On the whole, the evidence collected in the last two cases is as confused as it is incomplete, and we can scarcely say how much we regret the obstinacy of these unfortunate victims in refusing to submit to our treatment, for the serum would undoubtedly have produced its maximum effect in them, since it would have been possible to make use of it in good time. These disastrous occurrences, however, will not cure natives of their exclusive reliance upon empirical practices; and as regards the inhabitants of the Tamil country, that is to say, Southern India, it may be foreseen that for a long time to come they will continue to remain refractory to the serotherapic treatment, submission to which the English have had less difficulty in securing from the natives of Bengal, whose intellectual development undoubtedly stands on a higher plane.
INDEX.
d’Abbadie, M., on inoculation, [238]. Acalyptophis, [133]. Acanthophis, [96]. “antarcticus (death adder), [96]. ““““bite dangerous, [100]. Acanthopterygii, [290], [301], [304]. Acanthurus, [301]. “ luridus, [301]. Adder, [25], [26]. See also Vipera berus. Africa, poisonous snakes in, [57-81]. “““ geographical distribution of genera (tables), [143], [144]. “ (Central), witch doctors of, snake-bite remedies, [237]. “ (East), Vatuas’ method of inoculation, [239]. Agglutinins of venoms, [202]. Aipysurus, [140]. “ annulatus, [140]. “ australis, [140]. “ lævis, [140]. “ eydouxii, [140]. Albuminoid of snake-venom produces hæmorrhages, [162]. Albumins of venom devoid of toxic power, [164]. Albumose of snake-venom attacks nerve-cell of respiratory centres, [162]. Albumoses of venoms of Colubridæ, [162]. “““ method of separation, [162]. “See also Proto-albumoses, Hetero-albumoses. Alcatifa, extraction of venom from, for inoculation, [239]. Alcock, researches of, on glands of snakes, [147]. Alexins, [198], [209]. “ characteristics of, [207]. “ fixation of, [210], [211]. “ of normal serum, fixation by cobra-venom, [211]. “ neutralisation of, [212]. Alkaloids in venom, [160]. Alps, and mountains of Central Europe, Salamandra atra found in, [313]. Amboceptors, [198], [210]. “ fixation of, [208], [220]. America, snakes in, geographical distribution of genera of (table), [146]. “venomous snakes in, [100-131]. America, (Central), Batrachus tau found on shores of, [302]. “ (North), musical toad found in, [318]. “ (South), witch doctors of, snake-bite remedies, [237]. “ (Tropical and Sub-tropical), Latrodectus mactans found in, [275]. Ammonia, injection of, only temporary antidote against snake-venom, [261]. Ancistrodon, [49], [109], [110]. “ venom of, precipitation of anticoagulant substance in, [195]. “ acutus, [49]. “ bilineatus, [111]. “ blomhoffii, [50]. “ contortrix, [111]. “ himalayanus, [50]. “ hypnale, [51]. “ intermedius, [50]. “ piscivorus, [110]. “ rhodostoma, [51]. Anderson, relation of escape from Naja haje, [60]. Anemone scultata, [269]. Aniline colours, action of, diminishes toxicity of venoms, [167]. Animals, venomous, definition of, [1]. Arachnolysin, poison from Latrodectus prepared by, [276]. Araneida (spiders), [274]. Armstrong, H., chemical analysis of cobra-venom, [159]. Arrows, poisoned by Hottentots with venom of Bitis arietans, [72]. Arthropods, poisonous species of, [274]. Asia, poisonous snakes inhabiting, [30], [57]. ““““ geographical distribution of genera (tables), [142], [143]. Asp, [27], [28]. See also Vipera aspis. Aspidelaps, [64]. “ lubricus, [64]. “ scutatus, [64]. Atheris, [78]. “ ceratophorus, [78]. “ chlorechis, [78]. “ squamiger, [78]. Atlantic (Tropical), Acanthurus found in, [301]. ““ Muræna moringa found in, [309]. Atractaspis, [78]. “ aterrima, [80]. “ bibronii, [80]. “ congica, [79]. “ corpulenta, [80]. “ dahomeyensis, [80]. “ hildebrandtii, [79]. “ irregularis, [79]. “ leucomelas, [81]. “ microlepidota, [81]. “ micropholis, [81]. “ rostrata, [80]. Australia, health authorities’ notices against venomous reptiles, [100]. “ mortality from snake-bite in, [100], [261]. “ poisonous snakes of, [81-100]. “ snakes of, almost all confined to sub-family Elapinæ, [5].
Bacteriolytic action of venoms, [206]. “““ how differing from that of rat-serum, [208]. Bailey, action of venom on brain, [185]. Batrachians, [312]. Batrachiidæ, [302]. Batrachus grunniens, [302]. “ tau, [302]. Bavay on the spitting snake, [63]. Bee-sting, remedies for, [286]. Bees, venom of, [282]. Bertrand, researches of, [147]. Bertrand and Phisalix, experiments on immunity of hedgehog to venom, [226]. ““ preparation of toad-venom, [319]. Bettencourt, R., venom antitoxin treatment of yellow fever, [184]. Bibron and Duméril on coloration of snakes, [16]. ““ Naja worship in Egypt, [61]. Bile, destructive effect on cobra-venom, [215]. Birds, symptoms after inoculation with lethal doses of venom, [172]. Bitis, [69]. “ arietans (puff adder), [69]. ““““ bite from, [350]. ““““ venom used for poisoning arrows by Hottentots, [72]. “ atropos, [72]. “ caudalis, [73]. “ cornuta, [73]. “ gabonica, [73]. ““ does not attack man, [74]. “ inornata, [72]. “ peringueyi, [72]. Black snake, [88]. See also Pseudechis porphyriacus. Blin, bite from Cerastes, [349]. Blindness following bite of viper, [178]. Blood, anticoagulant action of venom on, mechanism of, [195]. “ coagulability, action of venom of Lachesis lanceolatus on, [191]. ““ destroyed by venoms of Colubridæ, [179], [188], [189], [191], [192], [193]. ““““ certain species of Crotalinæ, [191], [192], [193]. ““ uncertain action of venom of Vipera berus on, in certain animals, [189], [190]. “ coagulation of, connected with action of venoms of Viperidæ on nervous system, [185], [186]. ““ produced by venoms of Viperidæ, [179], [188], [189]. “ not coagulated after death caused by venoms of Colubridæ, [171], [188], [189]. “ of hedgehog toxic before heating, antitoxic afterwards, [226]. “ of scorpion antitoxic, [279]. Blood, toxicity of, in reptiles, [217]. “““ confers partial immunity to venom, [218], [219]. “““ destroyed by heating, [218]. ““ in venomous snakes, [217]. Blood-corpuscles, red, agglutination by venoms, [202]. ““ dissolution only effected by combination of venom with blood-serum or lecithin, [197]. ““ dissolved by snake-serums, [219], [220]. ““ effects of venom upon, [196]. ““ resistance to large doses of venom, [199], [200], [201]. ““““““ explanation, [200], [201]. ““ washing of, important before presentation to action of venom, [196], [197]. “ unaltered under action of simultaneous doses of venom and serum, [220]. “ white, effects of venom on, [203]. Bombay, laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at, [248], [252]. Bonaparte, Lucien, chemistry of venom of vipers, [160]. Bothrops, bites from, [353], [354]. Bottard on venomous fishes, [288]. Boulengerina, [58]. “ stormsi, [58]. Brachyaspis, [95]. “ curta, [95]. Brain, comparative action of venoms of Colubridæ and Viperidæ on, [185], [186]. “ substance of, fixation of venom on, [186]. Brazil, Thalassophryne maculosa found on shores of, [303]. Brehm, on Crotalus confluentus, [125]. “ the daboia (Vipera russellii), [46]. “ Echis carinatus (efa, viper of the pyramids), [76], [77]. “ reverence paid by Hindus to Naja, [38]. Broad-headed snake, [94]. See also Hoplocephalus variegatus. Briot, A., experiments with weever-venom, [298], [299]. “ poison of Scolopendra prepared by, [280]. Bromized water, saturated, modifies or destroys venoms, [164]. Brown snake, [87]. See also Diemenia textilis. Brunton, Sir Lauder, on harmless ingestion of venom exceeding lethal dose, [214]. Bufo calamita (natter-jack), [318]. “ musicus (musical toad), [318]. “ viridis (green toad), [318]. “ vulgaris (common toad), [318]. Bufotalin, [319], [320]. “ first active principle of toad-venom, and cardiac poison, [319], [320]. Bufotenin, [320]. “ second active principle of toad-venom, and neurotoxic poison, [320]. Bungarus, [30]. “ venom of, active hæmolysing power possessed by, [199]. “ cæruleus (common krait), bite, cure of, [337]. ““““ venom of, dose lethal for different animals, [174]. “ candidus, [32]. Bungarus candidus, resemblance to Lycodon aulicus, [33]. “ fasciatus, [31], [32]. Buprestidæ, food for larvæ of Cerceris bupresticida, [285]. Bushmaster, or surucucu, [112]. See also Lachesis mutus.
Calamaridæ, species of Callophis feed only upon, [42]. Callionymus, [301]. “ belennus, [301]. “ lacertus, [301]. “ lyra, [300-301]. “ vulsus, [301]. Callophis, [40]. “ feeds only on snakes belonging to Calamaridæ, [42]. “ bibronii, [41]. “ gracilis, [41]. “ maclellandi, [41]. “ maculiceps, [41]. “ trimaculatus, [41]. Calmette’s serum, cobra-bites treated with, [363-5]. See also Serum, antivenomous. Calvados, Callionymus lyra common on coast of, [301]. Cantharis (blister-beetles), [281]. Cantor, on venom of Naja bungarus, [39]. “ vindictiveness of Naja bungarus, [39]. Captivity, poisonous snakes kept in, [61], [62], [125], [156], [223]. Carawalla. See Ancistrodon hypnale. Cardiac poison of toad-venom (bufotalin), [319], [320]. Caribbean Sea, Scorpæna grandicornis found in, [293]. Carpi and Morgenroth, lecithide of bee-venom prepared by, [285]. Carrière, experiments on ingestion of venom, [214]. Cascavella (Crotalus terrificus), [124]. Cato, army of, patronage of snake-charmers by, [228]. Causus, [67]. “ defilipii, [67]. “ lichtensteinii, [68]. “ resimus, [67]. “ rhombeatus, [67]. Cells, dissolution of. See Cytolytic action. Cerastes, [47], [75]. “ bites from, [348-350]. ““ cured, [358]. “ secretion of, [150]. “ venom of, fatal to barefooted pedestrians, [76]. “ cornutus, [47], [75]. “ vipera, [75]. Cerceris bupresticida, [285]. Ceylon, snake-charmers of, [229]. Chameleons succumb rapidly to snake-poisoning, [172]. Chelicera (fang of spider), [274]. Chemical reactions exhibited by venoms, [162]. Chemical substances modifying or destroying venoms, [164]. Chemistry of snake-venoms, [159]. Cherry and Martin on antagonism between toxins and antitoxins, [253]. Chilomycterus, [307]. “ orbicularis, [307]. “ tigrinus, [307]. China and Japan, Lophius setigerus found in seas of, [304]. Chloride of gold, antidote to venom before absorption, [261], [263]. ““ solution, modifies or destroys venom, [164]. “ lime solution, modifies or destroys venom, [164]. Cholesterin, antidote to lecithin, [198]. Chromic acid, antidote to venom before absorption, [260]. ““ solution, modifies or destroys venoms, [164]. Clamouse, on bites from European vipers, [343]. Clot Bey on Egyptian snake-charmers, [228-229]. Clothing protective against dangerous effects of snake-bite, [170]. Cobra, bite of, clinical symptoms, [169]. ““““ exhibit rapid general intoxication, [169]. ““ treated with Calmette’s serum, [363]. “ extraction of venom from, method, [153]. “ Egyptian (Naja haje or haie), [59]. “ method of carrying after capture, [21]. “ snake-charmers’ skill with, [229]. “ venom of, [149]. ““ alkaloids in, [160]. ““ chemical analysis, [159]. ““ comparison of toxicity by means of intra-cerebral injections, [186]. ““ destructive action of bile on, [215]. ““ dissolution of trypanosomes by, [207]. ““ dose lethal for different animals in twenty-four hours, [174]. ““ fixation on nervous elements, [186]. ““ local effects on serous membranes slight, [179]. ““ potency of antineurotoxic antivenomous serum against, [250], [251], [252]. ““ vaccination against, [242], [244], [245]. Cobra-di-Capello, [33]. See also Naja tripudians. ““ spectacled, used by Hindu snake-charmer, [229]. Cœlenterates, poisonous species of, [269]. Cœlopeltis, [22]. “ moilensis, [23]. “ monspessulana, [23]. Cold, intense, toxicity of venom not diminished by, [166]. Colombia, herons of, probably immune to snake-venom, [227]. ““ hunt young snakes for food, [226]. Coloration of snakes, [15], [16]. ““ subject to biological laws of mimicry, [15], [16]. Colubridæ, [3], [30], [57], [82], [100], [101-109]. See also Acanthophis, Aspidelaps, Boulengerina, Brachyaspis, Dendraspis, Denisonia, Diemenia, Elapechis, Elapognathus, Furina, Glyphodon, Homorelaps, Hoplocephalus, Micropechis, Notechis, Ogmodon, Opisthoglypha, Proteroglypha, Pseudechis, Pseudelaps, Rhinhoplocephalus, Rhynchelaps, Sepedon, Tropidechis, Walterinnesia. Colubridæ (sub-family Elapinæ). See also Bungarus, Naja, Hemibungarus, Callophis, Doliophis. “ resemblance to harmless snakes, [3]. “ species of, bite rapidly produces general intoxication, [168]. “ venoms of, absorption by digestive tract often without ill-effect, [180], [181]. “““““““ cause, [181]. ““ action on nervous centres profound, [185]. ““ affinity of scorpion poison to, [278]. ““ albumoses of, [162]. ““ destroy coagulability of blood, [179], [188], [189]. ““ dialyse slowly, [161]. ““ lethal effects on mammals, [170]. ““ minimum doses lethal for guinea-pig in twenty-four hours, [173]. ““ precipitation of anticoagulant substance in, [195]. ““ recovery rapid after non-lethal doses, [177]. ““ resistant to heat, [161]. ““ richness in neurotoxin, [249]. Common rattle-snake, [125]. See also Crotalus durissus. Congestin, poison from Anemone scultata, [271]. Conjunctivitis caused by discharge into eyes of venom of spitting snake, [63], [64]. Copperhead, [90]. See also Denisonia superba. Coral-snake, [104]. “ immunity from bite of, [238]. “ venomous nature of, [108]. “ See also Elaps corallinus. Coral or harlequin snake, [106]. See Elaps fulvius. Cordier, D., cobra-bites treated with Calmette’s serum, [363]. Cotes, E. C., on extraction of venom by charmers, [234]. Cottus, [289], [290], [292]. “ poison-apparatus of, [293]. Crabronidæ, [285]. “ stings of females of, toxic to other insects, nearly harmless to man, [285]. Crotalinæ (Viperidæ), [101], [109]. “ characteristics of, [6]. “ venoms of certain species of, non-coagulant, [191], [192], [193]. “ See Ancistrodon; Lachesis. Crotalus (rattle-snake), [110], [122]. “ comparative toxicity of organs, [220]. “ eggs of, rich in poison, [220]. “ poison glands of, [148]. “ venom of, alkaloids in, [160]. ““ comparison of toxicity by means of intra-cerebral injections, [186]. ““ ingestion causing death, [180]. ““ weak hæmolysing power possessed by, [199]. “ adamanteus, venom of, dose lethal for rabbit, [175]. “ cerastes (horned rattle-snake), [129]. “ confluentus (Pacific or mottled rattle-snake), [124]. “““““ habits, [125]. ““ devoured by pigs, [125]. Crotalus confluentus, secretion of, [150]. “ durissus (common rattle-snake), [125]. “ horridus, [127]. ““ bites from, [355]. “ lepidus, [129]. “ mitchelli, [127]. “ polystictus, [129]. “ scutulatus (Texas rattle-snake), [124]. “ terrificus (dog-faced rattle-snake or cascavella), [124]. “ tigris, [127]. “ triseriatus, [129]. Cryptobranchus japonicus (great Japanese salamander), [313-315], [317]. ““ venom of, [317]. “““ action similar to that of viperine venoms, [317]. Curados de Culebras, immunity produced by inoculation by, [235-237]. Cytolytic action of venoms, [206].
Daboia. See Vipera russellii. Deafness following bite of viper, [178]. Death adder, [96]. See also Acanthophis antarcticus. Delezenne, establishment of existence of kinase in venoms, [204]. “ on the kinasic properties of venoms, [204], [213]. Dendraspis, [65]. “ angusticeps, [66]. “ antinorii, [66]. “ jamesonii, [66]. “ viridis, [66]. Denisonia, [88]. “ carpentariæ, [92]. “ coronata, [89]. “ coronoides, [89]. “ dæmelii, [90]. “ flagellum, [91]. “ frenata, [90]. “ frontalis, [91]. “ gouldii, [91]. “ maculata, [91]. “ melanura, [92]. “ muelleri, [90]. “ nigrescens, [92]. “ nigrostriata, [92]. “ pallidiceps, [92]. “ par, [92]. “ punctata, [91]. “ ramsayi, [90]. “ signata, [90]. “ superba (the copperhead), [89]. “ suta, [90]. “ woodfordii, [93]. Dialysis, results of, in experiments with venoms of Colubridæ and Viperidæ, [161]. Diastases, action upon venoms, [214]. Diastasic actions of venoms, [212]. Diemenia, [86]. “ modesta, [87]. “ nuchalis, [87]. “ olivacea, [87]. “ psammophis, [87]. “ textilis (brown snake), [87]. ““““ bite dangerous, [100]. “ torquata, [87]. Digestion of snakes aided by venoms, [213], [214]. Digestive tract, absorption of venoms of Colubridæ often without ill-effect on, [180], [181]. “““““““ cause, [181]. Diodon, [305]. Dipsadomorphinæ, sub-family of Opisthoglypha, [3]. “ geographical distribution, [4]. Dipsas, teeth of, [8].
Distira, fresh-water genus of Hydrophiinæ, [5], [136]. “ cyanocincta, [137]. “ jerdonii, [137]. “ ornata, [136]. “ subcincta, [137]. Dog, minimal dose of cobra-venom lethal for, [174]. Dog-faced rattle-snake, [124]. See also Crotalus terrificus. Doliophis, [42]. “ bilineatus, [43]. “ bivirgatus, [42]. “ intestinalis, [42]. “ philippinus, [43]. Domestic animals, treatment of poisonous bites in, [265]. Duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus paradoxus or O. anatinus), [323]. Duméril and Bibron, on coloration of snakes, [16]. ““ Naja worship in Egypt, [61]. Dutch Indies, poisonous snakes inhabiting, [30-57]. Dyer, venom antitoxin treatment of yellow fever, [184].
Eau de Javel, antidote to venom before absorption, [263]. ““ in treatment of wasp- or bee-stings, [286]. Echidnin, chemistry of, [160]. Echinoidea (sea-urchins), [273]. Echinoderms, poisonous species of, [273]. Echis, [48], [76]. “ carinatus (efa, viper of the pyramids), [48], [76]. ““ bite from, [347]. ““ dreaded by Egyptians, [77]. ““ venom rapid in action, [49]. “ coloratus, [77]. Efa (Echis carinatus), [48], [76]. See also Echis carinatus. Eggs of bees, venom contained in, [284]. “ fowls, artificial intoxication by venom, effect on embryo, [214]. “ Crotalus rich in poison, [220]. Egypt, laboratory researches in, [149], [150]. “ snake-charmers of, [228-229]. Egyptians, dread of Echis carinata (Efa) shown by, [77]. ““ and pursuit of Naja haje among, [60]. Ehrlich, theory of lateral chains, [208], [220]. Elachistodontinæ, sub-family of Opisthoglypha, [3]. “ geographical distribution, [4]. Elapechis, [58]. “ boulengeri, [59]. “ decosteri, [59]. “ hessii, [59]. “ guentheri, [58]. “ niger, [58], [59]. “ sundevallii, [59]. Elapinæ, sub-family of Colubridæ, [30]. “ geographical distribution, [5]. Elapognathus, [97]. “ minor, [97]. Elaps, [101], [108]. “ ancoralis, [108]. “ annellatus, [103]. “ anomalus, [103]. “ buckleyi, [103]. “ corallinus (coral snake), [104]. See also Coral-snake. “ decoratus, [104]. “ dissoleucus, [106]. “ dumerilii, [104]. “ elegans, [103]. “ euryxanthus (Sonoran coral-snake), [102]. “ filiformis, [107]. “ fraseri, [107]. “ frontalis, [106]. “ fulvius (harlequin or coral-snake), [106]. “ gravenhorstii, [102]. “ hemprichii, [104]. “ heterochilus, [102]. “ heterozonus, [103]. “ langsdorffii, [103]. “ lemniscatus, [107]. “ marcgravii, [106]. “ mentalis, [107]. “ mipartitus, [107]. “ narduccii, [108]. “ psyches, [106]. “ spixii, [106]. Elaps surinamensis, [102]. “ tschudii, [104]. Electricity passed through solution of venom in form of continuous electrolytic current destroys toxicity, [165]. See also High frequency currents. Embryo, anomalies in development consequent on introduction of venom into eggs of fowl, [214]. Enhydrina, [139]. “ venom of, fixation on nervous elements, [186]. “ bengalensis (syn. E. valakadien), [139]. “ valakadien (syn. E. bengalensis), [139]. ““ venom of, dose lethal for different animals, [174]. Enhydris, [138]. “ curtus, [138]. ““ venom of, dose lethal for rat, [174]. Entomophaga, [286]. Eosin, photodynamic action of, diminishes toxicity of venoms, [167]. Epeira, [276]. Erythrosin, photodynamic action of, diminishes toxicity of venoms, [167]. Europe, poisonous snakes inhabiting, [22-29]. ““ geographical distribution of genera (tables), [142]. “ (Central). See Alps. “ Triton cristatus and T. marmoratus found in, [313]. Ewing, action of venom on brain, [185].
Facial bones, special arrangements of, characteristic of poisonous snakes, [6]. Fasting, prolonged, snake-venom shows greatest activity after, [176]. Faust, S., salamandrine prepared by, [316]. Fayrer, Sir J., fatal results of experimental ingestion of venoms, [180]. ““ on the daboia (Vipera russellii), [47]. ““ habits of the krait (Bungarus candidus), [33]. ““ harmless ingestion of venom exceeding lethal dose, [214]. ““ Naja bungarus, [39]. Feeding, artificial, in laboratories for collection of venom, [157]. ““ of poisonous snakes, [17], [18]. Fer-de-lance (Lachesis lanceolatus), [112], [113], [114]. Féré, Ch., experiments on development of embryo after introduction of venom into fowl’s egg, [214]. Fishes succumb rapidly to snake-venom, [172]. “ venomous, [288]. ““ poison-apparatus of, [289]. Flexner and Noguchi, on action of snake-serum on red corpuscles, [219]. ““ cytolytic action of venoms, [206]. ““ investigations on toxicity of snakes’ organs, [220]. Food, abstinence from, by snakes, [149]. Fowls killed by causing them to ingest venom, [180]. Fox, W. A., bite from Sepedon hæmachates, [337]. France, mortality from snake-bite in, [3]. Fraser, on destructive action of bile on cobra-venom, [215]. Frog-serum, antidote to poison of pedicellariæ, [274]. Frogs succumb slowly to snake-poisoning, [172]. Furina, [98]. “ bimaculata, [99]. “ calonota, [99]. “ occipitalis, [99].
Gaboon viper, [73]. See also Bitis gabonica. Gangrene, produced by venom of Viperidæ, [177]. Gautier, Armand, chemical constituents of venom, [160]. Geographical distribution of poisonous snakes in Africa, [143], [144]. ““““ America, [146]. ““““ Asia, [142], [143]. ““““ Europe, [142]. ““““ Oceania, [145]. Geracki, collection of venom, [156]. Gibbs, Wolcott, chemical constituents of venom, [160]. Glands (acid and alkaline), poison-organs of the hymenoptera, [282]. “ secretion of venom from, [147]. Glandular secretions of persons and animals bitten by venomous snakes, toxic, [181]. Glycerine, means of preservation of concentrated solution of venom, [166]. Glyphodon, [83]. “ tristis, [84]. Gobiidæ, [300]. Gouzien, Paul, collection of venom from poisonous snakes in French settlements in India, [359]. ““ on collection of venom, [156]. Grage (Lachesis atrox), immunity from bite of, [238]. Grass-snakes, parotid glands of, [147]. ““ withstand large doses of venom, [172]. Gressin on poisoning from weever-stings, [299]. de Gries on bites from Bothrops, [353], [354]. Ground rattle-snake, [120]. See also Sistrurus miliarius. Grunting batrachus. See Batrachus grunniens. Guiana, witch-doctors of, snake-bite remedies, [237], [238]. Guinea-pig, minimal doses of various venoms lethal for, [173], [174], [175]. “ vaccination against cobra-venom, [242].
Hæmolysins of venom, resistance to heat, [202]. Hæmolysis, failure of, under exposure of red corpuscles to large doses of venom, [199], [200], [201]. “ in venoms, comparative study of, [196]. “ power of, possessed by various venoms, [199]. Hæmorrhages produced by albuminoid of snake-venom, [162]. “ visceral, complicating recovery from bites of Viperidæ, [177], [178]. Hæmorrhagin in venoms, [187]. “ local effects of, not prevented by antineurotoxic serum, [251]. “ predominance in venom of Viperidæ, [249]. Hæmorrhagin, present in some species of Viperidæ, [249]. “ sensitive to heat, [249]. Hamadryas elaps, [37]. See also Naja bungarus. Harlequin or coral snake, [106]. See also Elaps fulvius. Heart, action of venom on, [184]. Heat, comparative effect on venoms of Colubridæ, Hydrophiidæ and Viperidæ, [161]. “ hæmorrhagin sensitive to, [249]. “ resistance of hæmolysins of venoms to, [202]. “ sole agent in attenuating venom submitted to alternating high frequency currents, [165]. Heating destroys toxicity of blood of reptiles, [218]. Hedgehog, immunity of, to venom of Vipera berus, [226]. ““““ proved experimentally, [226]. “ blood of, toxic before heating, antitoxic afterwards, [226]. Heloderma horridum, [321]. ““ saliva sometimes toxic, sometimes harmless, [323]. ““ venom of, [321], [322]. Hemibungarus, [39]. “ calligaster, [40]. “ collaris, [40]. “ japonicus, [40]. “ nigrescens, [40]. Henri, V., poison from pedicellariæ prepared by, [273]. Herons of Colombia hunt young snakes for food, [227]. ““ probable immunity to snake-venom, [226], [227]. Hetero-albumoses, active principle of snake-venom, [164]. “ separation from snake-venom, [162], [163]. Heterometrus maurus, venom of, [279]. “““ effect upon sparrows, [279]. High frequency currents, alternating, attenuate venom only by thermic action, [165]. Hill, Patrick, on duck-billed platypus, [324]. Hindus, worship bestowed on Naja by, [38]. Holbrook on Crotalus confluentus, [125]. Holocanthus, [305]. “ imperator, [305]. Homalopsinæ, sub-family of Opisthoglypha, [3]. “ geographical distribution, [4]. “ aquatic, [4]. Homorelaps, [57]. Hoplocephalus, [93]. “ bitorquatus, [94]. “ bungaroides (syn. H. variegatus, broad-headed snake), [94]. “ curtus (Notechis scutatus, tiger-snake), [95]. “““““ bite dangerous, [100]. “““““ secretion of, [149]. “ stephensii, [94]. Horned rattle-snake, [129]. See also Crotalus cerastes. Horse, bleeding, aseptically, after vaccination to obtain antivenomous serum, [245], [246]. “ immunisation to venom, difficulties attending, [244], [245]. Horse, minimal dose of venom lethal for, [176]. “ polyvalent serum prepared from, [251]. “ red corpuscles of, reasons for choice of, for exposure to action of venom, [196], [197]. “ vaccination of, against cobra-venom, [244], [245]. Horse-serum must be added to venom to dissolve washed red corpuscles, [197]. Hottentots, venom of Bitis arietans employed for poisoning arrows by, [72]. Hydrelaps, [134]. Hydrophiidæ (sea-snakes), [100]. “ bite from, cure, [338]. ““ rapidly produces general intoxication, [168]. “ venoms of, resistant to heat, [161]. Hydrophiinæ (sea-snakes), [4], [131]. ““ habitat and geographical distribution, [4], [5]. ““ habits of, [131]. Hydrophis (sea-snakes), [134]. ““ venom from, [360]. “ cærulescens, [135]. “ cantoris, [135]. “ elegans, [135]. “ fasciatus, [136]. “ gracilis, [135]. “ leptodira, [136]. “ nigrocinctus, [135]. “ obscurus (syn. H. stricticollis), [136]. “ spiralis, [135]. Hydrus, [132]. Hymenoptera, [281]. “ poison-glands of, [281], [282]. Hypochloride of calcium solution modifies or destroys venoms, [164]. Hypochlorite of lime, antidote to venom before absorption, [261], [263]. ““ remedy for wasp- or bee-sting, [286]. Hypochlorites, alkaline, antidotes to venom before absorption, [261]. Hypoleucocytosis, accompanying snake-bite, in lethal cases, [211], [212]. “ following fatal dose of venom, [216].
Immunity to venom, active, incontestably possible, [240]. ““ doubtful, by Vatuas’ method, [239]. ““ hereditary, pretended, [238]. ““““ in India and Egypt, [240]. ““ natural, [222]. ““ partial, enjoyed by snakes due to diastasic substances in blood, [218], [219]. ““ in lethal doses not conferred by ingestion of venom, [215]. India, French Settlements in, collection of venom and treatment of bites from poisonous snakes in, [359]. “ legend relating to Naja in, [37]. “ mortality from snake-bite in, [2], [38], [363]. ““““ excessive, due to snake-worship, [2]. “““ Naja bites, [38]. India, poisonous snakes inhabiting, [30-57]. ““ snake-charmers in, [229-234]. “““ remedies for bites, [237]. “ Teuthis found in, [301]. Indian Ocean, Chilomycterus orbicularis and C. tigrinus, [307]. ““ Naseus found in, [301]. ““ Plotosus found in, [308]. ““ Pterois found in, [296]. ““ Scorpæna diabolus found in, [293]. ““ Tetrodon stellatus found in, [306]. Inoculation, experimental, by Fraser, of Edinburgh, [235]. “ extraction of venom from alcatifa for, [239]. “ graduated, by French viper-catchers, [234]. “ immunity incontestable from, [240]. “ subcutaneous, productive of immunity, [234]. Insects, venomous species of, [281]. Invertebrata easily killed by venom inoculation, [173].
Jacolot, on Mexicans’ method of immunisation, [255-257]. Japan, Cryptobranchus japonicus found in, [315]. “ Prionurus found in, [301]. “ Tetrodon rubripes found on shores of, [306]. “““ See also China and Japan. Jararacussu (Lachesis lanceolatus), [112], [113], [114]. Jean, bite from Trigonocephalus, [352]. Jugglers called in to expel efas (echis carinatus) from Egyptian houses, [77]. Julus, [280].
Kanthack, A. A., on chemical constituents of venom, [160]. Kasauli, laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at, [248], [252]. Katipo (Latrodectus scelio), [275]. Kayalof, Mlle., poison from pedicellariæ prepared by, [273]. Kidney, action of venom on, [183]. Kinase in snake-venoms, [204]. Kinasic properties of venom, how produced, [213]. “““ See also Diastasic actions. King cobra. See Naja bungarus. Kipling, Rudyard, account of battle between mongoose and cobra, [223]. Kobert, poison from Latrodectus and Epeira prepared by, [276]. Krait, [30]. See also Bungarus. Krefft, Gerard, on snakes of Australia, [81], [82]. Kyes, lecithide from scorpion-venom, [278]. “ on relation of toxins to antitoxins, [254], [255], [257]. “ the production of lecithides, [197], [199].
Labaria (Lachesis atrox), [114]. Labial glands, upper, venomous secretions, [147]. Laboratories for preparation of antivenomous serum, [248], [252]. de Lacerda, on diastatic actions of venoms, [212]. “ Elaps, [108]. “ harmless ingestion of venom exceeding lethal dose, [214]. Lacertidæ, [321]. Lachesis, [51], [109], [111]. “ bite of, clinical symptoms, [169]. “““ primarily local, violent, [169]. “ classification of species, [52]. “ venom of, absorption by digestive system, cause of acute inflammation of gastric mucous membrane, [180]. ““ rich in kinase, [204]. “ alternatus, [115]. “ ammodytoides, [117]. “ anamallensis, [56]. “ atrox (grage), immunity from bite of, [238]. ““ (labaria), [114]. “ aurifer, [119]. “ bicolor, [119]. “ bilineatus, [118]. “ borneensis, [57]. “ brachystoma, [118]. “ cantoris, [53]. “ castelnaudi, [117]. “ ferox (grage), bites from, cure, [351]. “ flavomaculatus, [55]. “ flavoviridis, [53]. “ godmani, [118]. “ gramineus, [55]. ““ venom of, dose lethal for rabbit, [175]. “ jerdonii, [54]. “ lanceolatus (fer-de-lance, or jararacussu), [112]. ““ description and habits, [113], [114]. ““ mortality from bite of, [113]. ““ secretion of, [150]. ““ venom of, [325]. “““ coagulant action on blood, [191]. “““““ diminishes when heated, [191]. “ lansbergii, [118]. “ lateralis, [119]. “ luteus, [54]. “ macrolepis, [56]. “ microphthalmus, [114]. “ monticola, [52]. “ mucrosquamatus, [54]. “ mutus (bushmaster or surucucu), [112]. “ neuwiedii (urutù), [115]. “ nigroviridis, [119]. “ nummifer, [117]. “ okinavensis, [52]. “ pictus, [115]. “ pulcher, [114]. “ puniceus, [56]. Lachesis purpureomaculatus, [54]. “ schlegelii, [119]. “ strigatus, [53]. “ sumatranus, [56]. “ trigonocephalus, [56]. “ undulatus, [118]. “ wagleri, [57]. “ xanthogrammus, [117]. Lamb, G., on action of venom on brain, [185]. “ on coagulant action of venom of Vipera russellii, [191]. Landouzy, Prof., on serum therapeutics, [240]. Lannoy, on diastasic actions of venoms, [212], [213]. “ proteolytic action of venoms, [204]. “ researches of, on glands of snakes, [147]. Lapeyre, on bites from European vipers, [346]. Latrodectus, [276]. “ erebus, [276]. “ mactans, [275]. “ malmignattus, [275]. Lavigne, bite from Trigonocephalus, [354]. de Lavison, R., on Lachesis lanceolatus, [113]. Lecithides, production of, [191], [197], [198], [199], [254], [258]. ““ from bee-venom, [285]. “““scorpion-venom, [278]. Lecithin, added to venom to dissolve washed red corpuscles, [197]. “ cholesterin antidote to, [198]. “ combination with snake-venom, [254]. Leipothymia following inoculation of venom of Synanceia brachio, [292]. Le Naour, on the spitting snake, [63]. Leucocytes, protective rôle against snake-poisoning, [216]. Leucolysin, mode of producing, [203]. Lewin, experiments on immunity of hedgehog to venom, [226]. Leydig, researches of, [147]. Lhomme, bite from Lachesis ferox, [351]. “ collection of venom, [156]. Light, destructive effect of, on venom in solution, [165]. Liver, action of venom on, [182]. Livingstone, mention of Naja haje by, [60]. Lizards, [321-323]. “ only one species venomous, [322]. “ succumb rapidly to snake-poisoning, [172]. Lophius, [304]. “ piscatorius, [301]. “ setigerus, [303-304]. Lucan, passage from, quoted, on immunity of Psylli, [240]. Lumière, A., and Nicolas, J., on effect of intense cold on venom, [166]. Lungs, action of venom on, [184]. Lycodon aulicus, resemblance of Bungarus candidus to, [33].
Maclaud, bite from Naja haje, [356]. Madsen, Th., and Noguchi, H., on ratio between dose of venom and time elapsing till death, [177]. Mal on Hindu snake-charmers, [229]. Malaysia, poisonous snakes of, [81]. Malmignatte, [275]. Mammals, action of Colubrine venom on, symptoms and course, [171]. ““““ post-mortem findings, [171]. ““ Viperine venoms on, symptoms and course, [171]. ““““ post-mortem findings, [171]. Man, minimal dose of venom lethal for, [176]. “ not attacked by Bitis gabonica (Gaboon viper), [74]. Mano de sapo root, eaten by Mexicans during immunisation treatment, [236]. Maoris’ fear of Katipo, [275]. Marchand, on bites from European vipers, [339]. Mariadassou, P., serum treatment, [363-371]. Mariapregassam, collection of venom, [361]. Marotte, on Naja haje bite, [356]. Martin, C. J., chemical constituents of venom, [160]. ““ experiments on Pseudechis, [162]. “““ with rats proving harmlessness of ingestion of venom of Pseudechis, [181]. ““ on venom of Ornithorhynchus, [324]. ““ and Cherry, on antagonism between toxins and antitoxins, [253]. ““ and Smith, MacGarvie, on local and general effects of albumoses derived from snake-venom, [163]. Martinique, mortality from bite of fer-de-lance in, [113]. Massasanga, [120]. See also Sistrurus catenatus. de Maupas on Pelias berus bite, [357]. Mediterranean Sea, Muræna helena found in, [309]. ““ Scorpæna porcus found in, [294]. Medulla, substance of, fixation of venom on, [186]. Meloë (oil-beetles), [281]. Mexico, inoculation of natives in, successful, [235-237]. Micropechis, [93]. “ elapoides, [93]. “ ikaheka, [93]. Milk from mother bitten by poisonous snake causing death of young, [181], [214]. Mimicry, biological laws of, coloration of snakes subject to, [15], [16]. Mitchell, S. Weir, on chemical constituents of venom, [160]. ““ fatal results of experimental ingestion of venoms, [180]. ““ harmless ingestion of venom exceeding lethal dose, [214]. Moindrot, H., bites from European vipers, [345]. Molluscs, poisonous species of, [286]. Mongoose, battles with hamadryads and cobras, [223], [224]. ““ victory mainly due to natural agility, [225]. “ immunity to snake-venom, [223]. “““ not absolute, [225]. “““ proved by injections, [224], [225]. Monotremata. See Ornithorhynchus paradoxus or O. anatinus. Mons on bite from horned viper, [349]. Morgenroth, on combination of venom with lecithin, [254]. “ reconstitution of toxins, [257]. “ and Carpi, lecithide of bee-venom prepared by, [285]. Mortality from bite of Naja in India, [38]. ““ Vipera berus (common viper or adder), [27]. ““ poisonous snake-bite; localities:— Australia, [100], [261]. France, [3]. India, [2], [38], [363]. Martinique, [113]. Mottled Rattle-snake [124], [125]. See also Crotalus confluentus. Moudon, on bite from Cerastes, [348]. Moult of snake’s skin, [16], [20]. “ venom shows greatest activity after, [176]. Mouse, experiments on, demonstrating neutralisation of venom by antitoxin, [254]. Mucous membranes, acute inflammation produced by deposit of venoms on, [180]. Muræna, [309]. “ poison apparatus in buccal teeth, [288]. “““ of, [309], [310]. “ helena, [309]. “ moringa, [309]. Murænidæ, [307], [309]. Murex brandaris, [286]. “ trunculus, [286]. Murison, Lieutenant C. C., on bite from Echis carinata, [347]. Muscles, striated, action of venoms on, [184]. Muscular apparatus of head of poisonous snakes, [11], [12], [13]. Myriopods, venomous species of, [280].
Naja (cobra), [33], [59]. “ habits of species of, [37]. “ legend relating to marks on its neck, [37]. “ mortality from bite of, in India, [38]. “ poison-glands of, [148]. “ venom of, active hæmolysing power possessed by, [199]. “ worship bestowed on, by Hindus, [38]. “ anchietæ, [62]. “ bungarus (Ophiophagus or Hamadryas elaps, king cobra or hamadryad), [37], [38]. ““ action of venom, [39]. ““ feeds on other snakes, [38]. ““ killed by mongoose, [223]. ““ method of procuring food, [38], [39]. ““ vindictiveness of, [39]. “ flava, [61]. ““ goldii, [62]. “ haje or haie (Egyptian cobra), [59]. ““ bites from, [356]. Naja haje, danger extreme from its boldness in pursuit of victims, [60]. ““ dreaded and hunted down in Egypt, [60]. ““employed by Egyptian snake-charmers, [61]. ““ secretion of, [149]. “““ tables, [150]. ““ worshipped among ancient Egyptians, [61]. “ melanoleuca, [62]. “ nigricollis, [62]. “ samarensis, [36]. “ tripudians (Cobra-di-capello), [33-36]. ““ collection of venom from, [156], [360]. ““ marks produced on skin by bite of, [10]. ““ muscular apparatus of head of, [11], [13]. ““ poison-gland of, [11], [13]. ““ var. cæca, [35]. “““ fasciata, [35]. “““ miolepsis, [36]. “““ sputatrix, [35]. “““ typica, [34]. Naseus, [301]. Natter-jack, [318]. Neurotoxic and hæmolytic actions of venoms, parallelism between, [255]. Neurotoxin, [191], [195]. “ essential active substance in venoms, [187], [250]. “ highly resistant to heat, [249]. “ of scorpion-poison, [278]. “ of toad-venom (bufotenin), [320]. “ potency of antineurotoxic serum against, [250], [251]. “ predominance in venom of Colubridæ, [249]. “ present in venoms of some species of Viperidæ, [249]. Neuwied on Elaps, [108]. New Caledonia, terrestrial poisonous snakes unknown in, [100]. New Guinea, poisonous snakes of, [81-100]. New Zealand, Katipo found in, 275. “ no poisonous snakes in, [100]. Nicolas, J., and Lumière, A., on effect of intense cold on venom, [166]. Noc, on action of different venoms, [190], [191]. “ bacteriolytic property of venom, with respect to different micro-organisms, [207], [208], [209]. “ hæmolytic powers of venoms, [196]. “ study of venom of Ornithorhynchus, [324]. Noguchi, H., on action of aniline colours on venom, [167]. “ failure of hæmolysis under large doses of venom, [200], [201]. “ and Flexner, cytolytic action of venoms, [206]. “““ investigations on toxicity of snakes’ organs, [220]. “““ on action of snake-serums on red corpuscles, [219]. ““ Madsen, Th., on ratio between dose of venom and time elapsing till death, [177]. Normandy, coast of, Cottus abundant on, [292]. Notechis, [95]. “ scutatus (syn. Hoplocephalus curtus, tiger-snake), [95]. “““““ bite dangerous, [100]. ““ venom of, dose lethal for rabbit, [175].
Oceania, geographical distribution of genera of poisonous snakes (tables), [145]. Octopods, poisonous juice exuded by, a means of overpowering prey, [287]. Ogmodon, [82]. “ vitianus, [82]. Oil beetles, [281]. See also Meloë. Ophiogeni in Egypt, [228]-229. Ophiophagus, [37]. See also Naja bungarus. Ophthalmia, purulent, produced by snake-venom experimentally, [180]. “““ venom of species of Sepedon, [180]. Opisthoglypha, group of Colubridæ, [3]. “ sub-families of, [3]. See also Homalopsinæ, Dipsadomorphinæ, Elachistodontinæ. ““ slightly poisonous and not dangerous to man, [4]. Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, or O. anatinus (duck-billed platypus), [323]. “““““ venom of, [324], [325]. “““““ action similar to venoms of Viperidæ, [324]. “““““ toxicity very slight, [325].
Pacific Ocean (Equatorial), Pterois found in, [296]. ““ (Tropical), Scorpæna diabolus found in, [293]. “““ Synanceia brachio most commonly found in, [291]. “ rattle-snake, [124], [125]. See also Crotalus confluentus. Pain, severe, after bite of species of Viperidæ, [169]. “ slight from bite of cobra, [169]. Panama, Thalassophryne reticulata found on shores of, [303]. Pancreatic juice, addition to venom produces kinasic power, [213]. Paris, brown Pelobates found near, [318]. Parotid glands, venomous secretions, [147]. Pasteur Institute (Lille), poisonous snakes in captivity at, [72]. “““ preparation of antivenomous serum at, [245-248]. “““ rattle-snakes in captivity at, [125]. “““ work and experiments at, [189], [190], [191], [204], [214], [223], [224], [244-248], [267]. Paterne, D., bites from European vipers, [341]. Peal, H. W., on bite from Hydrophiidæ (sea-snakes), [338]. Pedicellariæ (organs of the Echinoidea), poison prepared from, [273]. Pediculati, [303]. Pedlar on chemical constituents of venom, [160]. Pelias berus (common viper), bite from, [339]. “““““ cure, [357]. Pelobates fuscus (brown Pelobates), [318]. Pelor, [293], [296]. Percidæ, [304]. Peritoneum, hæmorrhagic injections of, produced by venoms of Viperidæ, [179], [180]. Permanganate of potash, antidote to venom before absorption, [260]. ““ solution, modifies or destroys venoms, [164]. Philadelphia, laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at, [248], [252]. Philippine Islands, poisonous snakes inhabiting, [30-57]. Phisalix, experiments of, on venom with alternating currents of high frequency, [165]. “ on effects of emanations of radium on venom, [166]. “ variations in local effects of venoms, [176]. “ venom of Cryptobranchus japonicus, [317]. “ poison from bee-venom prepared by, [283]. “ researches of, on glands of snakes, [147]. “ and Bertrand, experiments on immunity of hedgehog to venom, [226]. “““ preparation of toad-venom, [319]. Phoorsa. See Echis carinatus. Phrynolysin, [320]. “ extracted from skins of toads, [320]. Physiology of experimental poisoning, [170]. Physostomi, [307]. Pig, destruction of vipers and rattle-snakes by, [125], [222], [226]. “ immunity to snake-venom due to defence provided by adipose tissue, [222]. “ serum, devoid of antitoxic substance, [222]. Pigeons, vaccination against rattle-snake-venom, [241]. “ killed by causing them to ingest venom, [180]. Pinto, Col. S., on immunity to inoculation, [238], [239]. Platurus, [140]. “ colubrinus, [141]. “ laticaudatus, [141]. “ muelleri, [141]. “ schistorhynchus, [141]. Plectognathi (family Gymnodontes), [305]. Pliny on salamanders, [312]. “ treatment of poisonous snake-bites, [259]. Plotosus, [308]. “ lineatus, [308]. ““ poison-apparatus of, [308]. Plutarch on snake-charmers, [228]. Poison-apparatus of Cottus, [293]. “ Muræna, [309], [310]. “ Plotosus lineatus, [308]. “ Scorpæna, [294]. “ snakes, [8]. “ Synanceia, [291]. “ Trachinus (weevers), [297], [298], [299]. “ venomous fishes, [289]. Poison-fang, [8]. “ action of, [148]. “ of Proteroglypha grooved, [4], “ Viperidæ canaliculate, [5]. Poison-gland of Hymenoptera, [281], [282]. Poison-gland of non-venomous snakes, [217]. “ venomous snakes, [10], [11], [12], [13]. Polistes, [285]. Pompilus, [285]. Pondicherry, collection of venom at, [156-158]. “ Hospital, collection of venom, method, [362]. “ public notice in, re capture of poisonous snakes, [360]. Prairie rattle-snake, [120]. See also Sistrurus catenatus. Pravaz syringe, injection of serum with, [263]. Precipitins of venoms, [202]. Prionurus, [301]. Pröscher on extraction of phrynolysin from skins of toads, [320]. Proteids, extraction from snake-venom, [163]. Proteolytic action of venoms, [204]. “““ extent and limitations, [205]. Proteroglypha (group of Colubridæ), [4]. “ bite rapidly produces general intoxication, [168]. “ poison-fangs of, grooved, [4]. “ sub-families of, [4]. See also Hydrophiinæ; Elapinæ. Proto-albumoses, active principle of snake-venom, [164]. “ separation from snake-venom, [162], [163]. Pseudechis, [87]. “ venom of, experiments on, [162]. ““ ingestion by rats harmless, [181]. “ australis, [88]. “ cupreus, [88]. “ darwiniensis, [88]. “ ferox, [88]. “ microlepidotus, [88]. “ papuanus, [88]. “ porphyriacus (black snake), [88]. ““““ bite dangerous, [100]. ““““ secretion of, [149]. “ scutellatus, [88]. Pseudelaps, [84]. “ diadema, [85]. “ harriettæ, So. “ krefftii, [85]. “ muelleri, [84]. “ squamulosus, [84]. “ sutherlandi, [86]. “ warro, [86]. Pseudocerastes persicus, [47]. Psylli, Egyptian charmers and healers, [228-229]. “ Roman charmers and healers, [228]. “““““ Lucan on, [240]. Pterois, [293], [295-296]. Puff adder, [69]. See also Bitis arietans. Putrefaction, rapid, following death from snake-bite, [211], [212]. Pyramids, viper of (Echis carinatus), [76].
Queensland, mortality from snake-bite slight in, [100].
Rabbit, experiments on, demonstrating neutralisation of venom by antitoxin, [255]. “ minimal doses of various venoms lethal for, [173], [174], [175]. “ vaccination against cobra-venom, [243]. Rascasse, [296]. Rat, P., on common viper’s bite, [358]. “ ingestion of venom of Pseudechis harmless to, [181]. “ minimal doses of various venoms lethal for, [174]. Rat-serum, bacteriolytic action of venom not comparable to, [208]. Rattle-snake, common, [125]. See also Crotalus durissus. “ dog-faced, [124]. See also Crotalus terrificus. “ ground, [120]. See also Sistrurus miliarius. “ horned, [129]. See also Crotalus cerastes. “ Pacific, or mottled, [124]. See also Crotalus confluentus. “ prairie, [120]. See also Sistrurus catenatus. “ Texas, [124]. See also Crotalus scutulatus. “ venom, vaccination of pigeons against, [241]. Red Sea, Naseus found in, [301]. Reichert on chemical constituents of venom, [160].
Renaux, P., on bites from Crotalus horridus, [355]. Rennie, Major S. J., case of bite of Bungarus cæruleus, [337]. Reptiles, toxicity of blood in, [217]. Respiratory centres, nerve-cell of, attacked by albumose of snake-venom, [162]. Rhinhoplocephalus, [95]. “ bicolor, [95]. Rhynchelaps, [97]. “ australis, [98]. “ bertholdi, [97]. “ fasciolatus, [98]. “ semifasciatus, [98]. Richards on fatal results of experimental ingestion of venoms, [180]. Richet, C., congestin from Anemone scultata prepared by, [270]. “ thalassin, from Anemone scultata prepared by, [269]. Ringhals slang, [63]. See also Sepedon hæmachates. River-jack viper, [73]. See also Bitis gabonica. Rogers, Major L., experiments on action of venom on nervous centres, [186]. ““ researches of, on glands of snakes, [147]. Romans, snake-charmers’ customs among, [228]. ““““ Lucan on, [240]. Roudot, Natalis, on Hindu snake-charmers, [229]. Russell, on the venom of daboia (Vipera russellii), [46].
Sachs, on relation of toxins to antitoxins, [254]. Salamandarin, [316]. See also Salamandrine. Salamander, Japanese, [317]. See also Cryptobranchus japonicus. “ venom of, closely analogous to that of toad, [321]. ““ potency exaggerated by the ancients, [312]. Salamanders and toads most dreaded by ancients, [312]. Salamandra atra (black salamander), [313]. “ maculosa (spotted salamander), [313], [314]. Salamandridine prepared from venom of salamanders, [317]. Salamandrine, prepared from venom of salamanders, [317]. Saliva of Heloderma horridum sometimes toxic, sometimes harmless, [323]. “ venomous, of non-poisonous snakes, [214]. Sangis, name of snake-charmers of Bengal, [229]. São-Paulo (Brazil), laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at, [248], [252]. Scales, arrangement of, on heads of poisonous snakes, [14], [15]. Scolopendra, [280]. Scolopendridæ, bite of, [281]. Scorpæna, [288], [289], [293]. “ poison-apparatus of, [294]. “ diabolus, [293]. “ grandicornis, [293]. “ porcus, [294]. Scorpio occitanus, [277], [278]. Scorpion, blood of, antitoxic, [279]. “ manner of stinging, [277]. “ poison, [278]. ““ affinities with that of Colubridæ, [278]. ““ neurotoxin of, [278]. Scorpionidea (scorpions), [276]. Sea-snakes, [131]. See also Hydrophiinæ. “ (Hydrophis), venom from, [360]. Sepedon hæmachates (spitting snake or ringhals slang), [63]. ““ bite of, cure, [337]. ““ venom of, purulent ophthalmia discharged by spitting, [63], [64]. “““““ caused by projection of, [62], [180]. Serous membranes, local effects on, of cobra-venom, slight, [179]. ““““ venoms of Viperidæ, severe, [179]. Serph, collection of venom. [156]. Serranus, [304]. “ ouatabili, [304]. Serum, antivenomous, antineurotoxic, [250], [251]. “““ potency against cobra-venom, [250], [251], [252]. ““ in treatment of bites of poisonous snakes, [326]. “““ yellow fever, [184]. ““ method for measuring power of, [256], [257]. “““““ in vitro, [202]. ““ neutralisation of snake-venom by, [253-258]. “““““ experiments showing necessary proportions to effect, [254], [255]. ““ polyvalent, [251]. “““ prepared from horse, [251]. ““ preparation of, [246]. “““ test-solutions, [217]. “““ at Pasteur Institute, Lille, [245-248]. “““ special laboratories, [248], [252]. Serum, antivenomous, preventive power tested by intravenous injection, [246]. ““ rules respecting proportions of quantity to be administered, [266], [267], [268]. ““ specificity of, [248]. “ Calmette’s, in treatment of cobra-bites, [363], [364], [365]. “ therapeutics, antivenomous, [241-252]. “““ technique of, [262-265]. “ See also Snake serum. Serums, specific against coagulant venoms, [192]. Sewall on vaccination of pigeons against rattle-snake venom, [241]. Siluridæ, [307], [308]. Silurus glanis, [308]. Sistrurus, [110], [120]. “ catenatus (prairie rattle-snake, or massasanga), [120]. “ miliarius (ground rattle-snake), [120]. “ ravus, [120]. Skin, marks produced on, by bites of different species of snakes (venomous and non-venomous), [10]. Smell, loss of, following bite of viper, [178]. Smith, MacGarvie, researches of, [149]. ““ on chemical constituents of venom, [160]. ““ and Martin, C. J., on local and general effects of albumoses derived from snake-venoms, [163]. Snake-bite, death from, rapid putrefaction following, [211], [212]. “ hypoleucocytosis accompanying, in lethal cases, [211], [212]. “ mortality from, [2], [3], [38], [57], [100], [261], [363]. “ non-lethal, suppuration following, [212]. “ poisonous, treatment in domestic animals, [265]. “““ men and animals, [259]. “““ See also Serum therapeutics, antivenomous. Snake-charmers, [228]. “ deaths from bites, [234]. “ Egyptian, [228-229]. ““ employment of Naja haje for performances, [61]. “ Indian, [229-234]. “ Libyan, [228]. “ Roman, [228]. “ safety in skill, [234]. Snake-serum combined with snake-venom does not destroy red corpuscles, [220]. “ dissolution of red corpuscles by, [219]. Snake-venom, action on heart, [184]. ““ kidney, [183]. ““ liver, [182]. ““ lungs, [184]. ““ nervous centres, [185]. ““ spleen, [183]. ““ striated muscles, [184]. “ activity greatest after prolonged fasting and after moult, [176]. “ aids digestion of prey, [213], [214]. Snake-venom, antagonism between coagulant and anticoagulant kinds, [194]. “ antidotes to, before absorption, [260], [261]. “ artificial introduction into egg of fowl, effect on embryo, [214]. “ bacteriolytic action, [206]. ““ substance in, peculiarities of, [207], [208]. “ chemical study of, [159]. “ collection of, [147], [152-158]. ““ in French Settlements in India, [359]. “ combination with lecithin, [254]. “ combined with snake-serum does not dissolve red corpuscles, [220]. “ complex effects on tissues, [215]. “ complexity of means of defence against, [215]. “ cytolytic action, [206]. “ diastasic action of, [212]. “ dried, [149]. “ effects of, in non-lethal doses, [177]. “ extraction of, by Hindus, [233]. ““ from Alcatifa, for inoculation, [239]. “ freshly collected, [149]. “ hypoleucocytosis following fatal dose, [216]. “ immunity to, [222]. ““ from inoculation, [234-235]. ““ of herons to, probable, [226], [227]. “ ingestion of, fails to secure immunity to lethal dose, [214], [215]. ““ harmless, [214]. “ lethal to snakes of other species, [219]. “ neutralisation by antitoxin, [253-258]. ““ injection of antitoxic serum, second step in treatment after bite, [262]. “ no strict ratio between dose inoculated and time elapsing till death, [177]. “ parallelism between neurotoxic and hæmolytic action, [255]. “ prevention of absorption first step in treatment after bite, [262]. “ produces acute inflammation of mucous membrane, [180]. “ protective rôle of leucocytes against, [216]. “ proteolytic action, [204]. “ reconstitution, method of, [257], [258]. “ secretion of, [147-152]. “ temperature lowered after fatal dose, [216]. “ toxic conditions of, [151]. “ vaccination against, [241]. “ variations in local effects of, [176]. Snakes, coloration of, [15], [16]. ““ subject to biological laws of mimicry, [15], [16]. “ cranial skeleton of, [6]. “ dentition of, [6]. “ moulting of skin, [16], [20]. “ non-poisonous, arrangement of scales on head of, [14]. ““ poison-glands in, [217]. ““ venomous saliva of, [214]. Snakes, non-poisonous, withstand large doses of venom, [172]. “ poisonous, all species carnivorous, [17]. ““ arrangement of scales on head of, [15]. ““ artificial feeding of, [17], [18]. ““ bite of, danger diminished by clothing or other means of protection, [170]. ““ blood of, toxicity, [217]. ““ characterised by special arrangement of facial bones, [6]. ““ deaths from, in Queensland, [100]. ““ devoured by herons, [227]. ““ different species should not be placed in same cage, [219]. ““ difficult to distinguish from non-venomous, [2]. ““ digestion aided by venom, [213], [214]. ““ dread of destruction of, cause of excessive mortality from snake-bite in India, [2]. ““ geographical distribution of, [2], [3]. ““ habits of, [17]. ““ health authorities’ notices respecting, in Australia, [100]. ““ kept in captivity, [61], [72], [125], [156], [223]. ““ method of capture, [20], [21]. “““ striking and seizing prey, [17]. ““ muscular apparatus of head of, [11], [12], [13]. “ of Africa, [57-81]. ““ Asia, Dutch Indies and Philippine Islands, [30-57]. ““ Australia, [81-100]. ““ Europe, [22-29]. ““ Malaysia, [81]. ““ New Guinea, [81-100]. ““ South Sea Islands, [81-100]. ““ Sunda Islands, [81]. ““ poison-apparatus of, [8]. ““ poison-fangs of, [8]. ““ poison-glands of, [10], [11], [12], [13]. ““ succumb to venom of other species, [173]. ““ teeth of, difference in arrangement and dimensions of various species, [9]. ““ treatment of bites from, in French Settlements in India, [359]. ““ unaffected by enormous doses of their own venom, [172]. ““ unknown in New Caledonia, [100]. “““New Zealand, [100]. ““ victory of mongooses over, in combat, due mainly to natural agility, [225]. “ worship of, [2]. ““ extant in India, [2]. Solenoglypha, [109]. “ bite produces important local disorders, [168]. “ marks produced on skin by bite of one of, [10]. Sonoran coral-snake, [102]. See also Elaps euryxanthus. South Sea Islands, poisonous snakes of, [81-100]. Sparrows, effect of venom of Heterometrus maurus on, [279]. Sphærechinus granularis, poison from pedicellariæ, [273]. Spinal cord, comparative actions of venoms of Colubridæ and Viperidæ on, [185], [186]. Spiders. See Araneida. Spitting snake, [63]. See also Sepedon hæmachates. Spleen, action of venom on, [183]. Sponge-divers, malady of, [272]. Squamipinnes, [304]. Stings (wasp- or bee-), treatment for, [286]. Stomach, acute inflammation of gastric mucous membrane produced by ingestion of venoms of Viperidæ, [180]. Strongylocentrotus lividus, poison from pedicellariæ of, [273]. Strychnine, injection of, of no value as antidote against snake-venom, [261]. Sunda Islands, poisonous snakes of, [81]. Superstitions, native methods of inoculation full of, [239-240]. Suppuration following non-lethal snake-bites, [212]. Surucucu or bushmaster, [112]. See also Lachesis mutus. Sutherland, Surgeon-Captain, bite from Echis carinatus, [348]. Sydney, laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at, [248], [252]. Synanceia, [288], [289], [290]. “ poison-apparatus of, [291]. “ brachio, [291]. Syncope, following inoculation of venom of Synanceia brachio, [292].
Teleostei, [290], [305], [307]. Temperature, effect of, on venoms, [161]. Tetrodon, [290], [305]. “ rubripes, [306]. “ stellatus, [306]. Teuthididæ, [301]. Teuthis, [301]. Texas rattle-snake, [124]. See also Crotalus scutulatus. Thalassin, poison from Anemone scultata, [270]. Thalassophis, [133]. Thalassophryne, [288], [303]. “ maculosa, [303]. “ reticulata, [302-303]. Thuau on bites from European vipers, [342]. Tidswell, F., on venom of Ornithorhynchus, [324]. Tiger-snake, [95]. See also Notechis scutatus. Toad, common, [318]. “ green, [318]. “ musical, [318]. “ and frog, distinctions between, [318]. ““ salamander, much dreaded by ancients, [312]. “ venom of, [318], [319]. ““ active principles of, [319], [320]. ““ closely analogous to that of salamander, [321]. ““ preparation, [319]. ““ exaggerated by the ancients, [312]. Trachinidæ, [297]. Trachinus (weever), [288], [289], [297]. Trachinus (weever) poison-apparatus of, [297], [298], [299]. “ araneus, [297]. “ draco, [297]. “ radiatus, [297]. “ vipera, [297]. Travers, P. M., on bite from Bitis arietans, [350]. Trichloride of iodine modifies or destroys venoms, [164]. Triglidæ, [290]. Trigonocephalus, bites from, [352], [355]. Trimeresurus gramineus, [55]. See also Lachesis gramineus. “riukianus, [53]. See also Lachesis flavoviridis. Triodon, [305]. Triton cristatus, [313]. “ marmoratus, [313], [314]. Tropidechis, [94]. “ carinatus, [94]. Tropidonotus matrix (grass-snake), venogen of, [151]. Trypanosomes, dissolution by cobra-venom, [207]. Tubriwallahs, snake-charmers of Bengal, [229]. Tunis, snake-charmers of, [228]. Tuxpan, natives of, inoculation methods, [235-237].
Urodela, salamanders belong to order of, [312]. Urutù, [115]. See also Lachesis neuwiedii.
Vaccination against cobra-venom, [242]. ““ snake-venom, [241]. Van Denburgh, J., observations on Heloderma horridum, [323]. Vatuas, method of inoculation of, [239]. Venomous secretion, histology, [151]. de Villiers, on common viper’s bite, [357]. Viper, common, of Europe. See Vipera berus. “ horned, bite from, [349]. “ inoculation of professional catchers of, in France, [234]. Vipera, [43]. “ zoological characters of, [23], [24]. “ ammodytes, [29], [69]. “ aspis (asp, or red viper), [27], [28]. ““ bite from, cure, [339]. ““ poison-cells, [151]. “ berus (common viper, or adder), [25], [26]. ““ devoured by hedgehogs, [222], [226]. ““ mortality from bite, [27]. ““ venom of, chemical constituency, [149], [160]. “““ immunity of hedgehog to, [226]. “““ uncertain coagulant action on blood, [189], [190]. “ latastii, [28], [69]. “ lebetina, [44], [69]. Vipera raddii, [44]. “ renardi, [44]. “ russellii (daboia, or Russell’s viper), [45], [40]. ““ muscular apparatus of head of, [11], [12]. ““ poison-gland of, [11], [12]. ““ protection against, adopted by natives, [46]. ““ venom of, coagulant action on blood, diminished when heated, [191]. “““ extremely potent, [46]. “““ dose lethal for rabbit, [175]. “““ ingestion causing death, [180]. “ superciliaris, [69]. “ ursinii, [24], [25], [44]. Viperidæ, [5], [43], [66]. “ bites of, local gangrene resulting from, [177]. “ characteristics of, [5]. “ geographical distribution, [6]. “ poison-fangs canaliculate, [5]. “ species of, bite produces grave local disorders, [168]. “ sub-families of, [6]. See also Viperinæ, Crotalinæ. “ venoms of, absorption by digestive tract sets up acute inflammation of gastric mucous membrane, [180]. ““ action on nervous centres weak, [185], [186]. ““ comparison of coagulant action on blood of various species, [190]. ““ easily destroyed by heat, [161]. ““ hæmolysing power, weak, [199]. ““ lethal effects on mammals, [171]. ““ neurotoxin present in those of some species, [249]. ““ non-dialytic, [161]. ““ produce coagulation of blood, [179], [188], [189]. “““ hæmorrhagic injections of peritoneum, [179], [180]. ““ recovery after non-lethal doses, slow, [177]. “““““ followed by loss of sight, smell, or hearing, [178]. ““ recovery after non-lethal doses complicated by visceral hæmorrhages, [177], [178]. ““ resemblance in action of that of Japanese salamander to, [317]. “““““ Ornithorhynchus to, [324]. ““ richness in hæmorrhagin, [249]. Viperin, chemistry of, [130]. Viperinæ, [43], [66], [101]. See also Atheris, Atractaspis, Bitis, Causus, Cerastes, Echis, Pseudocerastes, Vipera. “ characteristics of, [6]. Viscera, hæmorrhages from, complicating recovery from bites of Viperidæ, [177], [178]. “ hyperæmia of, caused by fatal bite of species of Colubridæ, [171].
Wall, chemical constituents of venom, [160]. Waller, fatal instance of rapid poisoning from bite of Naja haje, [60]. Walterinnesia, [64]. Walterinnesia ægyptia, [65]. Wasp, sting of, death from, [283]. ““ remedies for, [286]. Weevers, [297]. See also Trachinus. “ stings of, [298], [299]. Wehrmann, on diastasic actions of venoms, [212], [213]. “ experiments on ingestion of venom, [214]. Wertheimer, Austrian naturalist, fatally bitten by coral snake, [108]. Witch-doctors, remedies of, [237], [238], [239]. Wolfenden, Norris, chemical constituents of venom, [160]. Wright, O. B., observations on Heloderma horridum, [323].
Yellow fever, treatment by antitoxin of venom, [184].
Zervos, Dr. S., malady of sponge-divers, [272].
FOOTNOTES:
[1] As regards the distinctive characters of these various snakes, and of the majority of those that we shall describe in this book, we have followed the statements in the “Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History),” vol. iii., by George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. (London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1896.)
[2] Acad. de médecine, March 19, 1889.