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ELEMENTS OF VERSIFICATION
RHYTHM.— While in Greek and Latin it depends on quantity, i.e., length of the syllables, in German as in English it depends on stress, that is, accent. The smallest rhythmical unit is called a foot and corresponds to a measure in music with the exception that the accent need not be on the first syllable. A verse consists of two or more feet (verses with only a single foot are rare) and may end either with an accented syllable (masculine ending) or with an unaccented (feminine ending). Especially within longer verses there often occurs a slight rest or break, called caesura. Designating the accented syllable by — and the unaccented by X, the more common feet with their Graeco-Roman names may be represented thus:
Iambic, X —
Trochee, — X
Dactyl, — XX
Anapaest, XX —.
This terminology is, however, of little avail in the German Volkslied, that is the simple folksong, and in that large body of German verse which is patterned after it. Here the basic principle is the number of accented syllables. The number of unaccented syllables varies. A measure (i.e., a foot) may have either one or two unaccented syllables, in the real Volkslied often three. (A measure without an unaccented syllable, so common in older verse, is but rarely met with to-day; see 84, 7.) Goethe's more popular ballads as Erlkönig or der König in Thule offer good examples of this freer technique. Above all, however, Heine made use of this principle, while Platen, whom later German verse tends to follow in this respect (e.g., Meyer and Liliencron), espoused the strict classic ideal.[1]
[1] Exceptions are only apparent, as in 68, 7. Platen followed the rules of Graeco-Roman prosody, where a long syllable could be substituted for two short syllables.
RHYME.—When two or more words correspond from their accented vowel on, they are said to rhyme: Pferde—Erde. The rhyming syllable must carry at least a secondary accent: Héiligkèit—Zéit. Rhymes of one syllable are called masculine, of two syllables feminine. According to their degree of perfection rhymes are classified as pure and impure. Thus geboren—geschworen, bestellt—Welt are pure, gesehn—schön, gerissen—Füßen, Lied—Gemüt, sprach—Gemach, Wiesen—fließen are impure. Impure rhymes are not of necessity poor, but may be used to enhance the musical effects of a poem. Heine was a master in this respect. The modern school, however, tends to avoid impure rhymes.
Rhymes within a verse are called internal rhymes.
ALLITERATION—two or more accented syllables beginning with the same consonant or with a vowel: Von weißen Wolken umwogt, 59, 2—is used to enhance the rhythmic-melodic character of a poem, as is also assonance—the agreement of vowels in two or more accented syllables, 36. Often assonance is practically a form of impure rhyme, Grunde—verschwunden, 41, Himmel—Schimmer, 44.
STANZA—a union of two or more verses. In a stanza itself the individual verses may either stand apart or two or more verses may form larger units. Thus the structure of the various stanzas may be made to differentiate and the rhythmic-melodic character of the poem be thereby modified (44 and 56 and notes). Similarly, stanzas may form larger units (2). If the end of a verse breaks into a syntactic unit, we have what is called an enjambement. This tends to put a special stress on the last word. Notice for example the onomatopoetic effect in 13, 7 and 8: