Brussels C. (Ste. Gudule), 1226–80; Tournai C., choir 1242 (nave finished 1380); Notre Dame, Bruges, 1239–97; Notre Dame, Tongres, 1240; Utrecht C., 1251; St. Martin, Ypres, 1254; Notre Dame,
Dinant, 1255; church at Dordrecht; church at Aerschot, 1337; Antwerp C., 1352–1411 (W. front 1422–1518); St. Rombaut, Malines, 1355–66 (nave 1456–64); St. Wandru, Mons, 1450–1528; St. Lawrence, Rotterdam, 1472; other 15th century churches—St. Bavon, Haarlem; St. Catherine, Utrecht; St. Walpurgis, Sutphen; St. Bavon, Ghent (tower 1461); St. Jaques, Antwerp; St. Pierre, Louvain; St. Jacques, Bruges; churches at Arnheim, Breda, Delft; St. Jacques, Liège, 1522.—Secular: Cloth-hall, Ypres, 1200–1304; cloth-hall, Bruges, 1284; town hall, Bruges, 1377; town hall, Brussels, 1401–55; town hall, Louvain, 1448–63; town hall, Ghent, 1481; town hall, Oudenarde, 1527; Standehuis, Delft, 1528; cloth-halls at Louvain, Ghent, Malines.
Spain.—13th century: Burgos C., 1221 (façade 1442–56; chapels 1487; cimborio 1567); Toledo C., 1227–90 (chapels 14th and 15th centuries); Tarragona C., 1235; Leon C., 1250 (façade 14th century); Valencia C., 1262 (N. transept 1350–1404; façade 1381–1418); Avila C., vault and N. portal 1292–1353 (finished 14th century); St. Esteban, Burgos; church at Las Huelgas.—14th century: Barcelona C., choir 1298–1329 (nave and transepts 1448; façade 16th century); Gerona C., 1312–46 (nave added 1416); S. M. del Mar, Barcelona, 1328–83; S. M. del Pino, Barcelona, same date; Collegiate Church, Manresa, 1328; Oviedo C., 1388 (tower very late); Pampluna C., 1397 (mainly 15th century).—15th century: Seville C., 1403 (finished 16th century; cimborio 1517–67); La Seo, Saragossa (finished 1505); S. Pablo, Burgos, 1415–35; El Parral, Segovia, 1459; Astorga C., 1471; San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo, 1476; Carthusian church, Miraflores, 1488; San Juan, and La Merced, Burgos.—16th century: Huesca C., 1515; Salamanca New Cathedral, 1510–60; Segovia C., 1522; S. Juan de la Puerta, Zamorra.
Secular.—Porta Serraños, Valencia, 1349; Casa Consistorial, Barcelona, 1369–78; Casa de la Disputacion, same city; Casa de las Lonjas, Valencia, 1482.
Portugal. At Batalha, church and mausoleum of King Manoel, finished 1515; at Belem, monastery, late Gothic.
[CHAPTER XIX.]
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY.
Books Recommended; As before, Corroyer, Reber.
Also, Cummings, A History of Architecture in Italy. De Fleury, La Toscane au moyen âge. Gruner, The Terra Cotta Architecture of Northern Italy. Mothes, Die Baukunst des Mittelalters in Italien. Norton, Historical Studies of Church Building in the Middle Ages. Osten, Bauwerke der Lombardei. Street, Brick and Marble Architecture of Italy. Willis, Remarks on the Architecture of the Middle Ages, especially of Italy.
GENERAL CHARACTER. The various Romanesque styles which had grown up in Italy before 1200 lacked that unity of principle out of which alone a new and homogeneous national style could have been evolved. Each province practised its own style and methods of building, long after the Romanesque had given place to the Gothic in Western Europe. The Italians were better decorators than builders, and cared little for Gothic structural principles. Mosaic and carving, sumptuous altars and tombs, veneerings and inlays of colored marble, broad flat surfaces to be covered with painting and ornament—to secure these they were content to build crudely, to tie their insufficiently buttressed vaults with unsightly iron tie-rods, and to make their church façades mere screen-walls, in form wholly unrelated to the buildings behind them.