The Boyhood of Great Inventors

by A. Fraser Robertson

“A clean shave for a halfpenny!”

But Arkwright was not content to stand still in shaving people’s chins or in anything else. These were the days of wearing wigs, and it struck him that something was to be made out of wigs, or perukes, as they were called, and so he gave up his business of shaving in a measure and began to travel about the country buying and selling human hair. He regularly attended country fairs and bought the locks and tresses of the young girls who came there to be hired out to service. In time he grew to make successful bargains with these, and to add to this he discovered a chemical dye, with which he dyed the hair and sold it to wig-makers, and by-and-by “Arkwright’s Hair” came to be known as the best in the market.

It most likely was—at any rate, it may have been in those journeys—going in and out among the houses and cottages in the country that he came to be familiar with the sound of the “weaver’s shuttle” and the turning of the “one-thread machine.” Long years after he was to find that familiarity stand him in good stead. But, successful and hard-working as he was, life was still a struggle, and with all his efforts he earned but a bare living. It was hard to wrest a fortune from wig-making and chin-shaving, so gradually there grew up in his busy brain a project. It formed very slowly, but it did grow. It was the genius within him struggling with disadvantages and drawbacks that would have “posed” most men. His mind, leaning strongly to the mechanical, groped vaguely at first after something, and then gradually it settled down to the “spinning machine,” and from that time onwards all his energies were bent on that.

In his journeys among the cottagers it had been easy enough to see that the yarn could not be made quickly enough for the weaver, that though in thousands of cottages the “one-thread machine” turned from morning till night and again from night till morning, it could not keep pace with the shuttle. What was wanted was a dozen, fifty, a hundred threads to be made by a single pair of hands. Did he perhaps see dimly even then that he was to be the man who should throw out the old-fashioned hand-wheel?

One day he noticed a red-hot bar of iron become elongated as it passed between two iron rollers. In that instant he first saw dimly the tiny seedling that was to grow one day to the mighty tree of the spinning-frame. The idea lodged in his brain and took firm hold of him.

In outward appearance at this time Arkwright was in no way specially attractive or remarkable, but genius is not always outwardly beautiful, and “there were notions in that rough head of his” that were one day to alter England.

But Arkwright was no practical mechanic, and so he called in help from outside—from one Kay, a clockmaker in Warrington, and under his directions Kay made rollers and wheels, and shortly Arkwright had his models ready to hand. Meantime, while his heart beat high with hope and exultation, his pet models being always in his mind though for bread and butter he still made wigs and shaved chins, he received a sudden and unexpected check. His wife—for he was already married—chafing in secret over what she considered his fantastic imaginings and idle dreamings, made up her mind to destroy that which distracted his mind from the business of shaving and money-making. As the surest means to her end she burned his models one day when he was out of the way. Poor Arkwright returned and discovered the mischief. In an instant his whole stubborn nature was up in arms. Indeed, so wrathful was he that he would from that day have nothing more to do with his wife, and the two separated.

And now the great question was—how best to push the new model Kay had made. Poverty handicapped him sadly. It was impossible to push anything without money. He cast about in his mind where the money was to come from, and settled on an old friend in Preston, “a liquor merchant and painter” (probably a house-painter). To Preston he took his way. The friend consented to help him, and together with high hopes and great rejoicing he and Kay set up their model. But their secrecy had roused suspicion. Behind this friend’s house there happened to be a closed-in garden with a number of gooseberry bushes. Close by in a neighbouring cottage lived two old ladies. At nights they declared they heard a strange humming noise among the bushes, as if the devil himself were making music, tuning up his bagpipes for Arkwright and Kay to dance a reel! The story got abroad. The people of Preston, excited and curious, were eager to break into the house and discover if Arkwright and Kay were indeed in league with the Evil One.

But after the model had been set up and was about to be shown in the Free Grammar School in Preston, there came a sudden memory of dark stories still fresh in men’s minds of how other inventors had been treated in Preston—how they had been mobbed and furiously ill-used, while their inventions had been smashed to atoms by a people panic-stricken because of their dread of machinery, which they believed would throw them out of work and take the bread out of their and their children’s mouths. Arkwright remembered all this, and he and Kay finally made up their minds to pack up their models and set off for Nottingham.

While Arkwright had been at Preston engrossed with thoughts of his model a political election took place, and he was called upon to vote. But so poor and so wretchedly clad was the man who was by-and-by to be a knight—the man who was to leave behind him half a million—that before he could present himself at the poll, several people had to club together to exchange the tattered garments for something that would at least be presentable!