So leaves may be palmately lobed, cleft, parted or divided, and pinnately lobed, cleft, parted or divided. The term [pinnatifid] is often applied to pinnately cleft leaves. The terms entire, serrate, crenate, acute-pointed, etc., are applied to the lobes as well as to the general margins of leaves.

Surface.—The following terms are needed in describing the surface of leaves and fruit.

Glabrous, smooth; glaucous, covered with a whitish bloom which can be rubbed off (Plum); rugous, wrinkled; canescent, so covered with minute hairs as to appear silvery; pubescent, covered with fine, soft, plainly seen hairs; tomentose, densely covered with matted hairs; hairy, having longer hairs; scabrous, covered with stiff, scratching points; spiny, having stiff, sharp spines; glandular-hairy, having the hairs ending in glands (usually needing a magnifying glass to be seen).

Texture.—Succulent, fleshy; scarious, dry and chaffy; punctate, having translucent glands, so that the leaf appears, when held toward the light, as though full of holes; membranous, thin, soft, and rather translucent; thick, thin, etc.

Duration.—Evergreen, hanging on the tree from year to year. By noticing the color of the different leaves and their position on the twigs, all evergreen foliage can readily be determined at any time during the year. Deciduous, falling off at the end of the season. Fugacious, falling early, as the stipules of many leaves.

Chapter IV.
Flowers and Fruit.

The author hopes that those who use this work in studying trees will become so much interested in the subject of Botany as to desire more information concerning the growth and reproduction of plants than can here be given. In Professor Asa Gray's numerous works the additional information desired may be obtained: "How Plants Grow" contains an outline for the use of beginners; "The Elements of Botany" is a more advanced work; while the "Botanical Text Book", in several volumes, will enable the student to pursue the subject as far as he may wish. In this small book the barest outline of the parts of flowers and fruit and of their uses can be given.

Fig. 9.

Flowers.—Parts. The flowers of the Cherry or Apple will show the four kinds of organs that belong to a complete flower. [Fig. 9] represents an Apple-blossom. The calyx is the outer row of leaves, more or less united into one piece. The corolla is the row of leaves within the calyx; it is usually the brightest and most conspicuous part of the flower. The [stamens] are the next organs; they are usually, as in this case, small two-lobed bodies on slender, thread-like stalks. The enlarged parts contain a dust-like material called pollen. The last of the four kinds of parts is found in the center of the flower, and is called the pistil. It is this part which forms the fruit and incloses the seed.