[ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.]
A few illustrations include links to larger versions. Figure 24 has been reformatted for this e-text; it was printed vertically, with the Plan below the Section. Figure 138 is shown as printed.
The authorship of the original drawings is indicated by the initials affixed: A. = drawings by the author; B. = H. W. Buemming; Bn. = H. D. Bultman; Ch. = Château, L’Architecture en France; G. = drawings adapted from Gwilt’s Encyclopædia of Architecture; L. = Lübke’s Geschichte der Architektur; W. = A. E. Weidinger. All other illustrations are from photographs.
| PAGE | ||
[Frontispiece.]The Parthenon Restored (from model in Metropolitan Museum, New York) | ||
| [1] | Section of Great Pyramid (A.) | 8 |
| [2] | Section of King’s Chamber (A.) | 9 |
| [3] | Plan of Sphinx Temple (A.) | 9 |
| [4] | Ruins of Sphinx Temple (A.) | 10 |
| [5] | Tomb at Abydos (A.) | 11 |
| [6] | Tomb at Beni-Hassan (A.) | 11 |
| [7] | Section and Half-plan of same (A.) | 12 |
| [8] | Plan of the Ramesseum (A.) | 14 |
| [9] | Temple of Edfou. Plan (B.) | 17 |
| [10] | Temple of Edfou. Section (B.) | 17 |
| [11] | Temple of Karnak. Plan (L.) | 18 |
| [12] | Central Portion of Hypostyle Hall at Karnak (from model inMetropolitan Museum, New York) | 20 |
| [13] | Great Temple of Ipsamboul | 21 |
| [14] | Edfou. Front of Hypostyle Hall | 23 |
| [15] | Osirid Pier (Medinet Abou) (A.) | 24 |
| [16] | Types of Column (A.) | 25 |
| [17] | Egyptian Floral Ornament-Forms (A.) | 26 |
| [18] | Palace of Sargon at Khorsabad. Plan (L.) | 30 |
| [19] | Gate, Khorsabad (A.) | 32 |
| [20] | Assyrian Ornament (A.) | 34 |
| [21] | Column from Persepolis (B.) | 37 |
| [22] | Lion Gate at Mycenæ (A.) | 44 |
| [23] | Polygonal Masonry, Mycenæ (A.) | 45 |
| [24] | Tholos of Atreus; Plan and Section (A.) | 46 |
| [25] | Tholos of Atreus, Doorway (after Clarke) (A.) | 46 |
| [26] | Greek Doric Order (A.) | 48 |
| [27] | Doric Order of the Parthenon. (From cast in Metropolitan Museum,New York) | 49 |
| [28] | Greek Ionic Order, Miletus (A.) | 51 |
| [29] | Side View of Ionic Capital (B.) | 52 |
| [30] | Greek Corinthian Order (A.) | 53 |
| [31] | Types of Greek Temple Plans (A.) | 54 |
| [32] | Carved Anthemion Ornament, Athens | 57 |
| [33] | Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum; Plan (A.) | 61 |
| [34] | Ruins of the Parthenon | 63 |
| [35] | Plan of the Erechtheum (A.) | 64 |
| [36] | West End of the Erechtheum (A.) | 64 |
| [37] | Propylæa at Athens. Plan (G.) | 65 |
| [38] | Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. (From model in MetropolitanMuseum, New York) | 67 |
| [39] | Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens. Plan (A.) | 68 |
| [40] | Plan of Greek Theatre (A.) | 70 |
| [41] | Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (A.) | 72 |
| [42] | Roman Doric Order from Theatre of Marcellus. (Model inMetropolitan Museum, New York) | 77 |
| [43] | Roman Ionic Order (A.) | 78 |
| [44] | Roman Corinthian Order. (From model in Metropolitan Museum, NewYork) | 79 |
| [45] | Roman Arcade with Engaged Columns (A.) | 80 |
| [46] | Barrel Vault (A.) | 81 |
| [47] | Groined Vault (A.) | 81 |
| [48] | Roman Wall Masonry (B.) | 83 |
| [49] | Roman Carved Ornament. (Lateran Museum) | 85 |
| [50] | Roman Ceiling Panels (A.) | 86 |
| [51] | Temple of Fortuna Virilis. Plan | 89 |
| [52] | Circular Temple, Tivoli (A.) | 90 |
| [53] | Temple of Venus and Rome. Plan (A.) | 93 |
| [54] | Plan of the Pantheon (B.) | 94 |
| [55] | Interior of the Pantheon | 95 |
| [56] | Exterior of the Pantheon. (Model in Metropolitan Museum, NewYork) | 96 |
| [57] | Forum and Basilica of Trajan (A.) | 97 |
| [58] | Basilica of Constantine. Plan (G.) | 98 |
| [59] | Ruins of Basilica of Constantine | 99 |
| [60] | Central Block, Thermæ of Caracalla. Plan (G.) | 100 |
| [61] | Roman Theatre, Herculanum | 101 |
| [62] | Colosseum at Rome. Half Plan (A.) | 102 |
| [63] | Arch of Constantine. (Model in Metropolitan Museum, NewYork) | 104 |
| [64] | Palace of Diocletian, Spalato. Plan (G.) | 106 |
| [65] | Plan of House of Pansa, Pompeii (A.) | 107 |
| [66] | Plan of Santa Costanza, Rome (A.) | 111 |
| [67] | Plan of the Basilica of St. Paul-beyond-the-Walls, Rome(A.) | 113 |
| [68] | St. Paul-beyond-the-Walls. Interior | 114 |
| [69] | Church at Kalb Louzeh (A.) | 116 |
| [70] | Cathedral at Bozrah. Plan (A.) | 117 |
| [71] | Diagram of Pendentives (A.) | 123 |
| [72] | Spandril, Hagia Sophia | 125 |
| [73] | Capital with Impost Block, S. Vitale | 126 |
| [74] | Plan of St. Sergius, Constantinople (A.) | 127 |
| [75] | Plan of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (A.) | 128 |
| [76] | Section of Hagia Sophia (A.) | 128 |
| [77] | Interior of Hagia Sophia (full page) | 129 |
| [78] | Plan of St. Mark’s, Venice (A.) | 132 |
| [79] | Interior of St. Mark’s | 133 |
| [80] | Mosque of Sultan Hassan, Cairo. Sanctuary | 137 |
| [81] | Mosque of Kaîd Bey, Cairo | 139 |
| [82] | Moorish Detail, Alhambra | 141 |
| [83] | Interior of Great Mosque, Cordova | 142 |
| [84] | Plan of the Alhambra (A.) | 144 |
| [85] | Tomb of Mahmûd, Bijapur. Section(A.) | 147 |
| [86] | The Taj Mahal, Agra | 149 |
| [87] | Mosque of Mehmet II., Constantinople. Plan (L.) | 151 |
| [88] | Exterior of Ahmediyeh Mosque, Constantinople | 152 |
| [89] | Interior of Suleimaniyeh Mosque, Constantinople | 153 |
| [90] | Interior of San Ambrogio, Milan | 157 |
| [91] | West Front and Campanile, Cathedral of Piacenza | 158 |
| [92] | Baptistery, Cathedral, and Leaning Tower, Pisa | 160 |
| [93] | Interior of Pisa Cathedral | 161 |
| [94] | Plan of St. Front, Perigueux (G.) | 164 |
| [95] | Interior of St. Front (L.) | 165 |
| [96] | Plan of Notre Dame du Port, Clermont (Ch.) | 166 |
| [97] | Section of same (Ch.) | 166 |
| [98] | A Six-part Ribbed Vault (A.) | 167 |
| [99] | Plan of Minster at Worms (G.) | 173 |
| [100] | One Bay, Cathedral of Spires (L.) | 174 |
| [101] | East End, Church of the Apostles, Cologne | 175 |
| [102] | Plan of Durham Cathedral (Bn.) | 177 |
| [103] | One Bay, Transept of Winchester Cathedral (G.) | 178 |
| [104] | Front of Iffley Church (A.) | 179 |
| [105] | Constructive System of Gothic Church (A.) | 183 |
| [106] | Plan of Sainte Chapelle, Paris (Bn.) | 184 |
| [107] | Early Gothic Flying Buttress (Bn.) | 185 |
| [108] | Ribbed Vault, English Type (Bn. after Babcock) | 186 |
| [109] | Penetrations and Intersections of Vaults (Bn.) | 187 |
| [110] | Plate Tracery, Charlton-on-Oxmore | 188 |
| [111] | Bar Tracery, St. Michael’s, Warfield (W.) | 189 |
| [112] | Rose Window from St. Ouen, Rouen (G.) | 190 |
| [113] | Flamboyant Detail, Strasburg | 191 |
| [114] | Early Gothic Carving (A.) | 192 |
| [115] | Carving, Decorated Period, from Southwell Minster | 193 |
| [116] | Plan of Notre Dame, Paris (L.) | 198 |
| [117] | Interior of Notre Dame | 199 |
| [118] | Interior of Le Mans Cathedral | 200 |
| [119] | Vaulting with Zigzag Ridge Joints (A.) | 201 |
| [120] | One Bay, Abbey of St. Denis (G.) | 203 |
| [121] | The Sainte Chapelle, Paris. Exterior | 204 |
| [122] | Amiens Cathedral; Plan (G.) | 205 |
| [123] | Alby Cathedral. Plan (A. after Lübke) | 206 |
| [124] | West Front of Notre Dame, Paris | 207 |
| [125] | West Front of St. Maclou, Rouen | 208 |
| [126] | French Gothic Capitals (A.) | 210 |
| [127] | House of Jacques Cœur, Bourges (L.) | 215 |
| [128] | Plan of Salisbury Cathedral (Bn.) | 219 |
| [129] | Ribbed Vaulting, Choir of Exeter Cathedral | 221 |
| [130] | Lierne Vaulting, Tewkesbury Abbey | 222 |
| [131] | Vault of Chapter House, Wells | 223 |
| [132] | Cloisters of Salisbury Cathedral | 225 |
| [133] | Perpendicular Tracery, St. George’s, Windsor | 226 |
| [134] | West Front, Lichfield Cathedral | 228 |
| [135] | One Bay of Choir, Lichfield Cathedral (A.) | 229 |
| [136] | Fan Vaulting, Henry VII.’s Chapel | 231 |
| [137] | Eastern Part, Westminster Abbey. Plan (L.) | 232 |
| [138] | Roof of Nave, St. Mary’s, Westonzoyland (W.) | 233 |
| [139] | One Bay, Cathedral of St. George, Limburg (L.) | 239 |
| [140] | Section of St. Elizabeth, Marburg (Bn.) | 240 |
| [141] | Cologne Cathedral, Plan (G.) | 242 |
| [142] | Church of Our Lady, Treves (L.) | 243 |
| [143] | Plan of Ulm Cathedral (L.) | 244 |
| [144] | Town Hall, Louvain | 247 |
| [145] | Façade of Burgos Cathedral | 249 |
| [146] | Detail from S. Gregorio, Valladolid | 251 |
| [147] | Duomo at Florence, Plan (G.) | 256 |
| [148] | Duomo at Florence, Nave | 257 |
| [149] | One Bay, Cathedral of S. Martino, Lucca (L.) | 258 |
| [150] | Interior of Sienna Cathedral | 259 |
| [151] | Façade of Sienna Cathedral | 261 |
| [152] | Exterior of the Certosa, Pavia | 262 |
| [153] | Plan of the Certosa, Pavia | 263 |
| [154] | Upper Part of Campanile, Florence | 265 |
| [155] | Upper Part of Palazzo Vecchio, Florence | 266 |
| [156] | Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence | 267 |
| [157] | West Front of Doge’s Palace, Venice | 268 |
| [158] | Capital, Palazzo Zorzi, Venice | 275 |
| [159] | Section of Dome, Duomo of Florence (Bn.) | 276 |
| [160] | Exterior of Dome, Duomo of Florence | 277 |
| [161] | Interior of S. Spirito, Florence | 278 |
| [162] | Court of Riccardi Palace, Florence | 279 |
| [163] | Façade of Strozzi Palace, Florence | 280 |
| [164] | Tomb of Pietro di Noceto, Lucca | 282 |
| [165] | Vendramini Palace, Venice | 285 |
| [166] | Façade of Giraud Palace, Rome (L.) | 290 |
| [167] | Plan of Farnese Palace, Rome (L.) | 292 |
| [168] | Court of Farnese Palace, Rome | 293 |
| [169] | Bramante’s Plan for St. Peter’s, Rome (L.) | 294 |
| [170] | Plan of St. Peter’s, Rome, as now standing (Bn. afterG.) | 295 |
| [171] | Interior of St. Peter’s (full page) | 297 |
| [172] | Library of St. Mark, Venice | 301 |
| [173] | Interior of San Severo, Naples | 302 |
| [174] | Church of Santa Maria della Salute, Naples | 303 |
| [175] | Court Façade, East Wing of Blois | 311 |
| [176] | Staircase Tower, Blois | 313 |
| [177] | Plan of Château of Chambord (A.) | 314 |
| [178] | Upper Part of Château of Chambord | 314 |
| [179] | Detail of Court of Louvre, southwest portion | 315 |
| [180] | The Luxemburg Palace, Paris | 318 |
| [181] | Colonnade of the Louvre | 321 |
| [182] | Dome of the Invalides, Paris | 322 |
| [183] | Façade of St. Sulpice, Paris | 323 |
| [184] | Burghley House | 327 |
| [185] | Whitehall Palace. The Banqueting Hall | 329 |
| [186] | Plan of St. Paul’s Cathedral, London (G.) | 330 |
| [187] | Exterior of St. Paul’s Cathedral | 331 |
| [188] | Plan of Blenheim (G.) | 332 |
| [189] | St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, London | 333 |
| [190] | Renaissance Houses, Brussels | 335 |
| [191] | The Castle, Hämelschenburg | 341 |
| [192] | The Friedrichsbau, Heidelberg Castle | 344 |
| [193] | Pavilion of Zwinger Palace, Dresden | 345 |
| [194] | Marienkirche, Dresden | 346 |
| [195] | Portal of University, Salamanca | 349 |
| [196] | Court (Patio) of Casa de Zaporta | 350 |
| [197] | Palace of Charles V., Granada | 351 |
| [198] | Façade of British Museum, London | 357 |
| [199] | St. George’s Hall, Liverpool | 358 |
| [200] | The Old Museum, Berlin | 359 |
| [201] | The Propylæa, Munich | 360 |
| [202] | Plan of the Panthéon, Paris (G.) | 361 |
| [203] | Exterior of the Panthéon | 362 |
| [204] | Arch of Triumph of l’Étoile, Paris | 363 |
| [205] | The Madeleine, Paris | 364 |
| [206] | Door of École des Beaux-Arts, Paris | 365 |
| [207] | St. Isaac’s Cathedral, St. Petersburg | 366 |
| [208] | Plan of Louvre and Tuileries (A.) | 371 |
| [209] | Pavilion Richelieu, Louvre | 372 |
| [210] | Grand Staircase, Paris Opera House | 373 |
| [211] | Fountain of Longchamps, Marseilles | 374 |
| [212] | Galliéra Museum, Paris | 375 |
| [213] | Royal Theatre, Dresden | 376 |
| [214] | Maria-Theresienhof, Vienna | 377 |
| [215] | Houses of Parliament, London | 379 |
| [216] | Assize Courts, Manchester | 380 |
| [217] | Natural History Museum, South Kensington | 381 |
| [218] | Christ Church, Philadelphia | 386 |
| [219] | Craigie House, Cambridge (Mass.) | 387 |
| [220] | National Capitol, Washington | 389 |
| [221] | Custom House, New York | 390 |
| [222] | Trinity Church, Boston | 394 |
| [223] | Public Library, Woburn (Mass.) | 395 |
| [224] | Times Building, New York | 396 |
| [225] | Country House (Mass.) | 398 |
| [226] | Porch of Temple of Vimalah Sah, Mount Abu. | 406 |
| [227] | Tower of Victory, Chittore | 407 |
| [228] | Double Temple at Hullabîd: Detail | 410 |
| [229] | Shrine of Soubramanya, Tanjore | 412 |
[CHAPTER I.]
PRIMITIVE AND PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE.
Books Recommended: Desor, Les constructions lacustres du lac de Neufchatel. Fergusson, Rude Stone Monuments. R. C. Hoare, Ancients Wiltshire. Lyell, The Antiquity of Man. Lubbock, Prehistoric Times. Nadaillac, Prehistoric America. Rougemont, L’age du Bronze. Tylor, Primitive Culture.
EARLY BEGINNINGS. It is impossible to trace the early stages of the process by which true architecture grew out of the first rude attempts of man at building. The oldest existing monuments of architecture—those of Chaldæa and Egypt—belong to an advanced civilization. The rude and elementary structures built by savage and barbarous peoples, like the Hottentots or the tribes of Central Africa, are not in themselves works of architecture, nor is any instance known of the evolution of a civilized art from such beginnings. So far as the monuments testify, no savage people ever raised itself to civilization, and no primitive method of building was ever developed into genuine architecture, except by contact with some existing civilization of which it appropriated the spirit, the processes, and the forms. How the earliest architecture came into existence is as yet an unsolved problem.