The factor safety is 18. Therefore the safe load will be 16,970 lbs.

The strength of cylindrical pillars is to square ones as 10 is to 17.

Braces and Ties subject to a Tensional Strain.—The weight that will produce fracture in a beam strained in the direction of its length, is in proportion to the area of the cross section of the beam multiplied by the weight that would fracture a unit of that area.

The formula is as follows:

B.W. = E S

where E = the cohesive force in lbs. per unit of 1 square inch, as in Table III.
S = the sectional area of the beam in square inches.

Example.—Find the B.W. of a rectangular elm brace 9 in. by 3 in. under a tensional strain.

The value of E (Table III.) is 4,480.

B.W. = 4,480 × 9 × 3 = 120,960 lbs.

One-fifth of this should be taken as a safe load,