Lecturas fáciles con ejercicios

by Lawrence A. Wilkins; Max Aaron Luria

NOTES:

[374], [374a], [374b], [374c], [374e], [374f], [374g], [374h], [374i], [374j], [374k], [374l], [374m], [374n], [375], [376], [377], [378], [379], [380], [381], [382], [383], [384], [385],

This is only one of several possible ways to translate the subjunctive.
Its meaning can be interpreted exactly only in connection with the context.

---

VOCABULARIO

In this vocabulary the following conventions are used: the masculine form only of the adjective is given unless the feminine is formed in some irregular manner; verbs are not given as reflexive unless they are characteristically so; irregular verb forms are referred to the infinitive which in turn is referred to a numbered paragraph of the verb appendix; the infinitives of verbs having orthographic or radical changes are likewise referred to that appendix; S. A. stands for Spanish-American usage; aug. for augmentative and dim. for diminutive; abbr. for abbreviation; pp. for past participle. The meanings given are those that apply in this book.

• a, to, at, by, on, from, for; sign of the personal accusative.
• abandonar, to abandon, leave.
• abasto, m., supply.
• abatido, downcast.
• abatirse, to be downcast.
• abdicar, 31, to abdicate.
• Abdul Kadir, proper name.
• abertura, f., opening.
• abierto, pp. of abrir.
• Abisinia, f., Abyssinia.
• abolición, f., abolition.
• abonar, to fertilize.
• aborigen, m. f., native, aborigine.
• abrasador-a, burning, hot.
• abrasar, to burn, roast.
• abrazar, 34, to embrace.
• abrazo, m., embrace.
• abrigo, m., wrap, shelter.
• abrir, to open.
• absolutamente, absolutely.
• absoluto, absolute.
• absolver, 26, to absolve.
• absorber, to absorb.
• absuelto, pp. of absolver.
• abuela, f., grandmother.
• abuelo, m., grandfather.
• abundancia, f., abundance.
• abundante, abundant.
• abundantemente, abundantly.
• abundar, to abound.
• aburrido, bored.
• abusar (de), to abuse.
• acá, here (with verbs of motion).
• acabado, complete, perfect.
• acabar, to finish;
  • —— de (+ inf.), to have just (+ pp.);
  • —— por, to end by doing, to finally do, the act of the infinitive.
• academia, f., academy.
• acariciar, to caress.
• acarreo, m., cartage.
• acceder, to grant, be willing.
• acceso, m., access, approach.
• acción, f., action.
• accionar, to gesticulate.
• aceite, m., oil.
• aceitero, m., oil-dealer.
• aceleradamente, rapidly.
• acentuar, 42, to accent.
• aceptar, to accept.
• acerca de, about, concerning.
• acercarse (a), 31, to approach.
• acero, m., steel.
• acertar (a), 24, to succeed in; to divine.
• acomodado, well-to-do.
• acomodar, to fit, provide with;
  • ——se, to make oneself comfortable.
• acompañar, to accompany.
• acongojar, to vex, afflict.
• acontecimiento, m., event, happening.
• acordar, 23, to agree;
  • ——se de, to remember.
• acortar, to shorten.
• acostado, reclining, lying down.
• acostar, 23, to put to bed;
  • ——se, to go to bed.
• acostumbrar, to accustom, make familiar;
  • ——se (a), to become used to.
• Acre, m., a territory of northwestern Brazil.
• acrecentar, 24, to increase.
• activamente, actively.
• actividad, f., activity.
• activo, active.
• acto, m., act.
• actualidad, f., present time;
  • en la ——, now.
• actualmente, at the present time.
• acudir, to hasten up, come;
  • —— en socorro de, to come to the help of.
• acuerdo, m., agreement;
  • de ——, con, in keeping with.
• acusar, to accuse.
• acusativo, accusative, direct object.
• adaptar, to adapt.
• adelantar, to advance.
• adelante, forward, further;
  • en ——, henceforth.
• adelanto, m., progress.
• además, moreover.
• adiós, m., good-bye.
• adivinar, to guess, discover.
• adjetivo, m., adjective.
• administrar, to administer.
• admirable, admirable.
• admiración, f., admiration, exclamation, wonder.
• admirado (de), astonished (at).
• adoptar, to adopt.
• adornar, to adorn.
• adquirir, 25 a, to acquire.
• adverbio, m., adverb.
• advertir, 27, to notice, warn.
• afanado, anxious.
• afanoso, eager, anxious.
• afecto, m., affection, impression.
• aficionado (a), fond of.
• aficionarse (a), to become fond of.
• afilado, sharp.
• aflicción, f., sorrow.
• afligir (se), 36, to grieve;
  • —— con, to grieve over.
• afortunadamente, fortunately.
• afortunado, fortunate.
• africano, African.
• agarrar, to grasp.
• agitación, f., agitation.
• agosto, m., August.
• agradable, agreeable, pleasant.
• agradar, to please.
• agradecer, 39, to be grateful for, thank;
  • —— algo a uno, to be grateful to one for something.
• agradecimiento, m., gratitude.
• agradezco, from agradecer.
• agrandar, to enlarge.
• agraviar, to wrong, injure.
• agregar, 32, to add.
• agrícola, agricultural.
• agricultor, m., farmer.
• agricultura, f., agriculture.
• agrupación, f., grouping.
• agua, f., water.
• aguada, f., water-colors;
  • a la ——, in water-colors.
• aguador, m., water-carrier.
• aguardar, to await, wait;
  • —— turno, to await one's turn.
  • agudo, sharp.
• aguerrido, used to war.
• aguja, f., needle, hand (of a timepiece).
• agujero, m., hole.
• ahí, there;
  • de ——, hence;
  • por ——, around there.
• ahogar(se), 32, to stifle, drown.
• ahora, now.
• ahorro, m., savings.
• ahuecar, 31, to hollow out.
• ahuyentar, to put to flight.
• airado, angered.
• aire, m., air, appearance.
• airoso, genteel, graceful, proud.
• ajeno, pertaining to another.
• ajustarse (a), to fit, accommodate oneself to.
• alabar, to praise.
• alacrán, m., scorpion.
• Alajuela, f., a city of Costa Rica.
• alarma, m., alarm.
• alarmar, to alarm.
• Alaska, Alaska.
• alba, f., dawn.
• Alborak, f., the mare upon which Mahomet is said to have ridden in a miraculous journey.
• alboroto, m., uproar.
• alcanzar, 34, to reach, succeed.
• aldea, f., village.
• alegrarse (de), to be glad (of).
• alegre, joyful, merry.
• alegremente, merrily, joyfully.
• alegría, f., joy.
• alejar, to remove;
  • —— se, to withdraw, go away.
• alemán-a, German.
• Alemania, f., Germany.
• alfabeto, m., alphabet.
• alfalfa, f., alfalfa.
• Alfredo, m., Alfred.
• algo, something, somewhat.
• algodón, m., cotton.
• alguien, someone, anyone.
• algún (o/a), some, someone, any.
• alhaja, f., jewel.
• Alhambra, f., an ancient palace of the Moorish kings in Granada, now preserved by the Spanish government as a museum.
• Alicante, a city on the southeastern coast of Spain.
• aliento, m., breath.
• alimentación, f., food.
• alimentarse, to take food, eat.
• alimenticio, pertaining to food.
• alimento, m., food.
• aliviar, to alleviate.
• alma, f., soul.
• almacén, m., storehouse, store.
• almirante, m., admiral.
• almohada, f., pillow.
• almorzar, 23, 34, to lunch, eat.
• almuerzo, m., lunch.
• alojamiento, m., lodging.
• alrededor de, around.
• alrededores, m., environs.
• altamente, highly.
• altar, m., altar.
• alto, high, tall;
  • desde lo ——, from above.
• altura, f., height.
• alumbrado, m., lighting system.
• alumbrar, to light.
• alumno, m., pupil.
• alzar, 34, to raise;
  • —— se, to rise.
• allá, there;
  • mas —— de, beyond.
• allí, there.
• amanecer, 39, to dawn;
  • al ——, at dawn.
• amar, to love.
• amargamente, bitterly.
• amargo, bitter; m. pl., bitters.
• amarillo, yellow.
• amarrar, to tie, fasten.
• ambicionar, to long for.
• ambicioso, ambitious.
• ambos (as), both.
• amén, m., amen.
• amenaza, f., threat.
• amenazar, 34, to threaten.
• ameno, pleasant.
• América, f., America.
• americano, American.
• amiga, f., friend.
• amigo, m., friend.
• amistad, f., friendship.
• amistosamente, amicably, in a friendly manner.
• amistoso, friendly.
• amontonar, to heap up, gather.
• amor, m., love;
  • —— a, love for.
• amplio, ample, wide.
• analizar, 34, to analyze.
• análogo, analogous.
• anatomista, m., anatomist.
• anca, f., haunch.
• anciano, ancient; m., old man.
• ancla, f., anchor.
• anclar, to anchor.
• ancho, wide;
  • de ——, in width.
• Andalucía, Andalusia, an ancient kingdom of southern Spain and a term still used for that region.
• andaluz-a, Andalusian.
• andar, 1, to go, walk;
  • —— a pie, to go on foot, walk;
  • —— a tientas, to grope.
• Andes, m., mountains of western cost of S. A. continuing the Rocky Mountains of N. A.
• Andrada, Bonifacio José (1765-1838), a Brazilian statesman and naturalist. Made minister of foreign affairs on establishment of the republic.
• anduve, from andar.
• anemia, f., anæmia, weakness.
• ángel, m., angel.
• Ángel, Miguel (1475-1564), Michelangelo, the most famous of the great Florentine artists of the Renaissance. Best known of his paintings is "The Last Judgment"; of his sculpture "Moses" and "Slaves."
• angelito, m. dim. of angel.
• Angostura, former name of the city of Bolívar, Venezuela. Name applied to medicinal bitters from there.
• angustia, f., anguish.
• animal, m., animal.
• animalito, dim. of animal.
• animar, to enliven.
• ánimo, m., mind, soul, courage.
• animoso, spirited.
• anoche, last night.
• anochecer, 39, to grow dark.
• ansiedad, f., anxiety.
• ante, before, in the presence of.
• antemano: de ——, in advance, beforehand.
• anterior, former, above.
• anteriormente, previously, formerly.
• antes, before, first;
  • —— de, before (in point of time);
  • —— (de) que, before (as conj.).
• antiguamente, formerly, in the olden days.
• antiguo, ancient, old.
• Antillas, f., Antilles.
• Antofagasta, f., a city of Chile.
• anual, annual.
• anualmente, annually.
• anular, to destroy, annul.
• anunciar, to announce.
• añadir, to add.
• año, m., year.
• apacible, peaceful.
• aparato, m., apparatus.
• aparecer, 39, to appear.
• aparición, f., appearance.
• apariencia, f., appearance.
• apartar, to set aside, remove from.
• apasionadamente, fervently.
• apearse, to dismount.
• apenas, scarcely, with difficulty.
• apertura, f., opening.
• apetito, m., appetite.
• aplicación, f., application.
• aplicar, 31, to apply.
• aplomo, m., accuracy.
• apoderarse (de), to take possession of, seize.
• apoyo, m., help, support, aid.
• aprender, to learn;
  • —— de memoria, to learn by heart.
• apresuradamente, hastily, quickly.
• apresurarse (a), to hasten to.
• apretar, 24, to squeeze, crush.
• aprobar, 23, to approve.
• apropiado, suitable.
• aprovecharse (de), to profit by.
• aproximadamente, approximately.
• aproximado, approximate.
• aproximarse (a), to approach.
• aptitud, f., aptitude.
• apurado, troubled, dangerous.
• apuro, m., trouble, difficulty.
• aquel (adj.) (aquella, aquellos, aquellas), that, those, the former.
• aquél, etc. (pron.), that, those, the former.
• aquello (neut. pron.), that.
• aquí, here;
  • por ——, around here.
• árabe, Arabic; m., Arab.
• arabesco, m., arabesque, used of color design in Arabic architecture; extended to verse.
• Arabia, f., Arabia.
• aragonés, m., citizen and dialect of Aragon.
• Aranjuez, a town about forty miles southeast of Madrid containing one of the royal estates.
• araña, f., spider.
• árbol, m., tree.
• arbolillo, m. dim. of árbol.
• arbusto, m., shrub, bush.
• archipiélago, m., archipelago.
• arder, to burn.
• ardiente, glowing, burning.
• ardor, m., heat, zeal, ardor.
• área, f., area.
• arena, f., sand.
• arenoso, sandy.
• Arequipa, f., a city of Peru.
• Argel, m., Algiers.
• Argentina, f., Argentina.
• argentino, Argentine.
• árido, arid, dry.
• Ariosto, Lodovico (1474-1533), an Italian poet and diplomat; wrote "Orlando Furioso."
• aristocrático, aristocratic.
• arma, f., weapon, arm.
• armada, f., noose for lassoing.
• armar, to arm, equip, set up.
• arquitecto, m., architect.
• arquitectura, f., architecture.
• arrancar, 31, to tear out, snatch away.
• arrastrar, to drag, pull;
  • —— se, to crawl.
• arrayán, m., myrtle.
• arreglar, to arrange, repair.
• arrepentido, repentant, penitent.
• arrepentimiento, m., repentance.
• arrepentirse, 27, to repent;
  • —— se de corazón, to repent heartily.
• arriba, up, above;
  • río ——, up the river;
  • hacia ——, above.
• arrimar, to draw close, put on.
• arrodillarse, to kneel.
• arrojar, to throw.
• arroyo, m., brook.
• arroz, m., rice.
• arte, m. f., art.
• arteria, f., artery.
• ártico, arctic.
• artículo, m., article.
• artillería, f., artillery.
• artista, m. f., artist.
• artístico, artistic.
• asaltar, to attack.
• ascender (a), 25, to amount to, go up.
• ascendiente, upward.
• asegurar, to assure, make secure, fasten.
• asemejarse (a), to resemble.
• asfalto, m., asphalt.
• así, thus, so.
• Ásia, f., Asia.
• asiento, m., seat.
• asignatura, f., subject, study.
• asistencia, f., attendance.
• asistir (a), to attend, be present (at).
• asno, m., donkey.
• asociación, f., association.
• asociarse (a), to join.
• asomarse (a), to appear at, look out of (a window or door).
• asombrarse, to be astonished.
• asombro, m., astonishment.
• asombroso, startling.
• aspa, f., wing (of a wind-mill).
• aspiración, f., aspiration.
• astrónomo, m., astronomer.
• astuto, astute, shrewd.
• asunto, m., matter, affair.
• asustar, to frighten, astonish.
• atacar, 31, to attack.
• atado, m., bundle.
• Atahualpa, m., name of an Inca chief.
• ataque, m., attack.
• atar, to tie.
• atascar, 31, to stick, get stuck.
• atención, f., attention, favor.
• atender (a), 25, to pay attention (to).
• atenerse (a), 18, to expect.
• atesorar, to store up, possess.
• Atlántico, Atlantic.
• atónito, astonished.
• atraer, 19, to attract.
• atrapar, to catch.
• através de, across.
• atravesar, 24, to cross.
• atreverse (a), to dare.
• atribución, f., power, attribute.
• atribuir, 44, to attribute.
• atropellar, to trample upon.
• aturdidura, f., unconsciousness (S. A.).
• audacia, f., audacity.
• audaz, bold, daring.
• aumentar, to increase.
• aumento, m., increase.
• aun (or aún), still, yet;
  • —— cuando, even if.
• aunque, although, even if.
• ausencia, f., absence.
• ausente, absent.
• Austria, f., Austria.
• austriaco, Austrian.
• austro-húngaro, Austro-Hungarian.
• autor, m., author.
• autoridad, f., authority.
• auxiliar, to aid; adj. and m., auxiliary.
• auxilio, m., help, aid.
• avanzar, 34, to advance.
• avariento, avaricious.
• ave, f., bird.
• avellana, f., filbert, hazel-nut.
• avena, f., oats.
• avenida, f., avenue.
• aventurarse (a), to venture, risk.
• aventurero, m., adventurer.
• aventuroso, venturesome.
• avergonzado, ashamed.
• avergonzar, 34, to put to shame.
• averiguar, 33, to find out.
• avidez, f., greed, avidity.
• avis, rara avis, Latin, meaning a rare bird, a rarity.
• aviso, m., warning.
• ¡ay! alas.
• Ayacucho, m., a city in Peru. Here a decisive battle was fought in 1824 between General Sucre and the Spanish viceroy, La Serna, which resulted in the defeat of the latter and the independence of Peru.
• ayuda, f., help.
• ayudante, m., aide, helper.
• ayudar, to help, aid.
• azote, m., whip, lashing, blow.
• azteca, Aztec.
• azúcar, m., sugar.
• azul, blue.
• Bahía, a seaport of Brazil.
• bahía, f., bay.
• baile, m., dance.
• bajar(se), to go down, dismount.
• bajo, low;
  • por lo ——, in a low tone; prep., under.
• bala, f., bullet.
• Balboa, f., a city on the western coast of Panamá.
• balneario, pertaining to a seaside resort.
• bálsamo, m., balsam.
• baluarte, m., bulwark.
• banana, f., banana.
• bancario, banking, pertaining to banking.
• banco, m., bank, bench.
• banda, f., band.
• bandera, f., flag, banner.
• bandido, m., bandit.
• barbaridad, f., cruelty.
• barca, f., ship, boat.
• Barcelona, province and city of Catalonia, Spain.
• barco, m., boat, bark.
• barquero, m., boatman.
• barra, f., sand, clay, sandbar.
• barrio, m., district.
• barro, m., clay.
• Barros Grez, Daniel, born 1834, in province of Colchagua, Chile; an engineer and author. Planned many buildings and water systems, wrote "Cuentos para los Niños Grandes" and "La Guerra con España."
• Bartrina, Joaquín María (1850-1880), Spanish writer who sought to transplant the pessimistic spirit of Leconte de Lisle to Spanish soil. Best verses in "Algo" (1876).
• basar, to base, found.
• base, f., base;
  • por ——, as a basis.
• bastante, enough, rather, quite.
• bastar, to suffice.
• basura, f., refuse.
• batalla, f., battle.
• Batavia, a residency in the northwestern part of the island of Java of the Dutch East Indies.
• Baukas, proper name.
• beber, to drink.
• bebida, f., drink.
• Beer, Miguel, brother of the German composer Meyerbeer.
• Beethoven, Ludwig von (1770-1827), German musical composer of great renown.
• belga, Belgian.
• Bélgica, f., Belgium.
• Belgrano, Manuel, a leader of the revolutionary army of Argentina; died 1820.
• bellaco, sly, roguish; m., knave, swindler.
• belleza, f., beauty.
• bello, beautiful.
• bendecir, 6, to bless. (Regular in future, conditional and imperative singular.)
• bendición, f., blessing.
• bendito, pp. of bendecir; blessed, fortunate.
• beneficio, m., advantage, benefit.
• benigno, mild.
• Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832), an English philosopher and jurist. His great work, "Principles of Morals and Legislation," appeared in 1789.
• Berlín, Berlin.
• Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo (1598-1680), an Italian artist, celebrated as architect, sculptor, and painter.
• bestia, f., animal, beast.
• biblioteca, f., library.
• bien, well, very;
  • no ——, scarcely;
  • más ——, rather;
  • si ——, though;
  • o ——, or; m., goodness, benefit; pl., property, riches.
• bienestar, m., comfort, prosperity.
• bienhechor, m., benefactor.
• billete, m., ticket.
• blanco, white.
• blanquear, to whitewash.
• Bobadilla, name of a judge; name of a town and railway junction in Andalusia.
• boca, f., mouth;
  • esta —— es mía, my soul is my own.
• boga, f., vogue, use, fashion.
• Bolívar, Simón (1783-1830), the great hero of South American independence; name of a city of Venezuela.
• Bolivia, f., Bolivia.
• boliviano, Bolivian.
• bolsa, f., purse.
• bombero, m., fireman.
• bondad, f., goodness, kindness.
• bondadosamente, kindly.
• Borinquen or Boriquén, ancient Indian name of Porto Rico.
• borrador, m., eraser.
• borrar, to erase.
• bosque, m., woods, forest.
• bosquejo, m., sketch.
• botánico, botanical; m., botanist.
• bote, m., boat.
• botella, f., bottle.
• botijo, m., water jug.
• botero, m., boatman.
• bramido, m., bellowing.
• Brasil (El), Brazil.
• brasileño, Brazilian.
• brazo, m., arm.
• breve, brief, short.
• brillante, brilliant; m., diamond.
• brillo, m., brilliancy, glow.
• brío, m., mettle, spirit, dash.
• británico, British.
• bromear, to jest.
• brotar, to gush out, issue.
• Brown, Admiral, he, with General Alvear, expelled the Spanish forces from Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1814.
• brújula, f., compass.
• bueno, good.
• Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina.
• bulto, m., package.
• buque, m., ship, boat;
  • —— de guerra, battleship.
• Burgos, a city of northern Spain.
• burla, f., mockery.
• burlarse (de), to make fun of.
• burlón-a, mocking.
• burro, m., donkey.
• busca, f., search;
  • en —— de, in search of, seeking.
• buscar, 31, to seek, look for.
• butaca, f., arm-chair.
• buzo, m., diver.
• caballar, equine, pertaining to horses.
• caballeroso, chivalrous, gentlemanly.
• caballero, m., knight, gentleman, sir.
• caballito, m. dim. of caballo.
• caballo, m., horse.
• cabaña, f., cabin.
• caber, 2, to be contained in, be room for;
  • no cabe duda, there is no doubt.
• cabeza, f., head.
• cabo, m., end, cape;
  • —— de Hornos, Cape Horn;
  • al —— de, at the end of.
• Cabot, Sebastián (1472-1557), an Italian navigator sailing under the English flag.
• cabra, f., goat.
• Cabral, Pedro Alvares (1460-1526), a Portuguese navigator who discovered the coast of Brazil in 1500.
• cacao, m., cocoa.
• cada (adj.), each;
  • —— uno (pron.), each, every.
• cadena, f., chain.
• cadí, m., cadi, magistrate among the Turks and Moors.
• Cádiz, a city on the southwestern coast of Spain.
• caer(se), 3, to fall, approach ripeness (of fruits).
• café, m., coffee.
• cafetal, m., coffee plantation.
• cafetalero, pertaining to coffee.
• cafeto, m., coffee plant.
• caída, f., fall, close (of day).
• caja, f., box, trunk (of body), receptacle.
• Cajamarca, a city of Peru.
• calabozo, m., cell, jail.
• calado, m., draught.
• calceta, f., stocking.
• calcular, to calculate.
• cálculo, m., calculation.
• caldera, f., pot, kettle.
• Calderón de la Barca, Pedro (1600-1681), the great Spanish dramatist and poet. Best known for the drama "La Vida es Sueño."
• calentar, 24, to heat.
• calidad, f., quality.
• cálido, warm.
• calificar, 31, to rate, name, qualify.
• calizo, limy, calcareous.
• calor, m., heat.
• calzón, m., trousers.
• callado, silent.
• Callao (El), a seaport of Peru.
• callarse, to become silent.
• calle, f., street.
• cama, f., bed.
• cámara, f., chamber.
• cambiar, to change, exchange.
• cambio, m., exchange, change;
  • en ——, in exchange, on the other hand.
• camello, m., camel.
• caminar, to journey, walk.
• camino, m., way, road.
• campamento, m., camp.
• campesina, f., countrywoman.
• campesino, m., farmer.
• campiña, f., plain.
• campo, m., field, country.
• canal, m., canal.
• candil, m., kitchen lamp, candle (S. A.);
  • —— de sebo, tallow candle.
• Canova, Antonio (1757-1822), a celebrated Italian sculptor.
• cansado, tired.
• cansancio, m., fatigue, weariness.
• cansarse, to become tired.
• cantar, to sing.
• cantidad, f., quantity.
• caña, f., cane;
  • —— de azúcar, sugar cane.
• cañón, m., cannon, canyon.
• capa, f., cloak, layer, covering.
• capital, f., capital (of a country); m., capital (of money).
• capitán, m., captain.
• capitanía, f., captaincy.
• capturar, to capture.
• cara, f., face.
• Caracas, capital city of Venezuela.
• carácter, m., character, nature.
• carbón, m., coal.
• carcajada, f., loud laughter.
• cárcel, f., prison.
• cardenal, m., cardinal.
• carecer (de), 39, to lack.
• carencia, f., lack, scarcity.
• carga, f., load, burden.
• cargamento, m., cargo.
• cargar, 32, to load, burden.
• cargo, m., charge.
• caribe, Caribbean.
• cariño, m., affection.
• cariñosamente, affectionately.
• carita, dim. of cara.
• carne, f., meat, flesh.
• carnicero, m., butcher.
• carrera, f., race.
• carro, m., cart.
• carruaje, m., carriage.
• carta, f., letter, chart, map.
• Cartago, a city of Costa Rica.
• casa, f., house.
• cáscara, f., shell.
• casco, m., helmet.
• caserío, m., group of houses.
• casero, domestic, of the family.
• casi, almost.
• casita, f., dim. of casa.
• caso, m., case;
  • es el —— que, the fact is that;
  • dado —— de que;
  • en —— que, in case that.
• Castelar, Emilio (1832-1899), a Spanish statesman and journalist noted particularly for his eloquence.
• castellano, Castilian, Spanish; m., Spaniard.
• castigar, 32, to punish.
• castigo, m., punishment.
• Castilla, f., Castile, one of the ancient kingdoms in Spain, the name still being applied to that region which is the central and north-west central part of Spain;
  • —— la Vieja, Old Castile;
  • —— la Nueva, New Castile.
• castillo, m., castle.
• castizo, pure.
• casualidad, f., chance;
  • por ——, by chance.
• catalán-a, Catalan, Catalonian; m., the dialect of Catalonia.
• Cataluña, f., Catalonia, a district and ancient principality of extreme northeastern Spain.
• catástrofe, f., disaster.
• catedral, f., cathedral.
• catedrático, m., professor.
• católico, catholic.
• catorce, fourteen.
• caucho, m., rubber.
• caudal, m., fortune, volume.
• causa, f., cause, lawsuit;
  • a —— de, on account of.
• causar, to cause.
• cayendo, from caer.
• cayó, from caer.
• ce, f., the letter C.
• cebada, f., barley.
• ceceoso, lisping.
• ceder, to yield, give in;
  • —— el paso a, to give way to, "play second fiddle to."
• cegar, 24, 32, to blind.
• celda, f., cell.
• celebrar, to celebrate, praise.
• célebre, famous, celebrated.
• celebridad, f., fame.
• cena, f., supper.
• censo, m., census.
• centavo, m., cent.
• centenar, m., a hundred.
• centímetro, m., centimeter.
• central, central.
• centro, m., center.
• ceñir, 29, 44, to surround.
• cerca, nearby;
  • —— de, near, nearly; f., fence, hedge.
• cercano, near, neighboring.
• cereal, m., cereal.
• Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-1616), the greatest figure in Spanish literature, author of "Don Quijote."
• cerrar, 24, to close.
• cesar, to cease, stop.
• cesta, f., basket.
• Cicerón, m., Cicero.
• ciclón, m., cyclone.
• ciego, blind;
  • —— de, blind in.
• cielo, m., sky, heaven.
• ciencia, f., science, knowledge.
• científico, scientific.
• cien(to), hundred.
• cierto, certain, true.
• cimentar, 24, to strengthen.
• cincel, m., chisel.
• cinco, five.
• cincuenta, fifty.
• cinematógrafo, moving picture theater, moving picture apparatus.
• cinturón, m., belt.
• circular, to circulate.
• circunstancia, f., circumstance.
• citar, to cite, name.
• ciudad, f., city.
• ciudadano, m., citizen.
• civilización, f., civilization.
• claramente, clearly.
• clase, f., class, kind.
• clásico, classic.
• cláusula, f., clause.
• clima, m., climate.
• club, m., club, society.
• cobarde, m., coward.
• cobrar, to collect, charge.
• cobre, m., copper.
• coca, f., coca, coca leaves.
• cocer, 26, 35, to cook, boil.
• coche, m., coach.
• Cochrane, Thomas Lord (1775-1860), a British Admiral who organized the Chilean navy and helped that nation against Spain; always a soldier of fortune.
• codicia, f., cupidity, greed.
• codicioso, covetous.
• coger, 30, to catch, seize.
• cojo, lame;
  • —— de, lame in.
• cola, f., tail.
• colcha, f., coverlet, quilt.
• Colchagua, a province in central Chile.
• colchón, m., mattress.
• colgar, 23, 32, to hang.
• colina, f., hill.
• colmo, m., culmination, height.
• colocar, 31, to place.
• Colombia, f., Colombia.
• colombiano, of Colombia.
• colombino, of Columbus, Columbian.
• Colón, m., Columbus; also the name of a city of Panamá.
• colonia, f., colony.
• colonizar, 34, to colonize.
• colono, m., farmer, colonist.
• color, m., color.
• colosal, colossal, gigantic.
• coma, f., comma.
• combate, m., fight, combat.
• combatir, to fight, refute.
• combinar, to combine.
• comedero, m., dish.
• comedia, f., comedy, play.
• comenzar, 24, 34, to begin.
• comer, to eat;
  • ——se, to eat up.
• comercial, commercial.
• comercialmente, commercially.
• comerciante, m., merchant.
• comercio, m., commerce, business.
• cometer, to commit.
• comida, f., meal, dinner.
• comienzo, m., beginning.
• comillas, f., quotation marks.
• ¿cómo? how? what?
• como, as, how, something like.
• comodidad, f., comfort, convenience.
• cómodo, comfortable.
• compadre, m., friend (familiar).
• compañero, m., companion.
• compañía, f., company.
• comparar, to compare.
• comparecer, 39, to appear (in court).
• compasivo, tender-hearted.
• complacer, 39, to please.
• complaciente, pleasing.
• complemento, m., complement;
  • —— directo, direct object;
  • —— indirecto, indirect object.
• completamente, completely.
• completar, to complete.
• completo, complete;
  • por ——, completely.
• cómplice, m., accomplice.
• componer, 13, to compose.
• compra, f., purchase.
• comprar, to buy.
• comprender, to understand, comprise.
• comprimir, to hold in check.
• compuesto, pp. of componer; compound.
• compuse, etc., from componer.
• común, common;
  • por lo ——, usually.
• comunicación, f., communication.
• comunicar, 31, to join, communicate.
• con, with.
• concebir, 29, to conceive.
• conceder, to grant.
• concentrado, concentrated.
• concesión, f., concession, franchise.
• conciencia, f., conscience.
• concierto, m., concert.
• concluir, 46, to finish.
• concordar (con), 23, to agree (with).
• concurrente, m. f., one present.
• condenar, to condemn.
• condición, f., condition.
• condicional, conditional; m., conditional tense;
  • —— perfecto, conditional perfect.
• condiscípulo, m., fellow-student.
• conducir, 4, 40, to conduct, guide.
• conducta, f., conduct.
• conductor, m., conductor.
• conduje, etc., from conducir.
• condujera, from conducir.
• conejo, m., rabbit.
• confesar, 24, to confess;
  • —— se de, to make confession of.
• confesor, m., confessor.
• confianza, f., confidence, trust.
• confiar, 41, to trust.
• conforme, according to.
• confort, m., comfort (a word adopted from the English).
• confortable, comfortable.
• confrontar, to confront.
• confusión, f., confusion.
• congelar, to freeze.
• congregar, 32, to gather.
• congreso, m., congress.
• conjunción, f., conjunction.
• conjunto, m., combination, collection;
  • en ——, in all, altogether.
• conmovedor-a, touching.
• conmover, 26, to move (with emotion).
• conocedor-a, expert.
• conocer, 39, to know, be acquainted with;
  • se conoce, it is evident.
• conocimiento, m., knowledge;
  • sin ——, unconscious.
• conquista, f., conquest.
• conquistador, m., conqueror.
• conquistar, to conquer.
• consecuencia, f., consequence;
  • a —— de, because of.
• conseguir, 29, 38, to obtain, succeed in.
• consejo, m., advice.
• conserva, f., preserves.
• conservar, to keep, preserve.
• considerable, considerable.
• considerablemente, considerably.
• consideración, f., consideration.
• considerar, to consider.
• consiguiente, por ——, therefore.
• consonante, f., consonant.
• constancia, f., constancy.
• consternado, frightened.
• constitución, f., constitution.
• constituir, 46, to establish, form.
• construcción, f., construction.
• construir, 46, to construct.
• construya, from construir.
• construyendo, from construir.
• construyo, etc., from construir.
• consumir, to consume, use.
• consumo, m., consumption.
• contacto, m., contact.
• contar, 23, to count, tell, relate, amount to, comprise;
  • —— con, to rely upon, possess;
  • —— diez años, to be ten years old.
• contemplar, to contemplate.
• contemporáneo, contemporary.
• contener, 18, to contain, restrain.
• contento, glad, content.
• contestación, f., answer.
• contestar, to answer.
• contigo, with you.
• continente, m., continent.
• continuar, 42, to continue.
• continuo, continuous.
• contorsión, f., wild gesture.
• contra, against;
  • en —— de, against.
• contrariado, angered.
• contrario, opposite, contrary;
  • al ——, on the contrary; m., adversary.
• contribuir, 46, to contribute.
• contribuyó, from contribuir.
• convencer, 35, to convince.
• conveniente, suitable, becoming.
• convenir, 21, to behoove, be suitable, agree;
  • —— en, to agree to.
• convertir, 27, to change, convert.
• convicto, convicted.
• convidar, to invite.
• convine, etc., from convenir.
• cooperación, f., coöperation.
• Copérnico, Nicolás (1473-1543), a Polish astronomer of great attainments.
• copiar, to copy;
  • —— a la pluma, to make a pen and ink sketch.
• copudo, full-topped.
• coraje, m., courage, anger.
• coralino, coral-like.
• corazón, m., heart.
• cordel, m., cord.
• cordillera, f., mountain chain.
• Córdoba, a city of Spain, also of Argentina.
• corneta, f., bugle.
• corona, f., crown.
• coronar, to crown.
• corrección, f., correctness.
• correctamente, correctly.
• correcto, correct.
• corregir, 29, 36, to correct.
• correr, to run;
  • la voz corre, the report spreads.
• correspondencia, f., correspondence.
• correspondiente, proper.
• corresponder, to correspond, concern, fit, agree with;
  • por lo que a mí corresponde, as far as I am concerned.
• corrida, f., race, bull-fight.
• corriente, current.
• corro, m., group of spectators.
• corrija, from corregir.
• corrijo, etc., from corregir.
• corromper, to corrupt.
• corsario, m., corsair, privateer.
• cortar, to cut;
  • sin ——, uncut.
• corte, m., outline, cut; f., court.
• Cortés, Hernán (1485-1547), a Spanish soldier of noble family who conquered Mexico.
• cortesano, polite.
• cortesía, f., courtesy, politeness.
• corteza, f., bark.
• cortina, f., curtain.
• corvo, curved.
• cosa, f., thing;
  • —— de estima, a valuable thing;
  • ¿qué ——?, what?
• cosechero, m., crop owner, farmer.
• coser, to sew.
• cosmógrafo, m., cosmographer.
• cosmopolita, cosmopolitan.
• costa, f., coast.
• costar, 23, to cost.
• Costa Rica, Costa Rica.
• costarricense or costarriqueño, Costa Rican.
• costo, m., cost.
• costra, f., crust.
• costumbre, f., custom, habit;
  • de ——, as usual.
• crear, to create.
• crecer, 39, to grow.
• creciente, increasing.
• creer, 45, to believe.
• creyendo, from creer.
• creyó, from creer.
• crezca, from crecer.
• criadero, m., nursery, bed, deposit.
• criado, m., servant.
• criar, to bring up;
  • el hombre más honorable de lo criado, the most honorable man ever reared.
• crimen, m., crime.
• crin, f., crest, mane.
• cristalino, clear.
• cristiano, m., Christian.
• Cristo, m., Christ.
• Cristóbal, Christopher; also the name of a city of Panama.
• crudo, severe, rude.
• cruel, cruel.
• crueldad, f., cruelty.
• cruelmente, cruelly.
• cruz, f., cross.
• cruzada, f., crusade.
• cruzar, 34, to cross.
• cuadra, f., stable.
• cuadrado, square.
• cuadrilla, f., staff, team (of bull-fighters).
• cuadro, m., picture.
• ¿cuál? which? what?
• cual, el cual (la cual, etc.), which, that, who; like, as.
• cualquier(a), any, any whatsoever, some or other;
  • —— que sea, whatever be.
• ¿cuándo? when?
• cuando, when;
  • de —— en ——,
  • de vez en ——, from time to time,
  • aun ——, even if.
• ¿cuánto? how much?
• cuanto, all that, as much as;
  • en —— a, as for;
  • todo ——, all that.
• cuarenta, forty.
• cuarto, fourth; m., room.
• cuatro, four.
• Cuba, Cuba.
• cubano, Cuban.
• cubeta, f., pail.
• cubierto, pp. of cubrir.
• cubrir, to cover.
• Cucho, m., proper name.
• Cuenca, a city of Ecuador.
• cuenta, f., account.
• cuento, m., story, tale.
• cuerda, f., cord.
• cuerno, m., horn.
• cuero, m., hide.
• cuerpo, m., body.
• cuesta, f., ridge, hill, back;
  • a ——s, on one's back;
  • —— arriba, uphill.
• cuestión, f., question (to settle), difficulty.
• cuestionario, m., questionnaire.
• cueva, f., cave.
• cuidado, m., care;
  • con ——, carefully.
• cuidador, m., guardian (familiar).
• cuidadosamente, carefully.
• cuidar, to take care of;
  • ——se de, to care about, pay attention to.
• culminante, lofty.
• culpa, f., sin, blame, fault.
• culpable, guilty.
• cultivar, to cultivate.
• cultivo, m., cultivation.
• culto, cultured; m., worship.
• cultura, f., culture.
• cumbre, f., summit.
• cumplimiento, m., fulfillment.
• cumplir (con), to fulfill, carry out, attain;
  • —— doce años, to reach twelve years of age.
• cura, m., priest.
• curar, to treat, cure, care for.
• curioso, curious.
• cursar, to follow a course;
  • —— la segunda enseñanza, to take a high school course.
• curso, m., course.
• custodiar, to guard.
• ¿cúyo? whose?
• cuyo, whose.
• chacarero, m., farmer (S. A.).
• chacra, f., farm (S. A.).
• chapeo, m., hat (S. A.).
• charla, f., chatter, talk.
• chasco, m., trick, practical joke.
• Chepa, f., nickname for Josefa.
• Chepita, f. dim. of Chepa.
• Cherubini, Zaria Salvatore (1760-1842), a great Italian musical composer, honored by Napoleon.
• chico, m., child, boy.
• Chile, m., Chile.
• chileno, Chilean.
• chimenea, f., fireplace.
• chiquitín, m. dim. of chico.
• chisporrotear, to sputter, send forth sparks.
• chiste, m., jest, joke.
• choclo, m., green ear of corn (S. A.).
• chocolate, m., chocolate.
• choque, m., shock.
• chorro, m., stream.
• choza, f., hut.
• danés-a, Danish; m., Dane.
• Dante, Alighieri (1255-1321), a great Italian poet.
• dañar, to harm.
• dañino, harmful.
• daño, m., harm, damage.
• dar, 5, to give;
  • —— a, to open upon;
  • —— a entender, to make known, indicate;
  • —— apoyo, to assist;
  • —— comienzo a, to begin;
  • —— una carcajada, to burst out laughing;
  • —— con, to come upon;
  • —— crédito a, to believe;
  • —— cuenta, to render account;
  • —— chasco a, to play a joke on;
  • —— de comer a, to feed;
  • —— disgusto(s) a, to displease;
  • —— (las) gracias, to thank;
  • —— gusto, to please;
  • —— ímpetu a, to encourage, aid;
  • —— incremento a, to increase;
  • —— lástima a, to inspire pity in;
  • —— miedo, to make afraid;
  • —— motivo para, to give reason for;
  • —— muestra de, to show indication of;
  • —— parabienes a, to congratulate;
  • —— pena, to grieve;
  • —— por resultado, to result in;
  • —— un rodeo, to walk around;
  • —— señales de, to give signs of;
  • —— tumbos, to stagger;
  • ——se cuenta de, to become aware of, to notice;
  • ——se por, to consider oneself as;
  • ——se trazas de, to scheme.
• dativo, dative, indirect object.
• datos, m., information.
• de, of, from, by, with, in, than (after a comparative and before a numeral).
• debajo de, under.
• deber, to owe, be due, be obliged to; m., duty.
• débil, weak.
• debilitar, to weaken.
• decaer, 3, to weaken, decay;
  • —— de ánimo, to become discouraged.
• decidir(se) a, to decide.
• decimal, decimal.
• décimo, tenth.
• decir, 6, to say;
  • —— entre sí, para sí, to say to oneself;
  • ¡no digo yo! well, I declare!
• declarar, to declare.
• dedicar, 31, to devote, dedicate;
  • ——se a, to devote oneself to.
• dedo, m., finger.
• deducir, 4, 40, to deduce.
• defecto, m., defect.
• defender, 25, to defend.
• defensa, f., defense.
• definitivo, final, definite.
• degradarse, to become degraded.
• dejar, to leave, allow, let;
  • —— caer, to drop;
  • —— mucho que desear, to leave much to be desired.
• delante, before (in place);
  • —— de, before, in front of.
• delantero, fore, front.
• deletrear, to spell.
• Delfthaven, a port of Holland.
• delgado, thin.
• delicado, scrupulous.
• delicia, f., delight.
• delicioso, delightful.
• delinear, to mark out.
• delito, m., offense, crime.
• delta, m., delta of a river.
• demanda, f., request, search.
• demás: los ——, las ——, the rest, the others;
  • por ——, moreover.
• democracia, f., democracy.
• demostración, f., sign, show.
• demostrar, 23, to show.
• demostrativo, demonstrative.
• denominación, f., name.
• densamente, densely.
• dentro de, within.
• denunciar, to denounce.
• departamento, m., department.
• depositar, to deposit.
• derecho, right, right-hand.
• derivar, to derive.
• derramar, to shed, spill.
• derretir, 29, to melt.
• derrotar, to put to flight, defeat.
• derviche, m., dervish.
• desagradable, disagreeable.
• desagrado, m., displeasure.
• desalentarse, 24, to become discouraged.
• desalmado, soulless, inhuman.
• desaparecer, 39, to disappear.
• desarrollar, to develop, expand.
• desarrollo, m., development.
• desastre, m., disaster.
• desatender, 25, to disregard.
• descansar, to rest.
• descarga, f., unloading.
• descargar, 32, to unload.
• descendiente, m., descendant.
• descompuesto, put out of order.
• desconocer, 39, to be ignorant of.
• desconocido, unknown.
• desconsolado, disconsolate.
• descontento, dissatisfied.
• describir, to describe.
• descriptivo, descriptive.
• descubierto, pp. of descubrir.
• descubridor, m., discoverer.
• descubrimiento, m., discovery, carelessness.
• descubrir, to discover.
• descuidar, to neglect.
• desde, from, since.
• desdeñoso, disdainful.
• desdicha, f., misfortune.
• desdoblar, to unfold.
• desear, to desire, wish.
• desembarcar, 31, to land.
• desembarco, m., landing.
• desempeñar, to perform, redeem;
  • —— un papel, to play a part.
• deseo, m., desire.
• deseoso, desirous.
• desesperación, f., despair.
• desesperar, to despair.
• desfavorable, unfavorable.
• desgobernar, to misgovern.
• desgracia, f., misfortune.
• desgraciadamente, unfortunately.
• desgraciado, unfortunate.
• deshacerse (de), 8, to get rid of.
• desierto, m., desert.
• designar, to designate.
• desleal, dishonest.
• deslizar, 34, to slide.
• deslumbrar, to dazzle.
• desmontarse, to dismount.
• desnudo, bare.
• desorden, m., disorder.
• desordenado, shiftless, careless.
• despachar, to ship.
• despacho, m., cabinet.
• despedida, f., farewell, parting.
• despedir, 29, to send off;
  • ——se de, to take leave of.
• despejado, clear.
• despertar, 24, to awaken.
• despojar (de), to despoil, deprive.
• desposeerse (de), to deprive oneself of.
• despótico, despotic.
• despreciar, to despise.
• desprender, to break off;
  • ——se de, to part with, get rid of.
• después, afterwards;
  • —— de (prep.), after;
  • —— que (conj.), after.
• destacarse, 31, to stand out.
• destinado, destined.
• destrozar, 34, to destroy.
• destruir, 46, to destroy.
• detalle, m., detail.
• detenerse, to stop.
• detenido, detailed.
• detención, f., care.
• determinado, definite.
• determinar, to determine.
• detrás, behind;
  • —— de, behind.
• detuve, etc., from detener.
• devolver, 26, to give back.
• devorar, to devour.
• di, from decir.
• dí, etc., from dar.
• día, m., day;
  • —— del juicio final, the Judgment Day.
• diablo, m., devil.
• dialecto, m., dialect.
• diamante, m., diamond.
• diario, daily.
• dibujar, to draw.
• dibujo, m., drawing, design.
• dice, from, decir.
• diciendo, from decir.
• dictar, to dictate.
• dicho, pp. of decir; aforesaid, said.
• dichoso, happy, fortunate.
• diecinueve, nineteen.
• dieciocho, eighteen.
• dieciseis, sixteen.
• diente, m., tooth.
• diese, etc., from dar.
• diestro, skilful.
• diezmo, m., tithe, tenth part.
• diferencia, f., difference.
• diferenciarse (de), to differ, change.
• diferente, different.
• difícil, difficult, hard.
• dificultad, f., difficulty.
• dificultar, to render difficult.
• diga, etc., from decir.
• dignamente, worthily.
• dignidad, f., dignity.
• digno, worthy.
• digo, from decir.
• dije, etc., from decir.
• dilatado, wide.
• diligencia, f., diligence, haste, effort.
• Dinamarca, f., Denmark.
• dinamarqués-a; Danish; m., Dane.
• dinero, m., money.
• Dios, m., God.
• diputado, m., deputy.
• dique, m., dike.
• dirección, f., direction;
  • con —— a, in the direction of.
• director, m., director.
• dirigir(se), 36, to address, turn to, make one's way;
  • —— la vista a, to gaze at.
• discípulo, m., pupil.
• discreción, f., discretion.
• discreto, discriminating.
• discurso, m., speech.
• discutir, to discuss.
• disfraz, f., mask, disguise.
• disfrazar(se) (de), to disguise as.
• disgustado, displeased.
• disgusto, m., displeasure.
• disminuir, 46, to diminish.
• disparar, to hurl forth, shoot.
• dispensar, to excuse, dispense, give out.
• disponer (para), 13, to provide, arrange for;
  • ——se a, to get ready to.
• dispuse, etc., from disponer.
• disputa, f., dispute, quarrel.
• disputarse, to quarrel;
  • —— algo, to quarrel over something.
• distancia, f., distance.
• distar, to be distant.
• distinguir, 38, to distinguish.
• distinto, different.
• distraer, 19, to distract, amuse.
• diverso, diverse, varied.
• dividir, to separate, divide.
• divisar, to perceive.
• división, f., division.
• doble, double.
• doce, twelve.
• docena, f., dozen.
• doctor, m., doctor.
• documento, m., document.
• dólar, m., dollar.
• dolor, m., pain, sorrow.
• dolorido, in pain.
• dominar, to dominate, control.
• domingo, m., Sunday.
• dominicano, Dominican.
• dominio, m., domination, dominion.
• ¿dónde? where?
• donde, where.
• donde quiera (que) or dondequiera (que), wherever.
• dorado, golden, informed, educated.
• dormido, asleep, sleeping.
• dormir, 28, to sleep;
  • ——se, to fall asleep;
  • no ——se en las pajas, to be vigilant, wide awake.
• dos, two.
• dotar, to endow.
• dotara, had endowed.
• dragar, 32, to dredge.
• dramático, dramatic.
• dramatizar, 34, to dramatize.
• duda, f., doubt.
• dudar, to doubt, hesitate.
• dudoso, doubtful, uncertain.
• dueño, m., master, owner.
• dulce, sweet, mild.
• dulzura, f., sweetness.
• duque, m., duke.
• durante, during.
• durar, to last.
• duro, hard; m., five pesetas, about one dollar.
• e, and; used instead of y before a word beginning with i or hi.
• ¡ea! come! come now!
• ébano, m., ebony.
• economía, f., economy.
• económico, advantageous.
• ecuador, m., equator.
• Ecuador (El), Ecuador.
• ecuatoriano, Ecuadorian.
• echar, to throw, cast, pour;
  • —— a andar, to set out running;
  • —— de menos, to miss;
  • —— de ver, to perceive, notice plainly;
  • —— fuera, to cast out;
  • —— las anclas, to anchor;
  • —— raíces, to take root, become established;
  • ——se a, to rush into.
• edad, f., age.
• edificante, edifying.
• edificio, m., building.
• educación, f., education.
• educar, 31, to educate.
• efecto, m., effect, consequence;
  • en ——, really, in truth.
• efectuar, 42, to bring about, cause;
  • ——se, to take place.
• efusión, f., emotion, shedding.
• ejecución, f., execution.
• ejecutar, to execute.
• ejecutivo, executive.
• ejemplar, m., specimen, copy.
• ejercer, 35, to exercise, practise.
• ejercicio, m., exercise.
• ejército, m., army.
• el, the; that (before de and que).
• él, he, it; him (after prepositions).
• eléctrico, electric.
• elegante, elegant.
• elegir, 29, 36, to choose, elect.
• elemento, m., element, factor.
• elevación, f., elevation.
• elevado, high.
• elocuencia, f., eloquence.
• ella, she, it; her (after prepositions).
• ello, it, that;
  • —— es que, the fact is that.
• emancipación, f., emancipation.
• embarcar, 31, to put on board;
  • ——se, to go aboard.
• embargo: sin ——, nevertheless.
• embarque, m., embarcation.
• embestir, 29, to strike, collide with;
  • ——se, to attack each other.
• eminencia, f., height.
• eminente, eminent.
• emir, m., emir, a Moorish or Turkish ruler.
• emoción, f., emotion.
• empeñado, stubborn.
• empeñar, to pledge, pawn;
  • ——se en, to insist upon.
• empeño, m., insistence, eagerness.
• emperador, m., emperor.
• empezar (a), 24, 34, to begin.
• emplear, to use, employ.
• empleado, m., employee.
• empleo, m., use.
• empobrecer, 39, to impoverish, make poor.
• emprendedor, enterprising, resourceful.
• emprender, to undertake;
  • —— un viaje, to set out on a journey.
• empresa, f., enterprise, company.
• empujar, to push.
• en, in, on, to at, into.
• encajar, to fix, set in or upon.
• encaminarse (a), to go toward, set out for.
• encantar, to charm.
• encanto, m., charm, delight.
• encarecer, 39, to heighten, increase.
• encargado, m., one in charge, agent.
• encargar, 32, to order.
• encender, 25, to light.
• encerrar, 24, to enclose, shut up, contain.
• encoger, 36, to bend.
• encontrar, 23, to find;
  • ——se, to be;
  • ——se con, to come upon, meet.
• enemigo, hostile; m., enemy.
• energía, f., energy.
• enero, m., January.
• enfermo, ill.
• engañar, to deceive.
• engaño, m., deception.
• engrandecer, 39, to enlarge.
• enlace, m., connection.
• enlazar, 34, to lasso, to bind.
• enojar, to anger, annoy.
• enriquecer, 39, to enrich.
• ensalzar, 34, to praise.
• ensanchar, to widen, increase.
• ensangrentar, to make bloody.
• enseña, f., ensign.
• enseñanza, f., instruction;
  • primera ——, primary instruction;
  • segunda ——, secondary instruction.
• enseñar, to show, teach.
• enseñorearse (de), to have control of, command.
• ensordecerse, 39, to become deaf.
• entablar, to initiate, start.
• entender, 25, to understand;
  • se entiende, of course.
  • enterar, to inform;
  • ——se de, to find out about.
• entero, entire, whole.
• enterrar, 24, to bury.
• entonces, then;
  • por ——, at that time.
• entrada, f., entrance.
• entrar (en), to enter;
  • —— al servicio de, to enter the service of.
• entre, between, among;
  • por ——, among.
• entregar, 32, to deliver;
  • ——se a, to devote oneself to.
• entristecerse, 39, to become sad.
• entumecer, 39, to become numb.
• enumeración, f., enumeration.
• envejecido, aged.
• enviar, 41, to send.
• envidia, f., envy.
• envoltorio, m., bundle.
• envolver, 26, to wrap up.
• envuelto, pp. of envolver.
• epílogo, m., epilogue.
• época, f., epoch.
• equipaje, m., baggage.
• equipo, m., equipment.
• equitativo, equitable, just.
• equivalencia, f., equivalence.
• equivaler, 20, to equal.
• equivocarse, 31, to be mistaken.
• era, etc., from ser.
• eres, from ser.
• ergástula, f., bond, chain.
• erróneamente, erroneously.
• error, m., mistake.
• es, from ser.
• escala, f., scale, stopping-place, amount;
  • en mayor ——, on a greater scale.
• escalera, f., stairs; steps leading to the whipping-post or scaffold.
• escapar(se), to escape.
• escarabajo, m., scarab, beetle.
• escaso, scanty, scarce.
• escena, f., scene.
• esclarecer, 39, to enlighten.
• esclavitud, f., slavery.
• esclavizar, 34, to enslave.
• esclavo, m., slave.
• esclusa, f., lock (of canal).
• escocés-a, Scotch; m., Scotch-man.
• Escocia, f., Scotland.
• escoger, 36, to choose.
• esconder, to hide.
• escondite, m., hiding-place.
• escopeta, f., shot-gun.
• escribir, to write.
• escrito, pp. of escribir;
  • por ——, in writing.
• escritura, f., writing, scripture.
• escuadra, f., squadron, fleet.
• escuchar, to listen to.
• escudilla, f., bowl.
• escudriñar, to scrutinize, watch closely.
• escuela, f., school.
• escultor, m., sculptor.
• ese, f., the letter S.
• ese (esa, esos, esas) (adj.), that, those.
• ése, etc. (pron.), that, those.
• esfera, f., sphere.
• esforzarse (para, en), 34, to try hard, make an effort.
• esfuerzo, m., effort, strength;
  • —— a no ceder, spirit of not yielding.
• esmalte, m., pigment.
• esmeralda, f., emerald.
• esmerarse (en), to do one's best, take pains in.
• eso, that;
  • por ——, therefore;
  • —— es, that's it.
  • espacio, m., space;
  • —— en blanco, blank space.
• espacioso, spacious.
• espada, f., sword.
• espalda, f., back.
• espantajo, m., scarecrow.
• espantar, to frighten.
• España, f., Spain.
• español-a, Spanish; m., Spaniard.
• Española, f., Hispaniola.
• esparcir, 35, to scatter.
• especialmente, especially.
• especie, f., kind.
• espectáculo, m., spectacle.
• espectador, m., spectator.
• espejo, m., mirror.
• espera, f., wait.
• esperanza, f., hope.
• esperar, to hope, await.
• espesor, m., thickness.
• espíritu, m., mind, spirit.
• esplanada, f., esplanade.
• espléndidamente, splendidly.
• espléndido, splendid.
• esposa, f., wife.
• esposo, m., husband;
  • ——s, husband and wife.
• estable, stable.
• establecer, 39, to establish.
• establecimiento, m., establishment.
• estación, f., station, season.
• estadista, m., statesman.
• estado, m., state.
• Estados Unidos, United States.
• estancia, f., room, farm (S. A.).
• estar, 7, to be; understand (familiar);
  • —— a punto de, to be about to;
  • —— de vuelta, to return, be back;
  • —— en proyecto, to be planned;
  • —— lucido, to be in a fine fix;
  • —— para, to be about to.
• estatua, f., statue.
• estatura, f. stature.
• este, m., east.
• este (esta, estos, estas) (adj.), this, these; the latter.
• éste, etc. (pron.), this, these.
• esterlina, sterling.
• estilo, m., style;
  • de ——, customary.
• estima, f., value.
• estimar, to esteem, estimate;
  • —— en, to estimate at.
• estimular, to stimulate.
• estímulo, m., stimulus.
• estipular, to stipulate, set.
• estirar, to stretch.
• esto, this.
• estrago, m., havoc.
• estrechar, to tighten, make close.
• estrechez, f., poverty.
• estrecho, narrow; m., strait.
• estremecer, 39, to tremble.
• estrepitoso, noisy.
• estropear, to spoil, damage.
• estuche, m., case, box.
• estudiante, m., student.
• estudiar, to study.
• estudio, m., study.
• estupendo, great, stupendous.
• estuve, etc., from estar.
• etcétera, and so forth.
• etimología, f., etymology, origin and derivation of words as shown by their analysis.
• Etiopia, f., Ethiopia.
• Europa, f., Europe.
• europeo, European.
• evangelio, m., gospel.
• evitar, to avoid, prevent.
• evolución, f., evolution.
• exageración, f., exaggeration.
• examen, m., examination.
• excavación, f., excavation.
• exceder (a, de), to exceed, surpass.
• excelente, excellent.
• excepcional, exceptional.
• excesivamente, excessively.
• excesivo, excessive.
• exclamar, to exclaim.
• excremento, m., excrement.
• excursión, f., excursion.
• excusar, to shun.
• exhortar, to exhort.
• exigir, 36, to exact, require.
• existencia, f., existence.
• existente, existing.
• existir, to exist, be.
• éxito, m., suecess.
• exótico, foreign, exotic.
• expedición, f., expedition.
• experiencia, f., experience.
• experto, expert.
• explicar, 31, to explain.
• explosivo, m., explosive.
• explotar, to exploit, develop, work.
• exponer, 13, to expose, explain.
• exportable, exportable.
• exportación, f., exportation.
• exportar, to export.
• exposición, f., exposition.
• expuesto, pp. of exponer.
• expulsar, to expel.
• expuse, etc., from exponer.
• exquisito, exquisite.
• extender, 25, to extend, draw up.
• extensión, f., area, extent.
• exterior, foreign, outside.
• extraer, 19, to extract.
• extranjero, foreign; m., foreigner.
• extraño, strange.
• extraordinario, extraordinary.
• extremidad, f., end, extremity.
• extremo, end, extreme.
• fábrica, f., factory.
• fabricación, f., construction.
• fabricar, 31, to manufacture.
• fábula, f., fable.
• fabuloso, fabulous.
• fácil, easy.
• facilidad, f., facility.
• facilitar, to provide, supply, facilitate.
• fácilmente, easily.
• factura, f., invoice, bill.
• facultad, f., faculty, power.
• faena, f., task.
• fajina, f., fagot of brushwood.
• falda, f., skirt, foothill.
• falta, f., lack, mistake, fault.
• faltar, to be lacking, missing;
  • —— algo a uno, to lack something.
• fallecer, 39, to die.
• fallecimiento, m., death.
• fallo, m., edict, decision.
• fama, f., fame, reputation.
• familia, f., family.
• famoso, famous.
• famosísimo, most famous.
• fascinar, to fascinate.
• fatiga, f., fatigue.
• fatigado, tired.
• favor, m., favor;
  • a —— de, under the protection of.
• favorecer, 39, to favor.
• favorito, favored, favorite.
• fe, f., faith.
• febrero, m., February.
• fecundidad, f., fertility.
• fecha, f., date.
• federal, federal.
• felicidad, f., happiness.
• feligrés, m., parishioner.
• feliz, happy.
• felizmente, happily.
• femenino, feminine.
• Fenelón, François (1651-1715), French writer and archbisbop of Cambrai, author of "Télémaque," a drama.
• feria, f., fair.
• Fernando II, of Aragón (1479-1519). He and his wife, Isabel I, were known as Los Reyes Católicos, Their Catholic Majesties.
• feroz, ferocious.
• férreo, of iron.
• ferrocarril, m., railway.
• ferroviario, pertaining to railways.
• fértil, fertile.
• fertilidad, f., fertility.
• fibra, f., fiber.
• fiebre, f., fever.
• fiel, faithful.
• fiera, f., wild animal.
• fieramente, wildly.
• fiesta, f., feast, festival, holiday.
• figura, f., figure.
• figurar, to figure, represent.
• fijar, to establish, fix;
  • ——se en, to notice.
• fijo, fixed.
• filosofía, f., philosophy.
• filósofo, m., philosopher.
• filtración, m., filtration.
• fin, m., end, purpose;
  • al, en, por ——, at last, finally;
  • hasta fines de, until the end of.
• final, final; m., end;
  • al —— de, at the end of.
• finalmente, finally.
• financiero, financial.
• fino, fine.
• firmar, to sign.
• firme, firm;
  • de ——, hard, steadily.
• firmeza, f., steadfastness.
• flamenco, Flemish.
• flauta, f., flute, pipe.
• flautista, m., flute-player, piper.
• flecha, f., arrow.
• flexible, flexible.
• flojo, loose, lazy.
• flor, f., flower.
• florecer, 39, to flourish.
• florentino, Florentine, pertaining to Florence, a city of Italy.
• florescencia, f., florescence.
• flota, f., fleet.
• flotar, to float.
• fluctuar, 42, to fluctuate.
• fluvial, pertaining to rivers.
• folleto, m., booklet, pamphlet.
• fomentar, to encourage.
• fonda, f., restaurant.
• fondear, to anchor.
• fondo, m., bottom; pl., funds.
• fondura, f., depth.
• fonético, phonetic.
• forestal, sylvan, pertaining to the woods.
• forma, f., form.
• formación, f., formation.
• formal, serious.
• formalmente, formally.
• formar, to form.
• fórmula, f., expression.
• fortalecer, 39, to strengthen, encourage.
• fortaleza, f., strength, fortress.
• fortuna, f., fortune;
  • por ——, fortunately.
• fotografía, f., photograph.
• fraile, m., friar.
• francés-a, French; m., French-man.
• Francia, f., France.
• frase, f., phrase, sentence.
• fray, m., friar.
• frecuencia, f., frequency;
  • con ——, frequently.
• frecuentar, to frequent.
• frecuentemente, frequently.
• frente, f., face, forehead;
  • en —— de, facing.
• frescamente, coolly.
• frigorífero m., refrigerating plant.
• frío, cold.
• fritura, f., fritter.
• frontera, f., frontier.
• frontispicio, m., frontispiece.
• frotar, to rub.
• fructificar, 31, to flourish.
• fruta, f., fruit.
• fruto, m., fruit, product.
• fué, from ir or ser.
• fuego, m., fire.
• fuente, f., fountain, source.
• fuera, out, outside;
  • —— de, out of.
• fuera, from ir or ser.
• fuerte, strong.
• fuertemente, strongly.
• fuerza, f., force, strength;
  • a —— de, by dint of.
• fuese, from ir or ser.
• fuí, etc., from ir or ser.
• fulminar, to thunder, utter loudly.
• función, f., function.
• funcionamiento, m., operation.
• funcionar, to operate.
• funcionario, m., functionary officer.
• fundación, f., founding.
• fundar, to found.
• fundir, to mix, dissolve.
• furia, f., rage, fury.
• furioso, furious.
• fusil, m., musket, gun.
• fustán, m., petticoat (S. A.).
• futuro, future.
• gabinete, m., cabinet.
• Gales, m., Wales.
• galés-a, Welsh; m., Welshman.
• galgo, m., greyhound.
• Galicia, f., Galicia, a region of northwestern Spain.
• Galileo (1564-1642), Italian astronomer and philosopher of Pisa.
• gallego, Galician; m., the dialect of Galicia.
• galleta, f., cracker.
• gana, f., desire.
• ganado, m., live-stock.
• ganar, to earn, gain;
  • —— la vida, to earn one's living.
• ganso, m., goose.
• garganta, f., throat.
• garra, f., claw.
• gas, m., gas.
• Gatún, a lake and a lock of the Panama Canal.
• general, general;
  • por lo ——, generally; m., general.
• generalmente, generally.
• generar, to generate.
• género, m., kind.
• generosamente, generously.
• generosidad, f., generosity.
• generoso, generous.
• genio, m., genius.
• Génoa, f., Genoa, a city of Italy.
• gente, f., people;
  • —— menuda, children.
• geográfico, geographic.
• Gerona, f., a province and city of Catalonia.
• gerundio, m., gerund, present participle.
• gesticular, gesticulate.
• gesto, m., gesture.
• gigante, gigantic.
• gigantesco, huge, gigantic.
• Giralda, f., a famous tower of Seville used as belfry of the cathedral.
• girar, to revolve.
• gloria, f., glory.
• glorioso, glorious, great.
• gobernador, m., governor.
• gobernante, m., official.
• gobernar, 24, to govern.
• gobierno, m., government.
• golpe, m., blow.
• golpecito, m. dim. of golpe.
• gordo, fat.
• gorra, f., cap.
• gorro, m., cap.
• gota, f., drop.
• gozar, 34, to enjoy.
• gozo, m., joy.
• gozoso, joyful.
• grabado, m., picture.
• gracias, f., thanks.
• gracioso, graceful, pleasing, funny.
• grado, m., degree.
• graduarse, 42, to be graduated.
• gramática, f., grammar.
• Gran Bretaña (La), Great Britain.
• gran(de), great, large, famous.
• grandioso, splendid, wonderful.
• granero, m., granary.
• granito, m., granite.
• Granja (La), favorite summer residence of the king and queen of Spain, in San Ildefonso near Segovia.
• grano, m., grain;
  • al ——, to the point.
• Grecia, f., Greece.
• griego, Greek.
• gritar, to shout, cry out.
• grito, m., shout.
• grotesco, grotesque.
• grueso, thick, large; m., thickness.
• gruñir, 44, to growl; grumble.
• grupo, m., group.
• Guaira (La), a city and port of Venezuela.
• Guanahaní, the name given by the natives to the island on which Columbus landed and which he called San Salvador; now known as Watling's Island.
• guano, m., sea bird's dung, used as fertilizer.
• guarda, m., care, custody.
• guardabrisas, m., candle shade.
• guardar, to guard, keep, put, away;
  • —— silencio, to keep silent.
• guaso, m., farmer, rustic (S. A.).
• Guatemala, f., Guatemala, the Central American republic.
• guatemalteco, Guatemalan.
• Guayana, f., Guiana, the name given to the possessions of Holland, France, and England on the northeastern coast of S. A.
• Guayaquil, a port and city of Ecuador.
• guerra, f., war.
• guerrear, to fight, battle.
• guerrero, m., warrior.
• guiar, 41, to guide, drive.
• guión, m., hyphen.
• gusto, m., taste, pleasure;
  • a —— de, to the pleasure of, satisfatory to.
• gustosamente, with pleasure.
• Habana (La), Havana, the capital of Cuba.
• haber, to have (as auxiliary);
  • —— de, to be to;
  • hay, there is, are;
  • había, there was, were;
  • muchos años ha, many years ago.
• hábil, skilful;
  • —— para, skilful in.
• habilidad, f., skill.
• hábilmente, skilfully.
• habitante, m. f., inhabitant.
• habitar, to inhabit, reside in.
• habituarse (a), 42, to become accustomed to.
• habla, f., speech.
• hablar, to speak;
  • —— por boca de ganso, to speak through another.
• habré, etc., from haber.
• habría, etc., from haber.
• hacendado, landed, owning real estate; m., landowner, farmer.
• hacer, 9, to make, do, cause, bring about;
  • —— calor, to be warm (of weather);
  • —— caso de, to give heed to;
  • —— correr la voz, to spread the report;
  • —— daño a, to harm;
  • —— de, to act as;
  • —— dormir, to put to sleep;
  • —— el papel de, to play the part of;
  • —— escala en, to stop at (of boats);
  • —— esfuerzos por, to make efforts to;
  • —— estragos, to work havoc;
  • —— falta, to be lacking;
  • —— frente a, to face;
  • —— la gracia de, to do the favor, honor of;
  • —— la prueba, to make the test;
  • —— pedazos, to break or tear to pieces;
  • —— una pregunta a, to ask a question of;
  • —— uso de, to make use of;
  • hace cuatro siglos four centuries ago;
  • hace poco, a short time ago;
  • ——se al mar, to set out to sea;
  • ——se a uno muy cuesta arriba, to be uphill work, difficult;
  • ——se comprender, entender, to make oneself understood;
  • ——se el sordo a, to turn a deaf ear to.
• hacia, toward.
• hacienda, f., treasury (department of government).
• hacha, f., axe.
• hada, f., fairy.
• haga, etc., from hacer.
• hago, from hacer.
• Haití, Hayti, the island republic in the Caribbean Sea.
• haitiano, Haytian.
• hallar, to find;
  • ——se, to be.
• Haller, Albrecht von (1708-1778), a German anatomist and physiologist who occupied a professorship at Göttingen.
• hambre, f., hunger.
• hambriento, hungry.
• Hamburgo, Hamburg.
• Hamelin, a town of Prussia where tradition says took place the incident of the Pied Piper in the year 1284.
• harina, f., flour.
• harto, sufficiently, rather.
• hasta, until, even, as far as, up to;
  • —— que, until.
• hay, from haber; there is, are;
  • —— que, one must.
• haya, etc., from haber.
• haz, from hacer.
• he, has, ha, etc., from haber.
• hé aquí, behold, here is.
• hechicero, m., wizard.
• hecho, pp. of hacer.
• hecho, m., deed, achievement, fact.
• helada, f., frost, cold.
• helar, 24, to freeze.
• hemisferio, m., hemisphere.
• henequén, m., sisal, hemp, agave.
• Heredia, a city of Costa Rica.
• herida, f., wound.
• herir, 27, to strike, wound.
• hermanito, m. dim. of hermano.
• hermano, m., brother.
• hermoso, beautiful.
• hermosura, f., beauty.
• héroe, m., hero.
• heróicamente, heroically.
• heróico, heroic.
• heroismo, m., heroism.
• herrería, f., blacksmith shop.
• herrero, m., blacksmith.
• hervir, 27, to boil.
• hice, etc., from hacer.
• hidráulico, hydraulic.
• hierba, f., grass, herb.
• hierro, m., iron.
• hija, f., daughter, girl (familiar address).
• hijo, m., son, child, boy (familiar address).
• hirviendo, from hervir.
• hispano, Spanish, Hispanic.
• hispanoamericano, Spanish-American.
• historia, f., history.
• historiador, m., historian.
• histórico, historic.
• historieta, f., story.
• hizo, from hacer.
• hogar, m., hearth, home.
• hoja, f., leaf, sheet, page.
• Holanda, f., Holland.
• holandés-a, Dutch; m., Dutchman.
• holgazán-a, lazy.
• hombre, m., man;
  • un —— de bien, an honest man;
  • ¡—— de Dios! man alive!
• hombro, m., shoulder.
• Homero, m., Homer (flourished about 850 B.C.), the great Greek epic poet.
• hondo, deep, profound.
• Honduras, Honduras.
• hondura, f., depth.
• hondureño, Honduran.
• honor, m., honor.
• honorable, honorable.
• honradamente, honesty.
• honradez, f., honesty.
• honrado, honest, honored.
• hora, f., hour.
• horca, f., gallows.
• hormiga, f., ant.
• hormigón, m., concrete.
• hormiguear, to swarm.
• horroroso, terrible.
• hospitalario, hospitable.
• hotel, m., hotel.
• hoy, to-day;
  • —— día, nowadays.
• hubiera, from haber.
• hubiese, from haber.
• hube, etc., from haber.
• hueco, m., hollow, hole.
• Huelva, a province of Andalusia in Spain.
• huella, f., trace, track.
• huerta, f., garden, truck-patch.
• hueso, m., bone.
• huésped, m., guest.
• hugonote, m., Huguenot.
• huir, 46, to flee.
• humanitario, humanitarian.
• humano, human.
• humareda, f., mist, vapor.
• humedad, f., moisture.
• humildad, f., humility.
• humilde, humble.
• humildísimo, very humble.
• humor, m., humor.
• húsar, m., hussar.
• iba, etc., from ir.
• ibérico, Iberian.
• idear, to plan.
• idioma, m., language.
• iglesia, f., church.
• ignorado, unknown.
• ignorar, not to know, be ignorant of.
• igual, equal, like, same.
• igualdad, f., equality.
• igualmente, equally, the same.
• iluminar, to illuminate.
• ilusión, f., illusion.
• ilustrado, intelligent.
• ilustre, famous.
• imaginar(se), to imagine.
• imaginario, imaginary.
• Imataca, a river of Venezuela.
• imitar, to imitate.
• impedir, 29, to prevent.
• impenetrable, impenetrable.
• imperativo, imperative.
• imperfecto, imperfect.
• imperio, m., empire.
• ímpetu, m., impetus.
• imponente, imposing.
• importación, f., importation.
• importancia, f., importance.
• importante, important.
• impregnar, to impregnate.
• impresión, f., impression.
• impresionar, to make an impression upon.
• imprevisto, unforeseen.
• imprudentemente, imprudently.
• impulsar, to impel, drive.
• impulso, m., impulse.
• inagotable, inexhaustible.
• inapetente, without appetite.
• inaugurarse, to be inaugurated.
• inca, Inca; m., an aborigine of Peru and neighboring regions.
• inclemencia, f., inclemency, severity.
• inclinación, f., liking, inclination.
• inclinar, to incline.
• incluir, 46, to include.
• incógnito, unknown.
• incomparable, incomparable.
• incompleto, incomplete.
• inconveniente, inconvenient, unsuitable; m., difficulty.
• incredulidad, f., disbelief, incredulity.
• incremento, m., increase.
• indeciso, undecided.
• independencia, f., independence.
• indispensable, necessary, indispensable.
• indeterminado, indefinite.
• India, f., India.
• indicar, 31, to point out, indicate.
• indicativo, indicative.
• indicio, m., indication.
• indiferente, indifferent.
• indígena, m. f., native.
• indio, Indian.
• indirecto, indirect.
• individuo, m., individual.
• inducir, 4, 40, to induce.
• indudable, doubtless.
• indudablemente, undoubtedly.
• indujo, from inducir.
• industria, f., industry, subtlety trick, device.
• inesperadamente, unexpectedly.
• inestimable, inestimable.
• inexacto, inexact, careless.
• inexperto, inexperienced.
• infantil, childish.
• infeliz, unhappy, unfortunate.
• infinidad, f., great number, infinity.
• infinitivo, m., infinitive.
• infinito, infinite, innumerable.
• influencia, f., influence.
• influir (en), 46, to influence.
• informe, shapeless.
• informes, m., information.
• infortunio, m., misfortune.
• infructuoso, fruitless, unavailing.
• infundir, to inspire.
• ingeniarse, to contrive.
• ingenioso, ingenious, clever.
• Inglaterra, f., England.
• inglés-a, English; m., English-man.
• ingresar, to enter;
  • —— en, to matriculate.
• inhospitable, inhospitable.
• inhospitalario, inhospitable.
• inicial, initial, first.
• injusto, unjust.
• inmediaciones, f., suburbs.
• inmediato, immediate.
• inmenso, huge, immense.
• inmigración, f., immigration.
• inmigrado, m., immigrant.
• inmigrar, to immigrate.
• inmolar, to sacrifice.
• inmortal, immortal.
• innumerable, countless.
• inocente, innocent.
• inocular, to infect with.
• inquietud, f., restlessness.
• insecto, m., insect.
• insigne, famous.
• insoportable, unbearable.
• inspirar, to inspire;
  • —— miedo, to make afraid.
• inspiración, f., inspiration.
• instalarse, to take one's place.
• instante, m., instant;
  • al ——, at once.
• institución, f., institution.
• instituto, m., institute.
• instrucción, f., instruction.
• instructivo, instructive.
• instruir, 46, to instruct, to teach;
  • ——se, to become educated.
• instrumento, m., instrument.
• insuperable, unsurpassable.
• intacto, intact.
• intelectual, intellectual.
• inteligencia, f., intelligence.
• intentar, to try.
• intercambio, m., interchange.
• interés, m., interest.
• interesante, interesting.
• interesar, to interest.
• interior, interior.
• interjección, f., interjection.
• interminable, unending.
• internacional, international.
• interpelar, to question.
• interrogación, f., question, interrogation.
• interrogativo, interrogative.
• interrogatorio, m., cross-examination.
• interrumpir, to interrupt.
• intrépido, daring, intrepid.
• intrínseco, intrinsic.
• introducción, f., introduction.
• inundar, to flood.
• inútil, useless.
• inútilmente, needlessly, in vain.
• invadir, to invade.
• inválido, m., cripple.
• invasión, f., invasion.
• invento, m., invention.
• inventor, m., inventor.
• investigación, f., investigation.
• invierno, m., winter.
• invitar, to invite.
• invocar, 31, to invoke.
• ir, 10, to go;
  • —— al grano, to come to the point;
  • —— a pie, to walk;
  • —— a uno, to go with one, prosper;
  • —— montado, to ride (a donkey or horse);
  • va perdiendo, continues to lose.
• Irlanda, f., Ireland.
• irlandés-a, Irish; m., Irishman.
• irregular, irregular.
• isla, f., island.
• Italia, f., Italy.
• italiano, Italian.
• izquierdo, left.
• jadeante, gasping.
• jadear, to gasp, wheeze.
• Jaime, m., James.
• Jamaica, f., Jamaica, an island possession of the British in the Caribbean Sea.
• jamás, never, ever.
• jardín, m., garden.
• jefe, m., chief, leader.
• Josafat, Jehoshaphat, the recorder of men's sins according to Biblical tradition.
• Josefa, f., Josephine.
• jesuita, m., Jesuit.
• Jesús, Jesus; good gracious! (in exclamations).
• jirón, m., strip, tatter, shred.
• jota, f., the letter J.
• joya, f., jewel.
• Juan, John.
• Juan VI, Dom, prince regent of Portugal; fled to Brazil with Queen María I in 1807 when Napoleon was about to invade Portugal; when the queen died in 1816 he became king of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarves. Dom Pedro I was his son.
• júbilo, m., joy.
• juez, m., judge.
• jugar, 23 & 32, to play;
  • —— a la pelota, to play ball.
• juguete, m., plaything.
• juicio, m., judgment, decision.
• julio, m., July.
• juntar, to join.
• junto, close at hand, adjoined;
  • —— a, near;
  • —— con, together with;
  • por —— a, by, near.
• justamente, justly.
• justicia, f., justice.
• justo, just.
• juventud, f., youth.
• juzgar, 32, to judge.
• Kaffa, a kingdom of Abyssinia.
• Kingsley, Charles (1819-1875), an English author; wrote "Westward Ho" and "Water Babies."
• la, the, that (before de and que); you, her, it.
• labio, m., lip.
• labor, f., work.
• laborable, tillable.
• labranza, f., cultivation.
• ladera, f., slope, side.
• ladino, crafty, cunning.
• lado, m., side.
• ladrón, m., thief.
• lago, m., lake.
• lágrima, f., tear.
• La Mancha, a region of south central Spain.
• lana, f., wool.
• lanar, wool-producing.
• lanza, f., lance.
• lanzar, 34, to utter, to throw;
  • ——se corriendo, to set out running.
• lápiz, m., pencil.
• largo, long;
  • a lo ——, alongside.
• larva, f., larva.
• las, the, them, they (before de or que); you.
• lástima, f., hurt, grief, pity;
  • dar —— a, to hurt, grieve.
• lastimar, to hurt.
• lastimero, pitiful.
• lata, f., tin;
  • hoja de ——, tin plate.
• latín, m., the Latin language.
• latino, Latin.
• latir, to beat.
• latitud, f., latitude.
• laúd, m., lyre.
• lavar, to wash.
• lazo, m., bond, noose, lasso.
• le, him, to him, to her, you, to you.
• lección, f., lesson.
• lectura, f., reading.
• leche, f., milk.
• lecho, m., bed.
• leer, 45, to read.
• legal, legal.
• legión, f., legion.
• legislativo, legislative.
• legislatura, f., legislature.
• lejano, distant.
• lejos, distant;
  • —— de, far from;
  • a lo ——, in the distance.
• lengua, f., language.
• lenguaje, m., language.
• lento, slow.
• leña, f., wood.
• leñador, m., wood cutter.
• león, m., lion.
• Lérida, province of Catalonia.
• letra, f., letter (of the alphabet), handwriting.
• letras, f., belles lettres.
• letrero, m., sign.
• levantar, to raise;
  • ——se, to rise.
• leve, light, trifling.
• ley, f., law.
• leyendo, from leer.
• liberación, f., liberation.
• liberar, to liberate.
• libertad, f., liberty.
• libertador, m., liberator.
• libra, f., pound;
  • —— esterlina, pound sterling.
• librar, to free.
• libro, m., book.
• liebre, f., hare.
• ligeramente, lightly.
• ligero, light.
• Lima, capital city of Peru.
• limitar, to limit, bound.
• límite, m., limit.
• limosna, f., alms.
• limpiar, to clean.
• limpieza, f., neatness, cleanliness.
• Lincoln, Abraham, the American president.
• lindar (con), to border (upon).
• lindo, beautiful, fine.
• línea, f., line;
  • —— férrea, railway.
• lino, m., flax.
• Lisboa, Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal.
• lista, f., list.
• listo, shrewd, ready.
• literario, literary.
• literato, m., writer, author.
• literatura, f., literature.
• livianito, dim. of liviano.
• liviano, light.
• lo, him, it, that (before de or que).
• lobo, m., wolf.
• locomotora, f., locomotive.
• lógico, logical.
• lograr, to obtain, to get, to succeed in, to be successful.
• Londres, London.
• longitud, f., longitude.
• los, the, them, you, they (before de or que).
• Lucayas (Islas), the Bahama Islands.
• lucido, splendid, magnificent; in a fine fix.
• lucir, 39, to shine, to display.
• lucrativo, lucrative, profitable.
• lucha, f., struggle, fight.
• luchar, to struggle, to fight.
• luego, then, soon, afterward.
• lugar, m., place, town;
  • en —— de, instead of.
• lumbre, f., fire.
• luminoso, bright.
• luz, f., light;
  • a todas luces, in every respect.
• llama, f., flame; llama, the beast of burden much used in S. A.
• llamar, to call.
• llanura, f., plain.
• llegada, f., arrival.
• llegar, 32, to arrive;
  • —— a ser, to get to be; be finally.
• llenar (de), to fill (with).
• lleno, full.
• llevadero, endurable.
• llevar, to carry, to take;
  • —— a cabo, to carry out;
  • —— cargado, to pick up and carry;
  • ——se, to carry away;
  • —— ventaja a, to get the better of.
• llorar, to weep;
  • —— de gozo, to weep for joy.
• lluvia, f., rain.
• Macuto, a town of Venezuela.
• madeja, f., skein.
• madera, f., wood.
• Madrid, capital of Spain.
• madrugada, f., dawn.
• madurar, to mature, to perfect, ripen.
• madurito, dim. of maduro.
• maduro, ripe.
• Magallanes, Magellan.
• magistrado, m., magistrate.
• magnífico, magnificent, fine.
• magnitud, f., magnitude.
• magno, great.
• maguey, m., agave, century plant.
• Mahoma, Mahomet or Mohammed, founder of the Mohammedan religion.
• maíz, m., maize, corn.
• majestuoso, majestic.
• mal, badly; m., evil, harm.
• maldad, f., wickedness, wrong.
• malo, bad.
• mamá, f., mother, mama.
• manantial, m., spring, source.
• manchego, m., an inhabitant of La Mancha.
• mandar, to command, send, order.
• mandato, m., command.
• mando, m., command.
• manejar, to manage, handle.
• manera, f., way, manner;
  • de una ——, in a way;
  • de —— que, so that;
  • por —— que (S. A.), so that.
• manifestación, f., show, proof.
• manifestar, 24, to show, manifest, say.
• maniquí, m., manikin, figure.
• mano, f., hand.
• manojo, m., handful.
• manta, f., cloak.
• mantel, m., tablecloth.
• mantener, 18, to support.
• mantequilla, m., butter.
• manto, m., covering.
• manzana, f., apple.
• maña, f., skill.
• mañana, to-morrow; f., morning.
• mapa, m., map.
• máquina, f., machine.
• maquinaria, f., machinery.
• maquinista, m., engineer.
• mar, m. f., sea.
• Maracaibo, a city of Venezuela.
• maravilla, f., wonder.
• maravillar, to wonder;
  • no es de ——, no wonder.
• maravillosamente, wonderfully.
• maravilloso, wonderful.
• marcar, 31, to mark, indicate.
• marco, m., frame.
• marcha, f., course, march.
• marchar, to walk, go, set out.
• Marchena, a Spanish priest of the time of Columbus.
• marchitar, to wither.
• Margarita, an island off the eastern coast of Venezuela.
• margen, f., bank.
• marido, m., husband.
• marina, f., navy;
  • —— mercante, merchant marine.
• Marina, f., street and district by the water edge in a city; specifically in San Juan, P. R.
• marítimo, maritime.
• mármol, m., marble.
• Martinica, f., Martinique, island belonging to France in the Caribbean Sea.
• mártir, m., martyr.
• mas, but.
• más, more, most, plus;
  • de —— en ——, more and more.
• mascar, 31, to chew.
• matar, to kill.
• matemático, m., mathematician.
• matina, f., a local Costa Rican name for cocoa.
• matinita, see matina.
• matricular, to matriculate.
• Mayagüez, a seaport city on the western coast of Porto Rico, third in size of the island.
• Mayflower, m., the boat that brought the Pilgrims to America.
• mayo, m., May.
• mayor, greater, older;
  • —— de edad, of age.
• mayoría, f., majority.
• mayúscula, capital (letter).
• me, me.
• mediados: a —— de, about the middle of (in time expressions).
• medianamente, moderately.
• medicina, f., medicine.
• medicinal, medicinal.
• medida, f., measure;
  • a —— que, accordingly as, while.
• Medinaceli, an Italian nobleman.
• medio, half;
  • en —— de, in the midst of;
  • de en ——, from the middle.
• medio, m., way, means;
  • por —— de, by means of.
• mediodía, m., noon, south.
• medir, 29, to measure.
• meditación, f., meditation.
• meditar, to meditate.
• Mediterráneo, m., Mediterranean.
• mejicano, Mexican.
• Méjico, m., Mexico.
• mejor, better;
  • el ——, best.
• mejorar, to improve.
• mejorcito, dim. of mejor (colloquial).
• melancolía, f., melancholy.
• melón, m., musk-melon, cantaloupe.
• memoria, f., memory, treatise.
• memorioso, of good memory.
• mención, f., mention.
• mencionar, to mention.
• Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix (1809-1847), great German composer.
• mendicante, m., mendicant, beggar.
• mendiga, f., beggar-woman.
• mendigo, m., beggar.
• Mendoza, González (1428-1495), a Spanish cardinal.
• Mendoza, Pedro de (1487-1537), founded colony of Buenos Aires, Feb. 2, 1535.
• Mendoza, an important city of western Argentina, 632 miles west of Buenos Aires.
• menester, m., necessity;
  • ser ——, to be necessary.
• menor, less, lesser, least, younger (speaking of persons).
• menos, less, least, except;
  • a —— que, unless.
• mensaje, m., message.
• mensajero, m., messenger.
• mente, f., mind.
• mentir, 27, to lie.
• mentira, f., lie.
• mentiroso, lying, liar.
• menudo, small;
  • a ——, often.
• mercader, m., merchant.
• mercadería, f., merchandise.
• mercado, m., market.
• mercancía, f., merchandise.
• mercante, commercial, mercantile.
• mercantil, commercial.
• merced, f., grace, mercy;
  • a —— de, at the mercy of.
• mercurio, m., mercury.
• merecer, 39, to deserve.
• meridional, southern.
• meridiano, meridian.
• mérito, m., merit.
• mes, m., month.
• mesa, f., table, table-land.
• meseta, f., table-land, plateau.
• mestizo, half-breed (Indian and white).
• metal, m., metal.
• metálico, metallic.
• meter, to place, put;
  • ——se a, to undertake;
  • ——se en, to get into;
  • ——se por, to get into, to penetrate.
• método, m., method.
• metro, m., metre.
• metrópoli, f., metropolis.
• metropolitano, metropolitan.
• Meyerbeer, Giacomo (1791-1863), German composer.
• mezcla, f., mixture.
• mezclar, to mix.
• mi, my.
• mí, me (after preposition);
  • ¡ay de ——! poor me!
• miedo, m., fear.
• miel, f., honey.
• miembro, m., member.
• mientras, while.
• mil, m., thousand.
• milagro, m., miracle.
• militar, military.
• milreis, m., a coin of Brazil worth about 32½ cents.
• millón, m., million.
• mina, f., mine.
• minar, to mine.
• Minas Geraes (Minas Generales), a city and state of Brazil.
• mineral, m., mineral.
• ministro, m., cabinet officer.
• Minos, proper name.
• minúscula, small (letter).
• mío, my, mine;
  • el ——, etc., mine.
• miramiento, m., consideration, courtesy.
• mirar, to look at, behold;
  • —— de reojo, to look askance;
  • ——se, to look at each other.
• miseria, f., misery, poverty.
• mísero, insignificant, miserable.
• Misisipi, m., Mississippi.
• mismamente, exactly (familiar, S. A.).
• mismito, very same (colloquial).
• mismo, same, very, self;
  • yo ——, tú ——, etc., myself, thyself, etc.
• misterioso, mysterious.
• mitad, f., half.
• mixto, mixed, accommodation (of a train).
• mobiliario, m., furniture.
• modelar, to model.
• modelo, m., model.
• modernizar, 34, to modernize.
• moderno, modern.
• modestamente, modestly.
• modestia, f., modesty.
• modificar (a), 31, to modify;
  • ——se, to be lessened, softened.
• modismo, m., idiom, idiomatic expression.
• modo, m., way, manner;
  • de —— que, so that;
  • de este ——, in this way;
  • de todos ——s, at any rate.
• mofa, f., ridicule.
• mofarse (de), to mock, make fun of.
• Moka, f., Mocha, a Red Sea port in Arabia.
• molestar, to trouble, annoy.
• molestia, f., hardship, trouble.
• molinero, m., miller.
• molino, m., mill.
• momento, m., moment.
• momia, f., mummy.
• mona, f., monkey.
• monarca, m. f., monarch.
• monarquía, f., monarchy.
• monarquista, m., monarchist.
• moneda, f., coin.
• monetario, monetary.
• monótono, monotonous.
• montaña, f., mountain.
• montañoso, mountainous.
• montar, to mount, to ride;
  • —— al anca, to get on behind in riding a horse.
• monte, m., hill, woods.
• Monte Misti, a high mountain of Peru.
• Montevideo, chief city and capital of Uruguay.
• montón, m., heap, pile, group.
• morada, f., stay, dwelling.
• morder, 26, to bite.
• morir(se), 28, to die.
• morisco, Moorish.
• moro, Moorish.
• mortal, mortal.
• mortificar, 31, to mortify, humiliate.
• mosca, f., fly.
• mostrar, 23, to show, indicate.
• motivo, m., cause, reason.
• motriz, motor, motive.
• movedizo, shifting.
• mover, 26, to move.
• movimiento, m., movement.
• mozo, m., youth, waiter.
• muchacho, m., boy.
• muchedumbre, f., crowd.
• mucho, much;
  • ——s, many.
• muelle, m., dock;
  • —— de embarque, loading dock.
• muerte, f., death.
• muerto, pp. of morir.
• muestra, f., sample, indication.
• mujer, f., woman, wife.
• mula, f., mule.
• muleta, f., crutch.
• multiplicar, 31, to multiply;
  • —— en or por, to multiply by.
• mundano, earthly.
• mundial, pertaining to the world.
• mundo, m., world;
  • todo el ——, everybody.
• muñequear, to take form (of ears of corn).
• muralla, f., wall (outer).
• murmurar, to murmur.
• muro, m., wall (outer).
• museo, m., museum.
• música, f., music.
• muy, very;
  • —— niño, very young.
• nacer, 39, to be born.
• naciente, growing.
• nacimiento, m., birth.
• nación, f., nation.
• nacional, national.
• nacionalidad, f., nationality.
• nada, nothing, by no means.
• nadar, to swim.
• nadie, m. f., no one.
• nadita, familiar dim. of nada (S. A.).
• Napoleón Bonaparte (1769-1821), the French General and Dictator.
• naranja, f., orange.
• narración, f., narration.
• natural, natural, native;
  • del ——, from life.
• naturaleza, f., nature.
• naturalmente, naturally.
• naufragar, 32, to be shipwrecked.
• náutico, nautical.
• nave, f., ship.
• navegación, f., navigation.
• navegador, m., navigator.
• navegante, m., navigator.
• navegar, 32, to sail, navigate.
• navidad, f., Christmas.
• navío, m., ship.
• necesario, necessary.
• necesidad, f., necessity.
• necesitado, needy.
• necesitar, to need.
• necio, foolish; m., fool.
• negarse (a), 24, 32, to refuse.
• negocio, m., affair, business;
  • —— concluido, the matter is settled.
• negro, black; m., negro.
• Newport, the famous watering place in Rhode Island.
• ni, nor, neither; not even.
• Nicaragua, f., Nicaragua.
• nicaragüense, Nicaraguan.
• nido, m., nest.
• niebla, f., fog.
• nieto, m., grandson.
• ninfa, f., nymph.
• ninguno, no, none, no one, any.
• Niña, f., one of Columbus's ships.
• niñito, dim. of niño.
• niño, m., child;
  • —— de pecho, infant, babe.
• nivel, m., level.
• no, no, not;
  • —— obstante de, notwithstanding.
• noble, noble.
• nobleza, f., nobility.
• nocturno, nocturnal.
• noche, f., night.
• nogal, m., walnut tree.
• nombrar, to name, nominate.
• nombre, m., name.
• nominativo, nominative.
• nordeste, m., northeast.
• noria, f., water-wheel.
• norma, f., standard, norm.
• norte, m., north.
• norteamericano, North American.
• Noruega, f., Norway.
• noruego, Norwegian.
• nosotros (as), we; us.
• notable, noteworthy, notable.
• notar, to notice.
• noticia, f., news.
• novecientos, nine hundred.
• novelista, m., novelist.
• noviembre, m., November.
• nube, f., cloud.
• nuera, f., daughter-in-law.
• nuestro, our.
• Nueva Granada, New Granada, name in Spanish colonial times for what is now Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador.
• Nueva York, New York.
• nuevamente, again.
• nueve, nine.
• nuevo, new;
  • de ——, again.
• nuez, f., nut.
• numeral, numeral.
• numeroso, numerous.
• nunca, never.
• ño, South American term for señor.
• o, or; —— bien, or.
• oasis, m., oasis.
• obedecer, 39, to obey.
• objeto, m., object.
• obligación, f., obligation.
• obligar (a), 32, to compel, oblige.
• obra, f., work.
• obscurecer, 39, to grow dark.
• obscuro, dark, unknown.
• observación, f., remark, observation.
• observar, to observe.
• observatorio, m., observatory.
• obstáculo, m., obstacle.
• obstante: no ——, in spite of.
• obtener, 18, to obtain.
• obtuve, etc., from obtener.
• ocasión, f., occasion, opportunity.
• ocasionar, to cause.
• occidental, western.
• océano, m., ocean.
• octubre, m., October.
• ocultamente, secretly.
• ocultar(se), to hide.
• oculto, occult, secret.
• ocupar, to occupy.
• ocurrir, to happen, occur.
• ochenta, eighty.
• ocho, eight.
• odio, m., hatred.
• oeste, m., west.
• ofrecer, 39, to offer.
• oiga, etc., from oír.
• oigo, from oír.
• oír, 11, to hear; —— hablar de, to hear spoken of.
• ojo, m., eye.
• ola, f., wave.
• óleo, m., oil;
  • al ——, in oil (of paintings).
• olor, m., smell.
• olvidar, to forget;
  • ——se de, to forget.
• olivar, m., olive orchard.
• once, eleven.
• operación, f., operation.
• opinar, to think, form an opinion.
• opinión, f., opinion.
• oprimir, to oppress.
• oración, f., sentence.
• orador, m., orator.
• oralmente, orally.
• oratorio, oratorical.
• ordenar, to order.
• organismo, m., organization.
• organizar, 34, to organize.
• orgulloso, proud.
• oriental, eastern.
• oriente, m., east; the brilliant white color of pearls.
• origen, m., origin.
• original, original.
• originario de, indigenous to.
• orilla, f., shore.
• Orinoco, m., a river of Venezuela, the second largest of S. A.
• ornamental, ornamental.
• oro, m., gold.
• ortografía, f., orthography.
• ortográfico, orthographic, pertaining to spelling.
• os, you.
• osar, to dare.
• oso, m., bear.
• otoño, m., autumn, fall.
• otorgar, 32, to grant.
• otro, other, another;
  • uno que ——, a few here and there.
• oveja, f., sheep.
• oye, from oír.
• oyente, m., auditor.
• oyó, from oír.
• Pablo, m., Paul.
• pacer, 39, to feed, graze.
• Pacífico, Pacific.
• pactar, to contract, agree upon.
• padecer, 39, to suffer.
• padre, m., father, priest; pl., parents.
• paga, f., payment.
• pagar, 32, to pay (for).
• página, f., page.
• pago, m., payment.
• país, m., country.
• paisaje, m., landscape.
• paja, f., straw.
• pájaro, m., bird.
• palabra, f., word.
• palacio, m., palace.
• pálido, pale.
• palma, f., palm, palm tree.
• palo, m., stick, pole; —— del Brasil, a dye-wood.
• Palos, a small coast village near Cadiz, Spain.
• palpitar, to palpitate, quiver.
• pampa, f., plain (S. A.).
• Panamá (El), Panama, the Central American republic.
• panameño, Panamanian.
• panamericano, Pan-American.
• panorama, m., panorama, wide view.
• pañuelo, m., handkerchief.
• papa, m., Pope.
• papel, m., paper, rôle.
• papeleta, f., paper, document, ticket.
• par, equal, even;
  • a la ——, likewise;
  • a la —— que, equally with;
  • de —— en ——, wide; m., pair.
• para, for, in order to, about.
• Paraguay (El), Paraguay.
• paraguayano, Paraguayan.
• paraje, m., place.
• parar(se), to stop.
• parecer, 39, to appear;
  • ——se a, to resemble;
  • ¿qué le parece? what do you think of it?
• parecido, similar.
• pared, f., wall.
• paréntesis, m., parenthesis.
• parezca, from parecer.
• parienta, f., relative, wife (familiar).
• pariente, m., relative, husband (familiar).
• París, Paris.
• parque, m., park.
• párrafo, m., paragraph.
• párroco, m., parson.
• parroquia, f., parish.
• parte, f., part, district, place;
  • en mayor ——, in large part;
  • por todas ——s, everywhere.
• participio, m., participle.
• particular, particular, private.
• partida, f., party, band.
• partir, to leave, branch out, share.
• pasaje, m., passage.
• pasajero, m., passenger.
• pasar, to pass;
  • —— a, to turn to;
  • ——a poder de, to pass into the possession of;
  • —— algo a uno, to have something the matter with one;
  • —— de, to exceed;
  • —— el río, to succeed, win the day.
• Pascuas, f., Christmastide; Easter.
• pasear(se), to stroll, take a pleasure walk, drive or ride;
  • —— los ojos por, to cast one's eyes over.
• paseo, m., pleasure trip; avenue.
• pasivo, passive.
• pasmado (de), astonished (at).
• paso, m., step, passage.
• pasto, m., pasture, grass, hay.
• pastor, m., shepherd, minister.
• pastorcillo, m. dim. of pastor.
• pata, f., paw.
• patán, m., rustic, "clodhopper."
• patata, f., potato.
• paternal, paternal.
• paternidad, f., paternity; also a title used in addressing a priest or "padre."
• patio, m., courtyard.
• patrón, m., proprietor, "boss"; monetary standard.
• Pavía, Pavia, a city of northern Italy.
• paz, f., peace.
• pecado, m., sin.
• pecho, m., breast, heart.
• pedacito, m. dim. of pedazo.
• pedazo, m., piece, portion.
• pedir, 29, to ask for, seek, order;
  • —— algo a uno, to ask somebody for something.
• pedregoso, rocky.
• Pedro, m., Peter.
• Pedro I, Dom, emperor of Brazil from 1825 to 1831; —— II, Dom, son of Dom Pedro I, emperor of Brazil from 1831 to 1889, an able ruler who accepted without opposition the establishment of a republic in Brazil.
• Pegaso, Pegasus, a winged horse of Greek legend.
• pelea, f., battle, fight.
• pelear, to fight.
• peligro, m., danger, peril.
• pelo, m., hair.
• pelota, f., ball.
• pena, f., penalty.
• penetración, f., keenness.
• penetrar (en), to enter.
• penitente, m., penitent.
• península, f., peninsula.
• Península, f., Spain.
• penoso, difficult, painful.
• pensamiento, m., thought.
• pensar, 24, to think; ——en, to think of.
• pensativo, thoughtful.
• peñón, m., rock, cliff.
• Pepito, m., Joe, nickname for José.
• pequeño, small.
• pera, f., pear.
• peral, m., pear tree.
• perder, 25, to lose;
  • —— de vista, to lose sight of.
• pérdida, f., loss.
• perdón, m., pardon.
• perecer, 39, to perish.
• Pérez, Diego, a Spanish naval officer of the sixteenth century.
• perfección, f., perfection.
• perfectamente, perfectly.
• perfecto, perfect; m., perfect tense, also called the present perfect and the past definite.
• perfumar, to perfume.
• periódico, m., newspaper.
• periodista, m., journalist.
• período, m., period (of time).
• perla, f., pearl.
• permanecer, 39, to remain.
• permanente, permanent.
• permanentemente, permanently.
• permitir, to permit, allow.
• Pernambuco, an important seaport on the extreme eastern coast of Brazil.
• pero, but.
• perpetuo, perpetual, lasting.
• perro, m., dog.
• persa, m. f., Persian.
• perseguidor, m., pursuer.
• perseguir, 38, to persecute, pursue.
• perseverancia, f., perseverance.
• perseverar, to persevere.
• Persia, f., Persia.
• persona, f., person.
• personal, personal.
• pertenecer, 39, to belong.
• Perú (El), the South American republic.
• peruano, Peruvian.
• pesar, to weigh, grieve; m., trouble;
  • a —— de, in spite of.
• pescado, m., fish.
• pescar, 31, to fish (for); catch.
• peso, m., dollar.
• pesquería, f., fishery.
• petróleo, m., petroleum.
• piano, m., piano.
• picador, m., horseman armed with a goad in a bull-fight.
• pícaro, m., rogue.
• picaronazo, aug. of picaro.
• Piccini, Niccola (1728-1800), a celebrated Italian composer who gained fame in Paris, particularly by his "Iphigénie en Tauride" produced in 1781.
• Pico, Giovanni (1463-1494), one of the leading philosophers of the Italian Renaissance.
• pie, m,. foot;
  • a ——, on foot.
• piedra, f., stone.
• piel, f., skin, fur.
• pierna, f., leg.
• pieza, f., piece, portion.
• pillar, to catch.
• pincel, m., artist's brush.
• Pinta, one of Columbus's ships.
• pintar, to paint; to ripen (of fruits).
• pintor, m., painter.
• pintoresco, picturesque.
• pintura, f., painting.
• Pinzón, family name of the three wealthy Spanish navigators who aided Columbus in the discovery of America.
• piña, f., pineapple.
• piragua, f., canoe, dug-out.
• pirámide, f., pyramid.
• pisada, f., footprint.
• pisar, to tread upon.
• piso, m., floor, story.
• pisotón, m., trampling, tread.
• pista, f., pursuit; trace, track.
• pistola, f., pistol.
• pizarra, f., slate, blackboard.
• Pizarro, Francisco (1471-1541), the Spanish discoverer and conqueror of Peru.
• pizarrón, m., blackboard.
• placentero, pleased, joyous.
• placer, m., pleasure.
• plaga, f., plague.
• plan, m., plan.
• planeta, m., planet.
• plano, m., design, plan, map.
• planta, f., plant, floor.
• plantación, f., plantation.
• plantar, to plant.
• plata, f., silver.
• Plata, Río de la, the River Plate, a great estuary between Argentine and Uruguay.
• platanal, m., banana plantation.
• plática, f., sermon, address.
• platillo, m., small dish.
• playa, f., beach, seashore.
• plaza, f., public square, plaza.
• plazo, m., period of time.
• plegaria, f., prayer.
• plomo, m., lead.
• pluma, f., feather.
• pluscuamperfecto, m., pluperfect tense, past perfect.
• población, f., population, town.
• poblador, m., inhabitant, settler.
• poblar, 23, to populate.
• pobre, poor.
• pobrecito, dim. of pobre.
• pobreza, f., poverty.
• poco, little; pl., few;
  • —— a ——, gradually.
• poder, 12, to be able; m., power.
• poderoso, powerful.
• podré, etc., from poder.
• podría, etc., from poder.
• poema, m., poem.
• poeta, m., poet.
• polaco, Polish; m., Pole.
• policía, f., police.
• política, f., politics.
• político, polite; m., politician.
• Polo, Marco (1254-1324), the greatest of the early travellers and discoverers; a Venetian; wrote the "Book of Marco Polo."
• Polonia, f., Poland.
• polvo, m., gunpowder, dust.
• polvoroso, dusty.
• pollino, m., donkey, ass.
• pon, from poner.
• Ponce, a city of southern Porto Rico.
• poncho, m., travelling cloak or blanket.
• ponderación, f., deliberation, imagination.
• poner, 13, to put, place, put aside;
  • —— a calentar, to put on to heat;
  • —— de vuelta y media, to abuse;
  • —— en claro, to set right;
  • —— en libertad, to set free;
  • —— pies en polvorosa, to hurry away, "dust out";
  • ——se, to become, put on;
  • ——se a, to begin;
  • ——se a prueba, to be put to the test;
  • ——se en camino, to set forth;
  • ——se en la cabeza, to take it into one's head;
  • ——se en salvo, to seek safety.
• ponga, from poner.
• pontífice, m., pontifex, pope.
• popular, popular.
• populoso, populous.
• poquito, dim. of poco.
• por, by, for, through, in, for the sake of, in exchange for.
• porcelana, f., porcelain.
• porción, f., portion.
• pordiosero, m., beggar.
• porfiado, stubborn, obstinate.
• ¿porqué? or ¿por qué? why?
• porque, because.
• portarse, to conduct oneself, act.
• portentoso, wonderful.
• portillo, m., gate.
• portorriqueño, Porto Rican.
• Portugal, m., Portugal.
• portugués-a, Portuguese.
• porvenir, m., future.
• posada, f., inn, hotel.
• poseer, 45, to possess.
• posesión, f., possession.
• posesivo, possessive.
• poseyendo, from poseer.
• posible, possible;
  • todo lo ——, as much as possible.
• posición, f., position.
• posteriormente, recently.
• potable, drinkable.
• potencia, f., power.
• pozo, m., well.
• practicarse, 31, to be made, effected.
• precedente, preceding.
• preceder (a), to precede.
• precio, m., price.
• precioso, fine, valuable, precious.
• precipitación, f., haste.
• precisamente, exactly.
• precisar (a), to compel.
• precisión, f., exactness.
• preciso, necessary, exact.
• precocidad, f., precociousness, unusual ability at an early age.
• precoz, precocious.
• predicado, m., predicate.
• predicador, m., preacher.
• predicante, preaching.
• predicar, 31, to preach.
• predominar, to predominate.
• preferencia, f., preference.
• preferible, preferable.
• preferir, 27, to prefer.
• pregunta, f., question;
  • hacer una ——, to ask a question.
• preguntar, to ask;
  • —— cuántas son cinco, to teach a thing or two, call to account.
• premeditar, to prearrange.
• premiar, to reward.
• premio, m., prize.
• prenda, f., piece of jewelry.
• prendedor, m., breast-pin, brooch.
• preparación, f., preparation.
• preparar, to prepare.
• preposición, f., preposition.
• presagio, m., forerunner, token.
• presencia, f., presence.
• presenciar, to witness.
• presentar, to present, offer;
  • ——se, to appear.
• presente, present.
• presidente, m., president.
• prestamista, m., money-lender.
• préstamo, m., loan.
• prestar, to lend, render;
  • —— atención, to pay attention.
• presteza, f., swiftness.
• pretérito, m., preterite tense, also called past definite and past absolute.
• prevenido, prepared, ready.
• primavera, f., spring.
• primer(o), first, early;
  • —— en, first to.
• primicia, f., first-fruits.
• primitivo, early, primitive.
• principado, m., principality.
• principal, chief, principal.
• principalmente, principally.
• príncipe, m., prince.
• principiante, m. f., beginner.
• principiar, to begin.
• principio, m., beginning;
  • al ——, at first;
  • a ——s de, in the early part of.
• prisa, f., haste, speed;
  • de ——, fast, rapidly.
• prisión, f., prison.
• prisionero, m., prisoner.
• privación, f., privation.
• privilegio, m., privilege.
• probar(se), 23, to try, taste, prove, try on.
• problema, m., problem.
• procedencia, f., derivation, source.
• procedente de, derived from, hailing from.
• proceder, to proceed; m., procedure.
• proclamación, f., proclamation.
• proclamar, to proclaim.
• procurar, to try.
• prodigioso, wonderful.
• producción, f., production.
• producir, 4, 40, to produce.
• productivo, productive.
• producto, m., product, produce.
• productor-a, productive, producing.
• produje, etc., from producir.
• profesión, f., profession.
• profesor-a, professor, teacher.
• profeta, m., prophet.
• profundamente, deeply.
• profundidad, f., depth.
• progresar, to progress.
• progresivo, progressive.
• progreso, m., progress.
• prohibir, to prohibit.
• prolongado, long.
• prometer, to promise.
• pronombre, m., pronoun.
• prontamente, at once.
• pronto, soon, quickly;
  • de ——, suddenly.
• pronunciación, f., pronunciation.
• pronunciar, to pronounce.
• propagar, 32, to propagate.
• propenso a, inclined to.
• propiedad, f., property.
• propietario, m., proprietor.
• propina, f., tip.
• propio, proper, own, same, self;
  • —— de, natural to.
• proponerse, 13, to plan, make up one's mind.
• proporción, f., proportion.
• proporcionar, to supply, afford.
• proposición, f., proposition.
• propósito, m., plan, intention, agreement;
  • a —— para, suitable for.
• propuse, etc., from proponer.
• prosa, f., prose.
• proseguir, 29, 38, to continue.
• prosiguió, from proseguir.
• prósperamente, prosperously.
• prosperar, to prosper.
• prosperidad, f., prosperity.
• próspero, prosperous.
• protección, f., protection.
• protector-a, protecting.
• protectora, f., protectress, patroness.
• proteger, 36, to protect.
• provecho, m., worth, profit, benefit.
• provenir, 21, to be, hail from.
• Provenza, f., Provence, a region of southern France.
• proverbial, proverbial.
• providencia, f., providence.
• providencial, providential.
• provincia, f., province.
• provincial, provincial.
• provisión, f., provision.
• proximidad, f., nearness;
  • en las ——es, in the neighborhood.
• próximo, next.
• proyecto, m., plan, project.
• prudencia, f., prudence.
• prudente, prudent.
• prueba, f., proof, test.
• Prusia, f., Prussia.
• publicar, 31, to publish.
• publicista, m., publicist.
• público, public; m., audience.
• pude, etc., from poder.
• pudiera, from poder.
• pudiese, from poder.
• pueblo, m., town, people.
• pueblucho, m., a miserable or "one-horse" town.
• pueda, from poder.
• puedo, etc., from poder.
• puente, m., bridge.
• puerta, f., door, gate.
• puerto, m., port, harbor.
• Puerto Limón, a seaport city on eastern coast of Costa Rica.
• Puerto Rico, Porto Rico, the island dependency of the United States in the Caribbean Sea.
• pues, then, well, for, since;
  • —— bien, well then, so then.
• puesto, pp. of poner;
  • —— que, since.
• puesto, m., position.
• púlpito, m., pulpit.
• punta, f., end.
• Punta Arenas, a city of Chile, the southernmost seaport of S. A.
• puntilloso, punctilious, scrupulous.
• punto, m., point, place, period;
  • al ——, at once;
  • dos ——s, colon;
  • —— de escala, stopping point;
  • —— de honor, question of honor;
  • —— de vista, viewpoint;
  • —— y coma, semicolon.
• puntualidad, f., punctuality.
• puñado, m., handful.
• pureza, f., purity.
• puritano, m., Puritan.
• puro, pure.
• puse, etc., from poner.
• pusiese, from poner.
• putrefacción, f., decomposition, putrefaction.
• ¿qué? what?
• que (rel. pron.), who, which, that;
  • el ——, etc., he who, she who, they who;
  • lo ——, that which, what.
• que (conj.), that, for, because, so that, than.
• quebracho, m., a very hard wood of S. A., so called from quebrar, to break, and hacha, axe.
• quedar, to remain, be;
  • ——se, to become;
  • ——se con, to take.
• quedito, motionless.
• quehacer, m., task, occupation.
• quejido, m., wail, moan.
• quemar, to burn.
• querer, 14, to wish;
  • —— a, to love.
• querido, pp. of querer; dear.
• querré, etc., from querer.
• querría, from querer.
• queso, m., cheese.
• ¿quién? who?
• quien, who, he who, whoever, the one who.
• química, f., chemistry.
• químico, m., chemist.
• quina, f., Peruvian bark.
• quinientos, five hundred.
• quinto, fifth.
• quise, etc., from querer.
• quisiese, from querer.
• quisiera, from querer.
• quitar, to remove, deprive of.
• Quito, the capital of Ecuador.
• quizá(s), perhaps.
• rabia, f., rage.
• racimo, m., bunch.
• ración, f., ration;
  • a media ——, on half rations.
• rada, f., roadstead, bay.
• radical, m., root, radical.
• raíz, f., root, radical.
• rama, f., branch.
• ramaje, m., foliage.
• ramal, m., branch.
• Rameau, Jean Philippe (1683-1764), a French composer and musical theorist, once director of the Opéra Comique; wrote more than twenty operas, including "La Princesse de Navarre."
• rancho, m., farm, ranch (S. A.).
• rápidamente, rapidly.
• rapidez, f., rapidity.
• rápido, rapid.
• raro, rare.
• rasgo, m., trait.
• rastra, f., trail.
• rastro, m., trace.
• rata, f., rat.
• rato, m., while, time;
  • al poco ——, soon.
• ratón, m., mouse.
• rayo, m., ray.
• raza, f., race.
• razón, f., reason;
  • a —— de, at the rate of;
  • con ——, rightly.
• razonable, reasonable.
• real, royal, real.
• Real Academia Española (de la Lengua), founded in 1714, having as its object the standardization of the Spanish language. Its first dictionary appeared in 1732.
• realidad, f., reality.
• realización, f., realization.
• realizar, 34, to realize, carry out.
• realmente, really.
• reanimar, to revive, enliven.
• rebajar, to lower.
• rebaño, m., flock.
• recado, m., message, errand.
• recaer, 3, to fall, fall back.
• recargo, m., renewed charge.
• recepción, f., reception, receipt.
• reciente, recent.
• recientemente, recently. This word assumes the form recién when used immediately before a past participle.
• recíproco, reciprocal.
• recobrar, to recover.
• recoger, 36, to gather;
  • ——se, to retire.
• recomendar, 24, to recommend, urge.
• recompensa, f., reward, recompense.
• reconocer, 39, to recognize.
• recordar, 23, to recall, remind.
• recorrer, to traverse;
  • —— el país, to travel about the country.
• recrear, to delight.
• recreo, m., recreation, diversion.
• recto, straight.
• recuerdo, m., remembrance, memory.
• recuperar, to recover, recuperate.
• recurso, m., resource.
• rechazar, 34, to reject, cast out.
• redondear, to make round.
• reducir, 4, 40, to reduce, conquer.
• reduje, etc., from reducir.
• redundar, to redound.
• reelegir, 29, to reëlect.
• reemplazar, 35, to replace.
• referente, referring to;
  • lo —— a, that which concerns.
• referir, 27, to refer, relate.
• refinería, f., refinery.
• reflejo, m., reflection.
• reflexión, f., thought.
• reforma, f., reform.
• refrán, m., proverb, maxim.
• refugiar, to give refuge to.
• regalar, to present (a gift).
• regalo, m., gift.
• regata, f., regatta, boat-race.
• regencia, f., regency.
• regente, m., regent.
• región, f., region.
• registrar, to search.
• regresar, to return.
• regreso, m., return.
• regular, regular.
• regularidad, f., regularity.
• rehabilitar, to reinstate, restore;
  • ——se, to regain favor.
• rehusar, to refuse.
• reina, f., queen.
• reinar, to reign.
• reino, m., kingdom.
• reír(se), 30, to laugh;
  • —— de, to laugh at.
• rejuvenecer, 39, to make young.
• relación, f., relation, story;
  • con —— a, in terms of, with regard to.
• relacionarse (con), to be connected with.
• relatar, to relate.
• relativamente, relatively.
• relato, m., tale.
• reloj, m., timepiece.
• relucir, 39, to shine, glitter.
• remiso, remiss, slack.
• remolacha, f., beet.
• remontar, to go up.
• remoto, distant, remote.
• renacer, 39, to be born again, spring up again.
• rendir, 29, to overcome, render, pay.
• renovar, 23, to renew.
• renunciar, to renounce.
• reñir, 29, 44, to quarrel.
• reo, m., defendant, criminal.
• reojo, m.;
  • mirar de ——, to look askance.
• repartir, to share, divide.
• repente: de ——, suddenly.
• repetir, 29, to repeat.
• repita, from repetir.
• replicar, 31, to answer.
• reponer, 13, to answer.
• reposar, to rest.
• representación, f., performance.
• representar, to represent, enact, picture.
• república, f., republic.
• repuse, etc., from reponer.
• rescatar, to extricate, save.
• reservar, to reserve.
• residir, to reside, dwell.
• resignación, f., resignation.
• resignar, to resign.
• resistencia, f., resistance.
• resistir, to resist.
• resolución, f., resolution, decision.
• resolver, to solve;
  • ——se a, to decide.
• respectivamente, respectively.
• respectivo, respective.
• respetar, to respect.
• respeto, m., respect.
• responder, to answer.
• responsable, responsible.
• respuesta, f., answer, reply.
• restante, remaining.
• restitución, f., restitution.
• restituir, 46, to restore, make restitution.
• resto, m., remainder, rest.
• resueltamente, resolutely.
• resultado, m., result.
• resultante, f., result.
• resultar, to result, prove to be.
• resumen, m., summary.
• retirar(se), to withdraw.
• reunir(se), to join, gather, collect.
• revendedor, m., peddler.
• reventar, 24, to burst.
• reverencia, f., reverence.
• reverendo, m., reverend.
• revés: al ——, upside down.
• revuelto, topsy-turvy.
• rey, m., king.
• rezar, 34, to pray.
• ribera, f., shore.
• Richmond, the capital of Virginia.
• rico, rich.
• ridículo, ridiculous.
• riego, m., irrigation, irrigation water.
• riel, m., rail.
• riendo, from reír.
• rincón, m., corner.
• riña, f., quarrel, scolding.
• río, m., river.
• Ríobamba, a city of Ecuador.
• Río Branco, one of the chief streets of Rio de Janeiro.
• Río de Janeiro, the capital city of Brazil.
• riqueza, f., wealth.
• risa, f., laughter.
• Riva Agüero, José de la, the first president of Peru, who took office in 1823.
• rival, m., rival, competitor.
• rivalidad, f., rivalry.
• robar, to rob, steal.
• robo, m., robbery.
• rodar, 23, to roll.
• rodear, to surround.
• rodeo, m., roundabout course, circumlocution.
• rogar, 23, 32, to ask, entreat.
• rojo, red.
• romano, Roman.
• romántico, romantic.
• rompeolas, m., breakwater.
• romper, to break, tear.
• ronda, f., patrol.
• rondar, to hover about, roam, patrol.
• ropa, f., clothes.
• Rosario, a city and river port of Argentina on the west bank of the Paraná, 186 miles north-west of Buenos Aires.
• rostro, m., face.
• roto, pp. of romper.
• rubí, m., ruby.
• rudo, rough, uncultured.
• rueda, f., wheel.
• rugir, 36, to roar.
• ruido, m., noise.
• ruina, f., ruin.
• ruinoso, ruinous.
• Rumania, f., Roumania.
• rumano, Roumanian.
• rumbo, m., course, direction;
  • con —— a, towards.
• Rusia, f., Russia.
• ruso, Russian.
• ruta, f., route, way.
• sábana, f., sheet.
• saber, 15, to know, know how to, taste, to find out (in pret.);
  • a ——, namely.
• sabiduría, f., wisdom.
• sabio, wise; m., wise man.
• sable, m., sword.
• sabroso, fragrant, tasty.
• sacar, 31, to take out, to take.
• sacerdote, m., priest.
• saco, m., sack.
• sacrificio, m., sacrifice.
• sacristán, m., sacristan, sexton.
• sacudir, to shake.
• sagacidad, f., sagacity.
• sagrado, holy.
• sajón-a, Saxon.
• sala, f., room.
• salado, salty.
• salida, f., exit, departure, entrance.
• salir, 16, to go out, emerge, set forth.
• salitre, m., saltpeter, nitrate.
• salitrera, f., deposit of nitrate.
• salitrero, pertaining to nitrate.
• saltar, to jump.
• salto, m.: —— de agua, waterfall.
• saludable, healthful.
• saludar, to greet.
• saludo, m., greeting, salutation.
• salvación, f., salvation.
• Salvador (El), Salvador, the Central American republic.
• salvador-a, saving, savior.
• salvadoreño, Salvadorian.
• salvar, to save.
• salvo: en ——, in safety.
• Samaniego, Félix María de (1745-1801), the Spanish Fontaine, writer of fables.
• San Bernardo: perro de ——, St. Bernard dog.
• sanción, f., penalty.
• sandía, f., watermelon.
• sanear, to make sanitary.
• San Fernando de Apure, city in the interior of Venezuela.
• sangre, f., blood.
• sangriento, bloody.
• San José, the capital city of Costa Rica.
• San Juan, the capital city of Porto Rico.
• San Martín, José de (1778-1850), S. A. statesman and soldier, commanding Argentine and Chilean armies; protector of Peru, 1821.
• San Pablo, St. Paul.
• San Salvador, an island of the West Indies; the first land seen by Columbus.
• Santa Fe, a province of Argentina.
• Santa María, Columbus's ship.
• Santiago, city of Chile; also of Cuba.
• santidad, f., holiness.
• santo, m., saint.
• Santo Domingo, an island republic in the Caribbean Sea.
• Santos, city and port of Brazil.
• São Paulo, San Pablo, a state and seaport city of Brazil.
• São Salvador, the former name of Bahía, city of Brazil.
• satisfacción, f., satisfaction.
• satisfacer, 9, to satisfy.
• satisfice, from satisfacer.
• savia, f., sap.
• sazón, f., time, period;
  • a la ——, at that time.
• sé, from saber.
• se, oneself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, themselves.
• sea, from ser;
  • ya ——, either, or.
• sebo, m., tallow.
• sección, f., section, division.
• seco, dry.
• sed, f., thirsty.
• seda, f., silk.
• sede, f., seat of government.
• seguida, f., succession;
  • en ——, at once, immediately.
• seguir, 29, 38, to follow, continue;
  • seguido de, followed by;
  • —— su camino, to continue.
• según, according to, after.
• segundo, second.
• seguramente, surely.
• seguro, sure, safe.
• seis, six.
• sello, m., seal, stamp.
• semana, f., week.
• semanalmente, weekly.
• semblante, m., countenance, face.
• sembradío, m., ploughed field.
• sembrado, m., sown field of grain.
• sembrar, 24, to sow.
• semejante, similar, such; m., fellow being.
• semejanza, f., resemblance.
• semejar, to resemble.
• senador, m., senator.
• sencillamente, simply.
• sencillo, simple.
• sendero, m., path.
• sentarse, 24, to sit down.
• sentencia, f., sentence.
• sentido, sorrowful.
• sentido, m., feeling, sense;
  • sin ——, unconscious.
• sentimiento, m., feelings.
• sentir, 27, regret, feel, perceive;
  • ——se, feel.
• seña, f., sign.
• señal, f., sign.
• señalar, to point out, indicate.
• señor, m., mister, sir, lord.
• señora, f., lady, madam, mistress.
• señorita, f., miss, young lady.
• señorito, m., sir, young man.
• sepa, from saber.
• separación, f., separation.
• septentrional, north, northern.
• se(p)tiembre, m., September.
• ser, 17, to be;
  • —— de notar, to be worthy of note;
  • —— tiempo de, to be time to.
• serenar, to sooth.
• servicio, m., service.
• servidor, m., servant.
• servidumbre, f., slavery.
• servir, 29, to serve;
  • —— de, to serve as;
  • —— para, to be useful for;
  • ——se de, to make use of.
• sesión, f., session.
• severidad, f., severity.
• severo, severe.
• Sevilla, Seville, a city of south-western Spain.
• sevillano, of Seville.
• sexto, sixth.
• si, if;
  • —— bien, although.
• sí, yes.
• sí, himself, herself, itself, yourself, themselves, yourselves.
• siembra, f., crop.
• siempre, always;
  • para ——, forever.
• siete, seven.
• siga, from seguir.
• siglo, m., century.
• significado, m., meaning.
• signo, m., sign, mark;
  • —— de admiración, exclamation point;
  • —— de interrogación, question mark.
• sigue, from seguir.
• siguiente, following, next.
• sílaba, f., syllable.
• silencio, m., silence.
• silla, f., chair.
• sillón, m. aug. silla, rocking chair.
• simiente, f., seed.
• simple, simple.
• sin, without;
  • —— que, without.
• sinfonía, f., symphony.
• sinnúmero, m., numberless quantity.
• sino, but (used as an adversative);
  • —— que (conj.), but.
• sinónimo, synonymous.
• sinopsis, f., synopsis.
• sintaxis, f., syntax.
• sintiendo, from sentir.
• siquiera, even, not even.
• sistema, m., system.
• sistemático, systematic.
• sitio, place.
• situación, f., situation.
• situar, 42, to locate, situate.
• soberano, m., sovereign, ruler.
• sobrado, excessive.
• sobre, on, upon, about.
• sobrenadar, to float.
• sobreseer, to dismiss an action in law or to stay a writ.
• sobretodo, especially.
• social, social.
• sociedad, f., society.
• sociología, f., sociology.
• socorrer, to help.
• socorro, m., help.
• soga, f., rope.
• sol, m., sun; a Peruvian silver coin worth 48 cents.
• solamente, only.
• solemnemente, solemnly.
• soler, 26, to be accustomed, wont.
• sólido, solid.
• Solís, Juan de (1470-1516), a Spanish explorer. Passed by the bay of Río de Janeiro and the Río de la Plata.
• solitario, solitary.
• solo, sole, only.
• sólo, only;
  • no ——... sino también, not only... but also.
• soltar, 23, to loosen, drop;
  • —— una carcajada, to burst out laughing.
• sollozar, 34, to sob.
• sollozo, m., sob, sobbing.
• sombra, f., shade, shadow.
• sombrero, m., hat.
• someter, to submit.
• son, from ser.
• sonar, 23, to sound, to be heard.
• sonata, f., sonata.
• sonido, m., sound.
• sonreír(se), 30, to smile.
• sonriendo, from sonreír.
• soñador, dreamy, languid.
• soñar (con, en), 23, to dream (of).
• sopa, f., soup.
• soplar, to blow.
• sordera, f., deafness.
• sordo, deaf, dull.
• sorprender, to surprise.
• sorpresa, f., surprise.
• sospecha, f., suspicion.
• sospechar, to suspect.
• sospechoso, suspicious, suspected or suspect.
• sostener, 18, to sustain.
• sotana, f., cassock, priest's robe.
• Southampton, a port of southern England.
• Souza, Tomás de (1510-1563), the first governor general of Brazil, founded São Salvador, April, 1549.
• soy, from ser.
• Speedwell, name of a boat of the Puritans.
• su, his, her, its, their, your.
• suave, smooth, gentle.
• súbdito, m., subject.
• subir, to ascend, rise, raise.
• subjuntivo, subjunctive.
• sublevarse, to rise in rebellion.
• sublime, sublime.
• substancia, f., substance.
• substantivo, m., substantive, noun.
• substracción, f., subtraction, theft.
• subterráneo, underground.
• suceder, to happen.
• sucesivamente, in succession;
  • y así ——, and so forth.
• sucesivo: en lo ——, in the future.
• suceso, m., event, happening.
• sucio, dirty.
• sucre, m., monetary unit of Ecuador, worth 48.7 cents.
• Sucre (1793-1840), born in Venezuela; general in the wars for independence; a trusted lieutenant of Bolívar; first president of Bolivia.
• Sud América, f., South America.
• sudamericano, South American.
• sudeste, m., southeast.
• sudoeste, m., southwest.
• sudor, m., perspiration, sweat.
• Suecia, f., Sweden.
• sueco, Swedish; m., Swede.
• sueldo, m., salary.
• suelo, m., ground, floor.
• suelto, loose, unconfined.
• suerte, f., lot, luck.
• suficiente, sufficient.
• sufrir, to suffer.
• sugestivo, suggestive.
• Suiza (La), Switzerland.
• suizo, Swiss.
• sujetar, to hold fast, to fasten.
• sujeto, m., subject.
• suma, f., sum.
• sumamente, exceedingly.
• sumergirse, 36, to plunge.
• sumisión, f., submission.
• sumo, greatest, highest.
• supe, etc., from saber.
• superficie, f., surface.
• superior, superior, better.
• súplica, f., request.
• suplicar, 31, to supply, make up for.
• suponer, 13, to suppose.
• suprimir, to omit, suppress.
• sur, m., south.
• suramericano, South American.
• surgir, 36, to rise, to come from.
• surtir (de), to supply (with).
• suspender, to suspend, postpone.
• suspirar, to sigh.
• suspiro, m., sigh.
• sustentar, to support, sustain.
• suyo, (adj.), his, her, its, your;
  • el ——, la suya, etc., (pron.), his, hers, its, theirs, yours.
• tabaco, m., tobacco.
• taberna, f., tavern.
• tal, such, such a;
  • —— vez, perhaps;
  • el ——, the aforesaid.
• talar, to lay waste.
• taller, m., workshop.
• tamaño, m., size.
• también, also.
• tambor, m., drum.
• tampoco, neither, nor, either.
• tan, so, as.
• tanto, so much, as much;
  • por lo ——, therefore;
  • otros ——s, as many more.
• tapar, to stop up.
• tardar, to delay;
  • —— en, plus inf., to be long about.
• tarde, late; f., afternoon;
  • —— o temprano, sooner or later.
• Tarqui, a mountain peak of Ecuador.
• Tarragona, a province and city of Catalonia.
• Tasso, Torquato (1544-1595), an Italian poet born at Sorrento.
• taza, f., cup.
• teatro, m., theatre.
• tejer, to weave.
• tela, f., cloth;
  • —— metálica, wire screening.
• telaraña, f., spider-web.
• Telémaco, a play of Fénelon, a French writer. It is called "Télémaque" in French.
• tema, m., theme, subject, composition.
• temblar, 24, to tremble.
• tembloroso, trembling, shaking.
• temer, to fear.
• temeroso, fearful.
• temible, fearful.
• temor, m., fear.
• tempestad, f., storm.
• templado, temperate.
• temple, m., temper, quality.
• templo, m., temple.
• temporada, f., season.
• temprano, early.
• tender, 25, to stretch out.
• tenebroso, shady.
• tener, 18, to have, to possess;
  • —— a cargo, to have charge of;
  • —— a la vista, to have in sight;
  • —— calor, to be warm (persons);
  • —— cariño a, to have affection for;
  • —— costumbre de, to be accustomed to;
  • —— fama de, to have the reputation of;
  • —— frío, to be cold (persons);
  • —— hambre, to be hungry;
  • —— la culpa, to be to blame;
  • —— lugar, to take place;
  • —— miedo, to be afraid;
  • —— noticia de, to learn of, to be informed of;
  • —— que plus inf., to have to plus inf.;
  • ¿qué tienes? what is the matter with you?
  • —— razón, to be right;
  • —— respeto a, to have respect for;
  • ——se por, to consider oneself as;
  • ——se sobre los pies, to stand.
• teniente, m., lieutenant.
• tenga, from tener.
• tentar, 23, to tempt.
• tentativa, f., attempt.
• teólogo, m., theologian, priest, clergyman.
• teoría, f., theory.
• tercero, third.
• tercio, third.
• terciopelo, m., velvet.
• terminación, f., end, ending.
• terminar, to finish.
• ternura, f., tenderness.
• terquedad, f., stubbornness.
• Terra de Santa Cruz, former name of Brazil (in Portuguese).
• terreno, m., land, earth, soil.
• terrestre, pertaining to the land.
• terrible, terrible.
• territorio, m., territory.
• terro-indefinible, of an uncertain earth color (a manufactured word).
• tesoro, m., treasure.
• testarudo, headstrong.
• tiempo, m., time, epoch, weather, tense;
  • al poco ——, soon;
  • de —— en ——, from time to time.
• tienda, f., shop.
• tiene, from tener.
• tientas: a ——, see andar.
• tierra, f., land.
• timorato, God-fearing.
• tinglado, m., shed.
• tinta, f., ink.
• tinte, m., dye.
• tintero, m., inkstand.
• tipo, m., type.
• tira, f., strip, tatter.
• tirar, to throw, pull;
  • —— de, to pull at.
• título, m., title, degree.
• tiza, f., chalk.
• tocante a, concerning.
• tocar, 31, to touch, play;
  • —— a, to be one's turn or duty, to concern;
  • —— su vez a uno, to be one's turn.
• todavía, yet, still.
• todo, all, every, everything.
• tomar, to take, drink;
  • —— incremento, to increase.
• tonelada, f., ton.
• tono, m., tone.
• tonto, foolish.
• torno: en —— de, around.
• toro, m., bull.
• torre, f., tower.
• tórrido, torrid.
• tos, f., cough.
• toscamente, rudely, roughly.
• Toscanelli, an Italian cartographer.
• tosco, rude, crude.
• toser, to cough.
• total, m., total, sum.
• trabajador-a, industrious; m., worker.
• trabajar, to work;
  • —— de firme, to work steadily.
• trabajo, m., work, difficulty.
• trabajosamente, laboriously.
• tradición, f., tradition.
• traducir, 4, 40, to translate.
• traduje, etc., from traducir.
• traduzca, from traducir.
• traer, 19, to bring;
  • —— a la rastra, to drag along.
• tráfico, traffic.
• tragedia, f., tragedy.
• traje, m., clothes, suit.
• traje, etc., from traer.
• trajese, from traer.
• tranca, f., crossbar.
• tranquilo, quiet, tranquil.
• tranquilamente, quietly, tranquilly.
• transacción, f., transaction.
• transcurrir, to pass.
• tránsito, m., transit;
  • de ——, in transit.
• transportar, to transport.
• transporte, m., transportation.
• tranvía, m., street-car.
• trapo, m., rag.
• tras, after, behind.
• trasatlántico, transatlantic.
• trascontinental, transcontinental.
• trasladar, to transfer;
  • ——se a, to remove to.
• tratamiento cortesano, polite manner of address, using usted and corresponding forms of the object pronoun, possessives, etc.
• tratar (de), to try;
  • ——se de, to be a question of.
• través: a —— de, across.
• travesía, f., trip across.
• trayendo, from traer.
• traza, f., plan, scheme.
• trazar, 34, to design.
• trece, thirteen.
• tremendo, immense, huge.
• tren, m., train.
• trenzar, 34, to braid.
• tres, three.
• tribu, f., tribe.
• tribuno, m., tribune, political orator.
• tributario, m., tributary.
• trigo, m., wheat.
• Trinidad, island off the eastern coast of Venezuela, a British possession.
• triste, sad.
• tristemente, sadly.
• tristeza, f., sadness.
• triunfal, triumphant.
• triunfo, m., triumph.
• trono, m., throne.
• tropel, m., crowd.
• tropezar, 34, 24, to stumble;
  • —— con, to stumble upon.
• tropical, tropical.
• trópico, m., tropic.
• trovador, m., minstrel.
• trozo, m., selection, piece.
• tubo, m., tube.
• tu, tuyo, thy;
  • el tuyo, thine.
• Tucumán, city (and province) of northwestern Argentina.
• tumba, f., tomb, grave.
• tumbo, m., stumble.
• Tumibamba, a city of Ecuador.
• turco, Turk.
• turista, m., tourist.
• turno, m., turn.
• Turquía, f., Turkey.
• tuve, etc., from tener.
• tuviera, from tener.
• tuviese, from tener.
• u, or, used for o before o or ho.
• últimamente, recently.
• último, last;
  • por ——, finally.
• umbral, m., threshold.
• único, only, unique.
• unidad, f., unit, unity.
• uniforme, m., uniform.
• unión, f., union.
• unir, to join, unite.
• universidad, f., university.
• uno, a, an;
  • ——s, some, a few, any, a pair of, about;
  • —— que otro, one here and there.
• Uruguay (El), Uruguay.
• uruguayo, Uruguayan.
• usar, to use.
• uso, m., use, usage.
• usted, you.
• usual, usual.
• usurero, usurer.
• útil, useful.
• útiles, m. pl., serviceable, useful things (familiar).
• uva, f., grape.
• va, from ir.
• vaca, f., cow.
• vacilar, to hesitate.
• vacío, empty.
• vacuno, bovine.
• vagón, m., car, coach.
• valenciano, Valentian.
• valer, 20, to be worth, help, be of avail;
  • ——se de, to make use of.
• valerosamente, bravely.
• valiente, brave.
• valioso, valuable.
• valor, m., courage, value.
• Valparaíso, a city and chief port of Chile.
• valla, f., fence.
• valle, m., valley.
• vallecito, dim. of valle.
• Valladolid, a city of northwestern Spain.
• vano, vain, useless;
  • en ——, in vain.
• vapor, m., steam, steamship;
  • —— correo, mail boat.
• vaquero, m., cowboy.
• vara, f., stick, pole.
• variado, varied.
• variar, 41, to vary.
• variedad, f., variety.
• varilla, dim. of vara.
• vario, various; pl., several.
• vasallo, m., vassal.
• vaya, from ir;
  • ¡——! well! come! indeed! nonsense!
• Vd., abbr. for usted, you.
• ve, from ir.
• vecindad, f., neighborhood.
• vecindario, m., neighborhood, population.
• vecino, neighboring; m., neighbor, inhabitant.
• Vega Carpio, Lope Félix de (1562-1635), the great Spanish dramatist. He wrote more than 1500 plays besides several hundred autos and entremeses. Among his best known plays are "El mejor alcalde el rey" and "La Estrella de Sevilla."
• vegetación, f., vegetation.
• veinte, twenty.
• veinticuatro, twenty-four.
• veintitrés, twenty-three.
• vejiga, f., bladder; used as a pouch or cover for bundle at times.
• vela, f., candle.
• velocípedo, m., velocipede, tricycle.
• ven, from venir.
• vena, f., vein.
• vencer, 35, to conquer, vanquish.
• vendar, to bandage.
• vendedor, m., seller.
• vender, to sell.
• vendría, from venir.
• Venecia, f., Venice.
• veneciano, Venetian.
• venerar, to revere.
• venezolano, Venezuelan.
• Venezuela, f., Venezuela.
• venga, from venir.
• vengar, 32, to avenge.
• vengativo, vengeful.
• venir, 21, to come;
  • —— a las manos, to come to blows;
  • —— al grano, to come to the point;
  • —— por el suelo, to fall to the ground.
• ventaja, f., advantage.
• ventajoso, favorable.
• ventana, f., window.
• Venus, f., the Roman goddess of love and grace.
• ver, 22, to see;
  • ——se en la necesidad de;
  • ——se en la obligación de;
  • ——se obligado;
  • ——se precisado, to be compelled.
• Vera Cruz, a city and chief port of Mexico.
• verano, m., summer.
• veras, f. pl.: de ——, really, truly.
• verbalmente, orally.
• verbo, m., verb, word.
• verdad, f., truth.
• verdaderamente, truly, really.
• verdadero, true, real.
• verde, green.
• verdura, f., verdure.
• vergonzoso, shameful.
• vergüenza, f., shame;
  • ¡qué —— de ——! what a shameful ——!
• verídico, truthful.
• verificarse, 31, to take place.
• verja, f., railing.
• verso, m., verse, a line of poetry.
• verter, 25, to shed, translate.
• vestido, m., garment, dress.
• vestigio, m., trace, vestige.
• vestimenta, f., clothes.
• vestir, 29, to dress, to wear;
  • ——se, to dress one's self; —— un traje, to wear a suit.
• vete, from irse.
• vez, f., time;
  • a veces, sometimes;
  • a la ——, at the same time;
  • a su ——, in his turn;
  • de —— en cuando, from time to time;
  • de una ——, at one time;
  • otra ——, again;
  • tal ——, perhaps.
• ví, etc., from ver.
• vía, f., road.
• viajar, to travel.
• viaje, m., voyage, trip;
  • —— de regreso, return trip.
• viajero, m., traveller.
• vicealmirante, m., vice-admiral.
• vicepresidente, m., vice-president.
• vicisitud, f., change, vicissitude.
• víctima, f., victim.
• victoria, f., victory.
• victorioso, victorious.
• vida, f., life.
• viejo, old.
• Viena, Vienna.
• viento, m., wind.
• vigente, m., force.
• vigoroso, vigorous.
• villa, f., city.
• vine, from venir.
• vino, m., wine.
• violencia, f., violence.
• violento, violent.
• Virginia, f., Virginia.
• viril, virile.
• virreinato, m., viceroyship.
• virrey, m., viceroy.
• visita, f., visit.
• visitar, to visit.
• vista, f., sight, view;
  • a —— de, in the view of;
  • a la ——, in sight.
• visto, pp. of ver.
• vivamente, keenly.
• vivienda, f., dwelling.
• vivir, to live.
• vivo, lively, keen.
• vocal, f., vowel.
• volar, 23, to fly.
• volver, 26, to return, turn;
  • —— plus inf., to do again plus inf. of the English;
  • —— en sí, to regain consciousness;
  • ——se, to return.
• votación, f., vote.
• voy, from ir;
  • allá ——, I am coming to that.
• voz, f., voice, word;
  • en —— alta, aloud.
• vuelta, f., return;
  • —— y media, abuse.
• vuestro (adj.), your;
  • el —— (pron.), etc., yours.
• vuelta, f., return.
• vuelto, pp. of volver.
• vulgo, m., people in general.
• y, and.
• ya, already.
• yacimiento, m., deposit, bed.
• yegua, f., mare.
• yendo, from ir.
• yo, I.
• yodo, m., iodine.
• Yunquilla, a valley of Ecuador.
• Yucatán, a state of Mexico.
• Yuruari, a river in Venezuela.
• zambullirse, 43, to dive.
• Zeuxis, m., a Greek painter who flourished about 420-390 b. c.
• zona, f., zone.

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