Women's Work

by A. A. Brooke; Margaret Whitley

[19] The appointment of Departmental Committees, consisting of scientific specialists and factory inspectors, shews that the Home Office is alive to the necessity of improving the quality of factory inspection in the case of injurious trades.

Conclusion.—During the next few years we are likely to see great changes, for the agitation which has taken place in the labour world in recent times is not of a spasmodic kind. It is the outcome of years of struggle and suffering and thought, and of many defeats on the part of the workers. For them the Factory Acts are of quite incalculable importance. They stand for industrial health, for the safeguard of the worker’s leisure and standard of life, for the civic principle in the affairs of the labour market and the workshop. They stand, too, for the ratification by the State of the will of the people as expressed by their common voice and common organisations. It is not true to say that they spare them the trouble of doing something which they might equally well do for themselves. The Acts give a statutory validity to what the workers have already decided upon in times past. They secure the ground already won, so that the workers may go forward, and on that ground raise their standard of living higher; so that the manufacturers may put their houses in order, introducing better management and mechanical methods; so that the standard of living and the standard of general efficiency may advance together. Under the guiding intelligence of the nation these great human enactments, which have been a godsend to the people of this country in the past, will become ever more fruitful as higher civic ideals and a deeper conception of human welfare and industry take the place of the conceptions which have prevailed during the transition period from which we are now emerging.

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INDEX

• A
• Art, Difficulties in the pursuit of, [30].
• Army Clothing Factory, [74].
• Assistant Mistresses, in High Schools, [9].
• Salaries of, [10].
• in Elementary Schools, [16].
• B
• Ballet, The, [33].
• Belfast Mill-workers, Deaths of, [127].
• Board Schools, Salaries in, [14].
• Compared with Voluntary Schools, [16].
• Bookbinders’ Union, [71].
• C
• Carpet manufacture, [107].
• Certifying surgeon, Duties of, [152], [158].
• Child labour, [105], [122].
• in cotton trade, Dr. Tarrop’s report on, [123].
• Age limit too low, [165].
• Chromo lithography, [37].
• Cigar-makers Union, [74].
• Success of, [80].
• Civil Service, [41].
• Pensions in, [42].
• Women versus men in, [42].
• The Post-office, [42].
• Complaints against women, [46].
• Clerks, National Union of, [64].
• Clerkships, Ordinary, [40].
• in shipping firms, [41].
• in Civil Service, [41].
• Commerce, Subordinate position of women in, [47].
• French and American women in, [48].
• Consumers’ League, [89].
• Cotton manufacture, [95] et seq.
• Injurious processes in, [121].
• Child labour in, [122].
• Combination in, [90], [95].
• Crafts, Artistic, [36].
• Chromo-lithography, [37].
• Hostility of workmen in, [37].
• Crape trade, wages in, [106].
• D
• Dentistry suitable for women, [26].
• Deterioration of population, [148].
• Directory of Women’s Trades Unions, [90].
• Domestic Subjects, [17].
• Demand for instruction in, [17].
• Lack of common standard, [18].
• Opening for women, [18].
• Compared with University training, [19].
• Dressmakers’, Milliners’, and Mantle-makers’ Union, [73].
• Dust, defined, [120].
• in shoddy mills, [130].
• in potteries, [131].
• in white lead, [132].
• Respirators against, [139].
• E
• Elementary Schools, [14].
• Salaries of Certificated Mistresses in, [14].
• Other salaries, [15].
• Salaries under the London School Board, [16].
• Elementary versus Secondary Schools, [16].
• Training Colleges for, [17].
• Employment of women, Blue Book on, [65], [85] et passim.
• Experts required in factory inspection, [156].
• F
• Factory Acts, [150].
• Insufficiency of, [152].
• Reforms needed in, [157].
• Extension of, desirable, [166].
• Factory Department, [167].
• Farr, Dr., tables of Infant Mortality, [146].
• Fiction, [3].
• Its remuneration, [4].
• Fines, [85].
• in shops, [51].
• in textile trades, [100].
• in the linen trade, [109].
• Foreign competition, [88].
• G
• Gassing in silk manufacture, [130].
• Governesses’ salaries, [8].
• compared with High Schools, [10].
• Greenhow’s, Dr., report on potteries, [132].
• H
• Half-timers, [165].
• Handicrafts, Position of women in, [35].
• Health, Economic importance of, [119].
• Causes of ill-health, [120].
• In various trades, [119] et seq.
• High Schools, [9].
• Homework in, [10].
• Salaries, [9].
• Report on salaries, [11].
• Agreements, [12].
• Church Schools, [12].
• Fees, [13].
• Home-work, [87].
• after factory hours, [163].
• Regulation of, [164].
• Hosiery trade, [107].
• Union, Amalgamated, [80].
• Hospital for Women, New, [24].
• I
• India, Medical women in, [25].
• Native students, [25].
• Infant mortality, [140] et seq.
• in Preston, Leicester, and Blackburn, [141].
• Causes of, [144].
• Dr. Tatham’s evidence, [145].
• Dr. Farr’s tables, [146].
• Recent statistics, [147].
• Employment of mothers, [160].
• J
• Jex-Blake, Dr., Medical Women, [23].
• Opinion on medicine as a career for women, [24].
• Journalism, [6].
• Income attainable, [7].
• L
• Lace trade, [107].
• Lancashire and Yorkshire contrasted, [97].
• Lancet, The, on seats for shop assistants, [56].
• Laundries, Extension of Factory Acts to, [166].
• Law, [21].
• Miss Orme’s summary, [21].
• Conveyancing, [22].
• Openings in India, [22].
• Lead, White, [viii]., [133] et seq.
• in other manufactures, [137].
• Linen trade, [108].
• Dr. Purdon’s report on, [124].
• Deaths in, [127].
• Combination attempted, [82], [109].
• Dr. Whitaker’s report, [129].
• Literature, [3].
• Liverpool Tailoresses’ Union, [75], [87].
• London School Board, [16].
• Lucifer match trade, [137].
• M
• Machinery, and women’s labour, [110], [113].
• Dangerous, [103].
• in laundries, [166].
• Married women’s labour, [103].
• Relation to infant mortality, [145].
• Regulation of, [160].
• Martineau, Harriet, [3].
• Match girls’ strike, [77].
• Medicine, [23].
• Appointments available, [24].
• in India, [25].
• Men’s Unions, Attitude of, [10], [37], [85], [117].
• Midwifery, present status of, [27].
• Midwives’ Institute, [27].
• Mines Regulation Act, [153].
• Miscellaneous trades, [110].
• Mixed Unions, [80].
• in Lancashire, [96].
• List of, [90].
• Mortality, in linen mills, [129].
• Infant, [141] et seq.
• Age periods, [143].
• Mothers, Employment of, [vii]., [160].
• Music, [30].
• N
• Nailmakers, [75].
• National Union of Teachers, [16].
• Necrosis in lucifer match trade, [137].
• Night-work forbidden, [152].
• Northern Counties Weavers’ Association, [80].
• Nurses’ salaries, [29].
• Nursing, conditions of work, [28].
• Mistaken notions as to, [28].
• Private, [30].
• Co-operative, [30].
• O
• Outwork, Regulation of, [164].
• Overtime, [160].
• Regulations as to, [161].
• Abolition of, desirable, [162].
• Oxford Working Women’s Society, [75].
• P
• Painting, [32].
• Black and white drawings, [32].
• Philanthropy, Remunerative employment connected with, [20].
• Settlements, [21].
• Paterson, Emma, [67].
• Death of, [76].
• Pit-brow women, [xii]., [86].
• Phthisis among linen workers, [129].
• Pharmacy, [26].
• Pocket money, Working for, [88].
• Post-office, The, [42].
• Number of women employed in, [42].
• Clerkships, [43].
• Sorterships, [45].
• Telegraph learnerships, [45].
• Counter-women, [46].
• Complaints against counter-women, [46].
• Potteries, [131].
• White lead in, [137].
• Pouce, The, [124].
• Preachers, Women, [20].
• Purdon’s, Dr., report on linen trade, [124].
• R
• Religion, Remunerative employment connected with, [20].
• Routine clerical work, [39].
• Royalties on music, [32].
• S
• Sanitation, in shops, [57].
• in textile trades, [101].
• Ventilation, [138].
• Shirt and Collar Makers’ Union, [72].
• Shoddy fever, [130].
• Shop work, Labour Commission Report on, [65].
• Shop Hours Regulation Act, [64].
• Shop Assistants, [49].
• Their grievances, [50].
• Wages compared with men’s, [50].
• Fines, [51].
• Bonuses, [52].
• Agreements, [52].
• Dismissal, Miss Collet on, [note p. 52].
• Long hours, [53].
• Regulation of hours, [53].
• Standing, [56].
• The Lancet on seats, [56].
• Insanitary conditions, [57].
• “Living in,” [58].
• Sundays, [59].
• Personal narratives, [60].
• Combination among, [63].
• Silk manufacture, [106].
• Health in, [130].
• Stage, The, [32].
• Prospects of, [33].
• Touring companies, [33].
• Remuneration, [33].
• Pantomime performers, [34].
• Difficulty of progress, [34].
• The ballet, [34].
• Salaries of dancers, [35].
• Supervision, Abuses of, [99].
• Sweating system, [77], [112].
• T
• Tarrop, Dr., report on the cotton trade, [123].
• Tatham, Dr., evidence on infant mortality, [145].
• Teaching, [7].
• Private, [8].
• in High Schools, [9] et seq.
• Domestic subjects, [17].
• Higher teaching posts, [19].
• Headships, [19].
• Lectureships, [20].
• Textile trades, [93].
• Lancashire and Yorkshire contrasted, [95].
• Other centres, [106].
• Overtime forbidden in, [162].
• Trade as a career, [48].
• The aristocracy in, [48].
• Trades Congress, Liverpool, [72].
• Women delegates to, [72].
• Trades Councils assist women, [78], [81], [86].
• Trade Unions, Women’s, [66].
• Origin of, [67].
• Provincial, [72].
• in 1882, [74].
• Mixed, in provinces, [80].
• Methods of forming, [81].
• Difficulties of, [83].
• Results, [86].
• Directory of, [90].
• in Lancashire, [97].
• Training, Necessity for, [37].
• Truck Act, [168].
• Type-writing, [39].
• in America, [40].
• with Shorthand, [40].
• U
• Union of Shop Assistants, National, [64].
• United Shop Assistants’ Union, [64].
• Upholstresses’ Union, [73].
• V
• Ventilation, [138].
• Objections of workers to, [139].
• W
• Wages, Sketch of Women’s, [113].
• Women’s lower than men’s, [42], [50], [97].
• Reasons for difference, [112].
• Difference artificially kept up, [117].
• Results, [ix].
• Warehouses, Conditions of life in, [63].
• Wages, [63].
• Combination in, [64].
• Whitaker’s, Dr., report on linen mills, [129].
• Women Factory Inspectors, [74 and note].
• Women’s Protective and Provident League, [69].
• Women’s Trades Union Association, [79].
• Women’s Trades Union League, [81].
• Women’s Trades Unions reviewed, [76].
• Women’s Union Journal, [76].
• Writers’ Club, [5].
• Y
• Yorkshire and Lancashire contrasted, [97].