4. Among the prehistoric peoples the purposeful mixing of fibers was the rule. This is especially notable in the collections from Ohio and Arkansas. These mixtures of fibers occur both in the same strand and in the two-ply cords. It is not apparent why the fibers from different plants were mixed, but the combinations seem intentional, as nettle and milkweed, blue stem grass and pawpaw, nettle and yucca, basswood and nettle, and pawpaw and yucca. Yet, such intentional mixtures were rarely encountered in the historic collections examined.

5. It is apparent that the prehistoric peoples used such fibers as were adapted to their immediate purpose without previous treatment. They were stripped from the plant and twisted at once. This seems to account for the dominance of monocotyledonous fibers in prehistoric collections. The historic Indians, on the other hand, used a greater variety of species of fiber plants because they were able to prepare them properly before using. The determining factors seem to have been strength, fineness of fiber, and abundance of supply.

All the above observations are consistent with the assumption of a steady advance in textile skill and knowledge from prehistoric time to the present.

FIBER PLANTS AS IDENTIFIED

Andropogon furcatusBlue stem grass
Apocynum cannabinum, androsaemifoliumIndian hemp
Arundinaria tectaCanebrake
Asclepias syriaca, tuberosa, pulchra, incarnataMilkweed
Asimina trilobaPawpaw
Betula papyriferaPaper birch
Boehmeria cylindricaStingless nettle
Cannabis sativaHemp
Dirca palustrisMoosewood
Eryngium yuccaefolium
Gossypium herbaceumCotton
Hierochloe odorataSweet grass
Juglans nigraBlack walnut
Juniperus virginianaRed cedar
Laportea canadensisWoods nettle
Linum usitatissimumFlax
Nolina georgianaYucca
Sabal palmettoPalmetto
Salix nigraBlack willow
Tilia americanaBasswood
Tillandsia usneoidesFlorida moss
Typha latifoliaCat-tail
Ulmus americana, fulvaElm
Urtica gracilisSlender nettle
Yucca arkansana, filamentosaYucca
Zea maysIndian corn

TABLE OF IDENTIFICATIONS

Selected objects in museum collections to show the range and frequencies in the use of vegetable fibers, including geographical and chronological distributions.

The objects from the Ohio State Historical and Archaeological Museum are all prehistoric. In other museums prehistoric objects are marked with an asterisk (*).

American Museum of Natural History