CHAPTER XI.

The Causes of Bad Shooting. Estimating Distances. Range-finding. Rule for Sighting. General Duties of Artillery Commanders. Target Practice. How Conducted. Projectiles Used. Kinds of Target. Night-firing.

THE CAUSES OF BAD SHOOTING.

1. Variation in the density of loading.

2. Bad aiming.

3. Faults in handling ammunition, fuzes, etc.

4. Variable weights of charges and projectiles.

5. Inability to judge correctly the position of the bursts of the shell.

6. Failure to take into account the age and condition of the powder.

7. Variable wind.