Due to her oppression, note the following list of colonies which she has lost:
1609. The Netherlands.
1628. Malacca, Ceylon, Java and other islands.
1640. Portugal.
1648. Spain renounced all claim to Holland.
1648. Brabant and other parts of Flanders.
1649. Maestricht, Hetogenbosch, Breda, Bergen-of-Zoom, and many other fortresses in the Low Countries. In this year also she practically surrendered supremacy on the seas to Northern Europe.
1659. Rousillon and Cardague. By the cession of these places to France, the boundary line between France and Spain became the Pyrenees.
1668. Other portions of Flanders.
1672. Still more cities and towns in Flanders.