
associated with star signs and the North, [35];
in Mexican and Maya codices, [35], [36];
sign of summer solstice, [36];
with cross and rain symbols, [37];
breads in shape of, [46];
figure on Phœnician tablet, [395], note.
Shell gorgets, representing winged human being, [39], note;
in Illinois, Missouri and Tennessee, showing cult of Polaris, [44];
evidence of identical symbolism from Yucatan to Illinois, [48-52], [112].
Shell, symbol of parturition, [95], [238].
Shell pendant, symbolism of, [112].
Shinto religion, [311].
Shiwana-kwe, priesthood of the priest-people among the Zuñi, [201].
Shoo king, [289], [290], [292], [295], [298], [299].
Shogunate, [311].
Shun, Chinese emperor succeeding Yaou, [292], [298].
Siculus, Diodorus, [329], note, [540], note.
Sidon, [527].
Siena, Italy, founded by sons of Remus, affinities with ancient Rome, [465].
Simpson, Wm., [313].
Sippara, tablet of, [331], [332], [350], [356], [365], [495], [503], [506].
Situa, Peruvian festival when the cults of Above and Below were celebrated, [134].
Siva, cult of, compared with cult of Earth-mother, [314].
Skull, artificially deformed in ancient Peru, [143].
Sky-father among the Zuñi, [201].
Smith, Professor, [522].
Smyth, Piazzi, star-map, [30], [43].
Snail, symbol of parturition, [111].
Social organization in Mexico, at time of Montezuma, myths relating to origin of, [54], [62-75]
(see [Quadruple organization] and [Numerical divisions]).
Society Islands, study of Pleiades in, [52].
Solomon, built altar to Astarte in Jerusalem, [350];
built altars to Kamosh, god of the Moabites, and to Milkom, god of the Ammonites, [351].
Solomon's temple, [327], [344], [522].
Solon, [445], [447], [448], [455], [526].
Solar or civil year, divisions, [254].
Solstice, summer, [36];
winter, [40];
lighting sacred fires at time of, [83].
Sommier, Stephen, [477].
Sophocles, [453].
South America, symbolism of, compared with that of Mexico, [122], [224]
(see [Peru]).
Southern Cross, [162].
South, Acatl=cane, blue, Mexican emblem and color of, [42].
South Kensington Museum, [216], [227], [234], [239], [313].
Spear-throwers, on tablet at Chichen Itza, and on Mexican Tribute Stone, [259].
Speed, John, [470].
Sphinx, Egyptian, [373], [379].
Spider, a symbol of Mictlantecuhtli, [37];
tradition about Tezcatlipoca's descent from the sky by a spider's thread, [44];
in Nahuatl=tocatl. In Maya=am;
symbol originated in Yucatan, [47];
on shell-gorgets from Illinois, Tennessee and Missouri, [47], [49];
in Zuñi symbolism, [201];
Maya symbol of the North, [278];
web of, use as symbol of numerical divisions, [293], [535], note.
Spindle, as symbol of axial rotation, in connection with cross symbols on terra cotta spinning whorls, [498].
Spinning tops, [547], note.
Spinning whorls, symbolic of rotary motion, in Troy, [498];
Square form, associated with Earth in native American symbolism and architecture, [115], [260], [284];
in Egypt, [371].
Stadaconé, same as Canada, [197].
Stanley, Dean, [514], note.
Star symbol, a black dot, [35];
an eye, [36], note, [50], [116], [155], note, [269], [279];
suspended by thread, symbol of night (Egyptian), [387];
plain circle in Chinese symbolism, [391];
expressed numeral five in Egypt, [398]
(see [Polaris]).
Star-cult
(see [Polaris]).
Star god, in Babylonia, Bel;
in Asia Minor, Ah-baal, identified with pole-star, [329]
(see [Polaris]).
Star-map, Piazzi Smyth's, [20].
Star-names in Maya, [278].
Stelæ, purpose of erection, marked periods of time, [216];
at Copan and Quirigua, [219-240];
correspond with Ahua-ka-tun, the 20-year memorial stone, [221];
of Assyrian kings, having seven symbols, seven circles, etc., [337-360];
Esar-haddon of Sendschirli, [342], [359];
trilingual stela of Canopus, preserved at Gizeh, [378];
funeral stela at Bûlâk, [421];
at Quirigua and Copan memorial stones of high priest rulers, with title “Divine Four”;
built over hidden cruciform vaults, compared with the Egyptian “star of Horus,” [512], [513].
Stevenson, [150].
Stolpe, Hjalmar, [48], [121], [224].
Stoll, Otto, [79], [85], [164], [173].
Stomach, symbolized the Centre or Middle, in China, [296].
Stone, rough or worked, emblem of Earth mother, buried with the dead, [106].
Stone of Tizoc, compared with Altar K of Copan, [226].
Stone collar, from Porto Rico, analogous to stone yokes of Mexico, [118].
Stone figures, recumbent, bearing circular vessels, [93];
figured, 94
(see [Recumbent stone figure]).
Stone knives, flint knife in wrappings, Mexican and Maya symbol of Earth mother, [55], [56];
among California Indians, [105].
Stone monuments, of Peru (Tiahuanaco), [164-169];
Central America, [154], [218-233];
Yucatan, [234-244];
Mexico, [245-275].
Stone “seats,” found in Ecuador, analogous to vase or earth symbols, [107].
Stone tiger with human head and depression in back, found in Mexico and Yucatan, [95].
Stone tables, at Chichen Itza, [212];
Maya name for=Mayac-tun, [213];
used as drums in sacred ceremonies, [213].
Stone tablet at Sippar, [331], [332].
Stone vessels, found in Mexico and Yucatan, [213].
Stone “yokes,” compared with symbolic vase;
pertained to cult of earth-mother;
in use among Indians of Southern California, [104];
in connection with burial of priestesses of Below, [107].
Strabo, [329].
Strebel, Hermann, [104], [153], [156], [157], [165], [172].
Sturlesson, Snorri, [471].
Sumerians, inhabited the South=Sumer, [334].
Summary, of study of ancient American symbols,—cross, serpent, tree, flower, etc., [279-284];
use of human and animal figure in symbolism, [296];
of countries in which are found the “Quadruple Organization,” pole-star worship, etc., [480-494];
and Conclusions, [544-562];
and tables of words used in the Old and New World in connection with a certain culture based on pole star worship, Appendix I, [548]; and Appendix III, [562].
Sun cult, Nahuatl word for sun applies equally to the stars;
day sun and night sun;
Ollin, symbol of, [13];
superseded by star cult, [22];
associated with star-cult, [53], [54];
Black Sun in B. N. MS.,
emblem of Montezuma, [72];
Montezuma, high priest of, [74];
mirror of polished pyrites, symbol of, [83];
rival of star-cult, [83];
sacrifices to, in Mexico, [117], [118];
in Peru, [134];
superseded by belief in Creator, among the Incas, [135];
temple of, at Cuzco, [138];
upper class maidens in Peru, dedicated to, [143], [145], [148], [149], [170];
among Muyscas of Bogota, [171];
astronomical attainments of priests of, [180];
“Virgins of the Sun” and sun-priests in Mexico and Peru, [194];
Sun-father of the Zuñi, [200], [201], [204], note;
on Copan sculpture, [222];
in Mexican calendar-stone, [249];
four movements of, [252];
golden effigy of, associated with Incas in Peru, [264];
Enclosure of, name of pyramid at Teotihua-Can, [264], [267];
tablet of the sun, in China, [285];
temple of, [286];
altars, [387];
sun-goddess of Japan, [311];
among the Hindu, [312];
in religion of Persia, [325];
in Babylonia and Assyria, [332];
in Egypt, [382];
king of Egypt associated with, [389], [424];
Egyptian goddess Hathor-Isis was called the female sun, [432];
development of cult in Egypt, [438];
Cæsar called son of the sun, [440].
Supreme being
(see Creator or Supreme Being).
Sut-staw-ra-tse, the leader of the “Kingdom of Hochelaga,” [197].
Swastika, in Mexican Calendar, [9], [18], [41];
origin of symbol;
formed by positions of Ursa Major, [15], [16], [18];
various forms of, illustrated, [17], [19];
geographical distribution of, [19];
date when first used as symbol, [20], [21];
sign for a year or cycle of time, [23];
suggests axial rotation, [24], note;
formed by four serpents in Codex Borgia, [27];
associated with triskelion, on spearhead from Brandenburg;
on bronze brooch from Scandinavia, [28];
formed by combination of star groups, [29], [30];
suggested by star-symbol on pottery from Nicaragua and Arizona, 51, [52];
origin of the idea of dividing everything into four parts, [76];
represented by Zuñi idol, [129];
rounded and square forms of, at Tiahuanaco, [166];
terminating in four puma heads, symbol of central ruler, [209];
“The Copan Swastika,” [222], [223], [224];
the pyramid, a later development of same idea, [274];
in different parts of the world, accompanied with pole-star worship, etc., [276-280];
in Mexico and Ohio valley, linked with serpent;
in Copan, with Middle and Four Quarters, [280];
Christian cross compared with, [305];
use of symbol in China, [309];
in Japan, [311];
meaning conveyed by figure of Buddha [315];
in Egypt, [409];
on Egyptian seal, [459];
on coin from island of Crete, [457];
on coin from Syracuse;
on coin from Corinth;
on vases from Troy, [459];
on Cyprian and Carian pottery;
on Greek vases found at Naukratis;
on Coptic grave cloths;
on mummy case from Hermopolis;
on whorls from Troy, [460];
date of its use as symbol, [461];
later development of the cross symbol, [461];
in Scandinavia, [474];
on image found in Troy, [496];
identical in significance in Old and New World, [510];
symbolized “Four in One,” and stable centre, [511];
in some parts of Germany and Bohemia is still the sign of the stone-mason's guild, [516];
or cross-symbol, same meaning in all countries, [534], [538];
summary and conclusions, [544].
Sweat house, Nahuatl name of, [124].
Symbolism, in central United States identical with that of Mexico and Yucatan, [48], [49], [50];
of Mexico influenced by migration from Yucatan, [67];
influenced by sound of word, among the Mayas and Mexicans, [110], [183], [185], [186], [284];
in China, [277];
showing linguistic affinities between Mayas, and early peoples of the Mississippi valley, [112];
same in Peru, Central America, Yucatan and Mexico, [170];
resemblances between Pueblo people and Mayas and Mexicans, [199], [200], [236];
same in Copan, [226];
in Palenque and Quirigua, [240];
on Calendar stone explained, [247];
symbols connected with Middle, etc., [277];
with Four Quarters, Above and Below, [278];
names of Mexican symbols often translations of Maya name, [278];
recapitulation of important native symbols, [279-284];
year symbols in Mexico and China, [291];
resemblances and differences, Chinese and American, [293-296];
summary of use of human and animal figure, [296];
explanations and illustrations of Egyptian symbols, [367-461];
Egyptian pyramid and mummy, [379-381];
of ancient Scandinavia, [474];
symbols denoting axial rotation, [494];
in architecture (see window, tau, pyramid, Greek fret, round form, square form, color, etc.);
of human form (see separate references under Human);
for special symbols, see separate references.
Syracuse, coins from, swastika with human head in centre, [459].
Tabasco, [211].
Tablet, containing ancient map of Babylonia
(note following Index).
Talon, of beast of prey, symbol of four lords of Below, [185].
Tarahumari Indians, ceremonies typifying fecundity of earth, etc., compared with those of ancient Mexicans, [101].
Tartan design, [122], [123], [124].
Tau, double, shape of courtyard, [82], [86], [87];
signified union of Above and Below;
inverted, emblem of Above;
upright emblem of the Below, [118];
in American ceremonial rite;
among the cliff dwellers of Colorado;
among the Pueblo Indians;
in Scandinavia, called Thor's hammer;
in architecture of Central America, and Palenque;
in dance of Moqui Indians;
different forms of, figured and described, [119], [122];
in checker-board or tartan design, [123];
suggested by fire-drill, [280];
tau-shaped cross in Mesopotamia, [321];
tau-shaped altar in Egypt, [411].
Taylor, E. B., [297], note.
Taylor, W. C., [463], [468], [488], note.
Tecpan, Mexican council house;
meaning of word, [183].
Tecpatl, symbol of the North, [10], [34];
sacred producer of vital spark, [47];
myth concerning, [54];
figured as offspring of dual divinity, [55];
symbol of Fire, [56];
emblem of “supreme pontiffs,” [62];
one of the four year [pg 598] symbols, [76];
in Borgian Codex, [98];
on carved slab from Santa Lucia, [172];
possible origin of name, which means “to govern,” [183];
on Sacrificial Stone of Mexico, [258].
Teen-hwang-ta-tee, Chinese name for the pole-star, [284], [302].
Temistitan, ancient name for capital of Mexico, [542].
Temple of Mexico, [58], [80], [83], [90], [118].
Temples, of the “Tigers” at Chichen-Itza, [212];
“11,” at Copan, [222];
of “the Inscriptions” at Palenque, [235], [240];
of “the Sun,” [235], [239], [240];
of “Cross No. 2,” [235], [243];
of Ptah at Memphis, [367];
at Abydos, [386].
Tenayocan, name of Mexican town containing the affix “Can,” [263].
Tennessee, cult of Polaris indicated by emblems on shell-gorget, [44].
Tenochtitlan, [63];
hieroglyph in centre of ancient Maya and Mexican maps, [88].
Teo-Culhuacan, from Teotl, stars, sun, gods, something divine; and Culhua, something recurved, and can, the place of=name for Aztlan, [56].
Teotihuacan, pyramids of, [140], [199], [263], [264];
description of ruins, registry of death by small clay heads, [267];
Pyramids show knowledge of “Great Plan;”
great antiquity;
advanced stage of intellectual development, [268];
same civilization as builders of Pyramid of Cholula, [269];
two cults, two languages (Maya and Nahuatl) and dual rulership, [274], [529].
Teotl, represented by image of sun;
signifies something divine, [13], [65];
title of the upper class in Mexico, [102], [140];
meaning a divinity or divine lord and applied to all lords or rulers, [279].
Terra cotta heads and figures in Mexico and Peru, [139], [140].
Terrace form, rain symbol, [132].
Tet, Egyptian symbol of eternity, described and analyzed, [394].
Texoxoctli, stone placed with dead of lower class, [195].
Tezcatl, obsidian mirror, [10].
Tezcatlipoca, meaning of name;
identical with Mictlantecuhtli, [8];
surrounded by circle of footsteps;
myth concerning, [9];
symbols of, representations of;
fastened to symbol of the North, [10];
star-cult connected with, [11];
synonymous names, [11];
myth concerning, [12], [26], [44], [45];
associated with the Below, the female region, [42];
with black, [62];
title of, means “Heart of the Earth,” [72], note;
“Shining Mirror,” [79];
image of, beside the idol of Huitzilopochtli, in great temple of Mexico, [60], [82], [265];
lord of the Nocturnal Heaven, [82];
priests of, called “Sons of the Night,” connected with divination, [83];
honored jointly with Huitzilopochtli at Toxcatl festival, [97];
flint knife, emblem of, [103];
compared with Zuñi idol, [128], [129];
suggested by symbols at Tiahuanaco, [166];
tradition, [208];
Tezolotlan, termed the land of war, [172].
Tezozomoc, [11], [40], [60], [61], [79].
Themistius of Byzantium, [542].
Theodosius, [530].
Theophrastus, [519].
Thibet, astronomical science, [301];
Buddhist of, [315].
Thomas, Cyrus, [109].
Thor, Norse supreme god, [473].
Thor's hammer, [119].
Thucydides, [457].
Tiahuanaco, place of first appearance of Incas, [133];
monolithic doorway, [165];
swastika sacred symbol, [166];
Tiberius Claudius, [440].
Tien (Chinese), Heaven, also Supreme ruler, [301].
Tiger, in stone, with human head and hollow depression in back, found in Yucatan and Mexico, [95];
on sculpture from Mitla, [163];
“Tiger's arm,” title of prince in ancient Mexico, [163];
head, symbol on monolithic doorway at Tiahuanaco, Peru, [165];
heads, at end of swastika;
on sculptured doorway, [166];
in headdress on sculptures, [167];
warrior caste of Mexico;
temple of, at Chichen Itza, [212]
(see [Puma], [Jaguar] and [Quadruped]).
Tikal, [210];
classification of ruins, [215].
Timæus, [445].
Time, Egyptian sign, circle with dot, [387].
Tinamit, on Usumacinto river, [215].
Tionontaté or Tobacco Nation, [197].
Titicaca lake, as place of first appearance of Incas, [133], [539].
Tititl, name of Mexican feast, [79].
Tizoc, stone of, [9], [172], [212].
Tlacaxipehualiztli, ritual at festival of, [12].
Tlachtli, courtyard in shape of double tau, [87];
ancient Mexican game, [176].
Tlaloc, title of god of rain, [78], [99];
designated by surrounding his eyes with two blue rings, [81].
Tlatoque, literally, “The speaker” title of chief of clan, [178].
Tlaxcalla, republic of;
government of, army of, [75];
recumbent stone figures bearing circular vessels, found in, [93];
small republic of Mexico, name signifies bread;
hieroglyphic sign is maize-cake, [272].
Tloquenahuaque, title of “Creator” in texcoca, [163].
Tochtli, one of the four year symbols, [76];
rabbit, [78];
tochtli-gods, agents of Cihuacoatl, [78].
Tollan, abode of Quetzalcoatl, [217];
native name for Cholollan, [275].
Toltecas, representatives of high civilization of ancient Yucatan, [89];
master-builders, [234], [253], [254], [529].
Topiltzin, title of supreme pontiff, of Quetzalcoatl or divine twin, [77], [96].
Torquemada, [54], [55], [60], [67], [77], [95], [96], [150].
Tortoise, among the Iroquois, [197];
in Mexico, [279];
Maya word for ac, [281];
in Chinese symbolism, [296].
Totemism, North American Indian, [154], [197];
Quiché, [164], note;
Copan and Zuñi, [227];
and Quirigua, [233];
Fire people of Mexico,—the ocelot; Air people,—the bird, [254];
in relation to signs of zodiac and to the stars, [255];
in Babylonia, [348];
alligator totem in India and Mexico, [520];
among the Semites, [521], [522];
serpent totem among Semites, Mayas, Nahuas, and Peruvians, [522], [523].
Toxcatl festival, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli, jointly honored, [97].
Traditions (see [“Myths and Traditions”]).
Tree symbolism, tree of life in Vienna Codex, [103];
in Dresden Codex, [110];
in ancient America, [186];
among the Incas, [186];
among the Mexicans, social organization represented by, [187];
Above and Below, [188];
serpent and Polaris, [189];
embodied male and female elements, [188];
shape of human figure, [189];
used to signify lord or governor, also ancestor, [189], [190];
sacred tree of the Mayas, [191];
among Peruvians, Mexicans and Mayas, image of social organization, [192];
in symbolic carving from Brazil or Guiana, [224];
symbol of tribe in America, [235], [236], [237], [242], [213], [507], note;
symbol of the year in Mexico, [241];
ché, Maya word for tree, zin-ché=cross, literally tree of life or of power, [278];
quahuitl, Nahuatl word for tree, symbol of Centre;
homonymous with quaitl, meaning head, [279];
recapitulation of meaning of symbol, [281];
compared with Chinese symbol of “wood,” [294];
in Buddhist religion, [321];
in Babylonia and Assyria, on bas-relief at Nimroud, [360];
as sacred symbol, [361];
tree worship, by Hebrews, Phœnicians, Assyrians, [362-364];
celestial tree of life in garden of Paradise, [365];
the ash-tree of the Norsemen on the summit of the Hill of Heaven, [472];
symbol of star-god, Polaris, [474];
tribal trees in India, Egypt, Mexico, Central America and Peru, [499];
the celestial tree of the Norsemen and Semites, [503];
in ancient America, [506], [507].
Tribute stone, Mexican “Sacrificial” stone, [259].
Triskelion, companion symbol to swastika;
formed by polar constellations at winter-solstice, [27];
not used in the South but with swastika in the North, [28];
on pottery from Arkansas;
on spearhead from Brandenburg;
on bronze brooch from Scandinavia, [28];
formed by combination of star groups, [30];
sign of winter solstice, [37].
Trocadero Museum, [104], [174], note.
Troncoso, Francisco del Paso y, [13], [82], [250], [252].
Troy, vases from, having swastika or cross symbol, [459].
Troy, spindle whorls with swastikas and allusion to pole-star god, Tur, [498].
Tschudi, [134].
Tuch-pan, name of capital of Maya colony, [125], [207].
Tula, [60];
city of, [95].
Tulapan, [210].
Tullan, [173];
name of culture hero's home, [68];
meaning of, in Maya language, [68];
identity not established;
beautiful land of the Aztecs, Mayas, Kiches and Cakchiquels;
Cakchiquel legend regarding;
Maya migration from, [88], [268].
Tullan Cholollan, ancient seat of civilization;
probable place where scheme of organization was evolved, and where traditions of destruction of earth originated, [268], [274], [275].
Turanian, originally a northern race, (see [Phœnicians]), [517].
Turtle, at Quirigua, [234];
in Egyptian symbolism, [398].
Tusayan, ceremonies, symbols and myths compared with those of Central America, [200].
Tuscaroras, [196].
Tutulxius, [211];
immigrants into Yucatan, tradition concerning, [210].
Twin, divine
(see Dual Divinity).
Twin serpents, on Mexican Calendar Stone, symbolizing dual forces of nature, and quadruplication, [257];
on dual statues, on summit of great Temple of Mexico, [266].
Tyre, destruction of, by the Greeks, [527].
Tzendals, culture hero of, [60], [71], [72];
calendar signs, [180];
social organization and numerical system, [181], [182].
Tzilan, ancient capital in Yucatan, [234].
Tzitzimi-Cihuatl, name of Quilaztli, [60].
Uhle, Max, [167-169].
Upsala, university of, [230], note.
Urhye, Chinese dictionary, [292].
Ursa Major, myths concerning, [8], [11], [12];
meaning of name in Nahuatl, [8], [9];
four positions of form swastika, [14-22];
nearer to pole-star in remote antiquity, [21];
rotary motion, [22];
positions of, scratched on rocks, beginning of astronomical records, [23];
Tezcatlipoca and ocelot associated with, [26];
in relation to sacred numbers, [29];
resembles s-shape, [34];
in relation to idea of Above and Below, [40];
ancient Mexicans claimed descent from Ursa Major and Minor, [57];
on calendar stone, [246], [250];
identified as star-god, “Youal-tecuhtli” mentioned by Sahagun, [279];
among the ancient Chinese, [284], [285], [291], [298], [302];
in Hindu religion, [319];
in Babylonia and Assyria, [358], note;
in Egypt, [378], [382], [384], [385], [397], [400], [410];
Akkadian title, Akanna=the Lord of Heaven, [394];
Greek name for Helice, [447];
as sailing guide in ancient Greece, [451], [452];
became circumpolar about B.C. 4000, time of adoption of swastika symbol, [461].
Ursa Minor, S-shaped figure sign of, [11], [29];
connected with Tezcatlipoca, [12];
rotation of, [18];
suavastika formed by, [19];
in relation to sacred number, [29], [33];
represented by recurved sceptre, [34];
represented by Maya glyph, Hun-Imix, [35];
in connection with Polaris, [36];
in relation to idea of Above and Below, [40];
symbol of;
s-shaped breads made in honor of, [46];
ancient Mexicans claimed descent from Ursa Major and Minor, [57];
in Copan swastika, [224];
in Egypt, [382];
in Babylonia-Assyria=Kakkabu, [400];
in ancient Greece as sailing guide, [451].
Usumacinto river, [235].
Uxmal, House of the Doves, symbolism of, [131];
symbolic hand on garment of chieftain, [184];
the serpent city of America, [214];
ruins in, [216].
Valentini, P. J. J., [256], note.
Valera, Padre Blas, [151].
Varuna, name of supreme god in India, [312].
Vase, or Bowl, symbol of earth mother, [100];
emblem of the rain priests or Octli gods, [102];
worn in nose as emblem;
meaning of, [103];
containing rabbit or flint knife, [104];
as conventionalized serpent jaw, resembles horseshoe-shaped stone “yoke,” [104];
considered sacred among Zuñi Indians, [105];
reason of vase decoration, [105], [106];
grave [pg 600] made in shape of;
buried with dead to propitiate earth-mother;
used as burial urn, [106];
stone “seats” indicate analogous cult of earth-mother south of Mexico, [107];
Maya day-sign, Caban, [107];
in Maya codices, [107], [108];
figured as day sign, ch'en, [110];
associated with seeds and germination, by Mayas and Mexicans, [111];
in Vienna Codex, [123], [124];
sacred bowl among Pueblo Indians, [132];
in hand of ruler on Copan sculpture, [222], [224], [225];
bowl of water, preceded use of obsidian mirror, in divination, [225];
Maya supreme priest called “Lord of the Vase or bowl,” [226];
on Tablet of the “Cross 2,” at Palenque, [236];
recapitulation of meaning of symbol, [283];
used for Astronomical purposes among pigmy races, and in Phœnicia, Assyria and Egypt, [339];
large terra-cotta jars found at Nippur, and in temple of Solomon, [344];
canopic vases in Egypt, [372];
same idea embodied in pyramid, [386];
in zodiac signs, [395];
symbol of god Amen-Ra, [408];
in cult of Egyptian goddess, Isis, [424].
Vedas, [312], [314], [452], note, [494], [496], [497], [499], [500], [505], [521], [522].
Vega, Garcilaso de la, [136], [137], [150], [151].
Vega, Nuñez de la, [180], [181], [182].
Venice, compared to Mexico, [84].
Venus, temple of Mexico dedicated to, planet of, [53];
on Calendar-stone, [252].
Vikings, cult of Polaris, [474].
Villavicencio, [150].
Virgins of the Sun, in Mexico and Peru, [194].
Vishnu, cult of, [314].
Volcanoes, as probable cause of traditions of destruction of earth, [270-275].
Von Herder, [449], note.
Von Luschan, [342], [358], note, [359], [360].
Von Schroeder, L., [484], [458], note.
Votan, culture hero of the Tzendals, title “the Master of the Sacred Drum,” [60], [71-72], note.
Vulture, totem of Quiché chieftain, [164];
in Egyptian symbolism, [398], [425], [426].
Wales, Druidic Celi Ced corresponds to Egyptian Amen-Ra;
dual power;
Central ruler;
numeral seven in Welsh legend, [471].
Wampum belts, Iroquois, [197-199].
Wan, Chinese word for swastika, [309].
Warburg, A., [119].
Waring, [459].
Warren, William F., [475], [566].
Water, sacred pool in temple of Mexico, [225];
in connection with star cult, [226];
associated with fire-drill and socket in Old and New World, [505].
Water era, one of the four eras of the world, [253].
Water goddess, called Chalchiutlycue, [91].
Water and air design, encircling the mitre of the Lord of the Above;
on mantles of Montezuma's predecessors, [125];
emblem of cult of Above, [126].
Weaving, art of among the Huaxtekans, [207-208], note.
West, Cihuatlampa (in Nahuatl)=place of the women, [38];
in Cosmos=Calli=house, yellow, earth, darkness, [42];
door of the Underworld, [54];
female region, [64].
Webster's Dictionary, [419].
Wheat, stalk of, year symbol in China, [291].
Wheel, emblem of the Deity and of rotation, among ancient Mexicans, [33];
represented by Mexican dance, [59];
the four-spoked wheel of Shamash in Babylonia and Assyria, [332], [356], [365];
symbol of axial rotation and time in Old World, [500];
associated with pole-star in Japan, [501];
use of, known in Japan and China from the earliest times, [501-502];
in Scandinavia, [502];
first religions and their royal symbol—possibly evolved from the stone fire socket, [503] (see [Axial Rotation]).
Wheelwright, E. M., [514], [515].
Whitney, J. D., [449] note, [452], note.
Wickersham, James, [288], [292].
Williams, [288].
Wilson, Sir Daniel, [540].
Wilson, Thomas, [19], [23], [28], [50], [318], [459], [460].
Wind-god, symbol of, [34].
Windows, symbolism of, in Mexico, Central America and elsewhere, [120], [121].
Winged disk, in Assyria, [356], [357].
Winter solstice, triskelion sign of, [27], [28].
Woman, origin of idea of inferiority, [65];
position of, in Peru and Mexico, [194];
“Corn Maidens” and “Mothers” in America, [276];
in Babylonia-Assyria, [341];
in Greece and Rome, [345] in Egypt, [426-436].
Writing, cursive and ikonomatic of the Old World;
picture writing adopted by Spanish missionaries to New World, [534-535], note;
Egyptian hieratic script, [535], note;
numerical value of letters in Greek alphabet;
Maya calculiform hieroglyphs;
geometrical figures used by Phœnicians, [536], note.
Wu, Chinese empress, [309].
Wylie, Alexander, [303], [335], [481], note.
Xicalango, [211].
Xilomaniztli, another name for the festival “Izcalli;”
meaning the birth or sprouting of the young maize, [241].
Xiuhtecuhtli, Mexican lord of the year or of fire;
emblem of, figured and described;
called the turquoise;
or grass-green pyramid, [129], [214], [223].
Xius, tribe of ancient Yucatan, [211].
Xonecuilli, native name for Ursa Minor (see Ursa Minor).
Xoxouhqui-ilhuicatl (Nahuatl)=the verdant or blue sky, a title of Huitzilo-pochtli, [72].
Yang and Yin, in Chinese religion;
belief of the modern Chinese concerning, [286].
Yaou, Chinese emperor who divided China into four provinces, [298].
Year symbols, in Mexican calendar, acatl, tecpatl, calli and tochtli, [76];
glyphs on Copan stela or katun, [220];
Maya name for=Ah-cuch-haab, [220];
in Mexican Calendar-stone, [253];
in Mexico, bunch of grass or maize shoots;
in China, stalk of wheat, [291].
Yoalticitl, mother of the gods in ancient Mexico, [123].
Yop-at, Maya name for “a mitre,” symbol of divine ruler, [118].
Yope or yopi, Mexican peaked headdress or cone [117].
Yopico, name given to temple and monastery in courtyard of Great Temple of Mexico, [118].
Youal-tecuhtli, star-god mentioned by Sahagun, identified as Ursa Major, [279];
name signifies, “lord of the night,” also “Lord of the circle or wheel,” [279].
Yuoalahua=lord of the wheel, [71].
Yu, Chinese emperor;
divisions of China, [292], [299].
Yucatan, cult of Polaris, [44];
Mexican culture-hero, Quetzalcoatl, came from, [67];
social organization, older than that of Mexico, [67];
Twin-brothers personifying the Above and Below, [68];
serpent symbol, more ancient than in Mexico, [70];
ancient map of, [85-90];
early peoples of, in contact with those of Mississippi valley, [112];
traditions about Kukulcan's journey to Mexico, [206];
traditions of tribes who came from the south, [210-214];
meeting ground of Maya- and Nahuatl-speaking people, [214];
not cradle of Maya civilization, [214];
ancient monuments of, [216];
fourfold divisions, [218], [494];
Mayas compared with Maghas of India, [509], [519];
ancient civilization, [528];
ruder forms of culture alongside of the perfected social organization, [531];
period of warfare and pestilence, [539]
(see Chichen Itza, Mayapan, etc.).
Yupanqui, founder of Cuzco, who introduced worship of the Creator, [135], [161], [186].
Zamorra, Fray Geronimo Roman y, [275].
Zarate, [150].
Zeller, Edward, [484].
Zenith, nepantla, [38].
Zigzag or undulated lines, symbol of water, [126].
Zikkurats of Babylonia, seven-staged towers, [327-331];
oriented to the four cardinal points, [332];
together with “Great basin of Apsu,” formed image of Cosmos, [361].
Zilan, Maya centre of female industry [208], note;
name signified “embroidery,” [210];
stone monoliths, [216];
ancient centre of culture in Yucatan, [217].
Zip, glyph on Copan altar, 227.
Zmigrodski, [19].
Zodiac composed of twenty day-signs, [255];
in Chinese calendar, [285].
Zumarraga, Bishop, [264].
Zuñi, conception of Cosmos, Above, Below, Centre and Four Quarters, [41], [100];
ceremonies typifying the fecundity of the earth, etc., [101];
vase used as emblem of earth-mother, [105];
cult of Above and Below;
swastika symbol in use among;
cult of Polaris;
Zuñi idol compared with Mexican lord of fire and lord of the under world, [128], [129], [130];
twin brothers, war-gods, compared with counterparts in Mexico and Yucatan, [130];
colors assigned to cardinal points, [192];
modern, ceremonies, symbols, etc., compared with those of Mexico, Central America and Peru, [200];
Sky-father and Earth-mother;
Macaw or winter people, and Raven or summer people, [201];
linguistic affinities with Nahuatl and Maya, [201];
myth about building the town at the stable middle of the earth, [202];
social organization, [203], [205];
symbol of seeds of life, compared with Mexico and Maya, [223];
numerical divisions, social organization, symbolism, etc., identical with that of Mexico, Yucatan, Copan, Guatemala, Peru, etc., [226], [493];
spider's web as image of numerical divisions;
colors assigned to four elements, compared with Mexico and China, [293];
use of quadruped to symbolize cardinal points and divisions of state compared with similar symbolism in Mexico and Central America, [295];
the pueblo represents a “seven in one,” a counterpart of archaic kingdoms in India, Persia, Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, etc., [529].