[42] Cf. Cambridge Modern History, ii. 416.
[43] On this point cf. Armstrong, Charles V., II. c. iii.
[44] To understand the future course of the Reformation in Germany, it is necessary to study the map, and note—
a. The extraordinary number of principalities into which Germany was divided.
b. The division of the dominions of the greater princes among branches of the same family, many of whom took opposite sides. This will be best seen from the following table:—
| PROTESTANT. | CATHOLIC. | ||||||
| House of Wettin, in Saxony. | |||||||
| Ernestine, Electoral Branch at Wittenberg. | Albertine, at Meissen. | ||||||
| Ernest, 1464–1468. | Albert, 1485–1500. | ||||||
Frederick the Wise, 1486–1525. | Duke George, 1500–1535. | ||||||
John, his brother, 1525–1532. | Henry, his brother, 1535–1541, becomes Protestant. | ||||||
John Frederick. 1532–1554. | Maurice, 1541–1553, secures the Electorate. | ||||||
| Hohenzollern. | |||||||
| Younger Branches. | Electoral Branch. | ||||||
(1) Albert of Prussia, Grand Master of Teutonic Order, 1512–1568. Secularises his Duchy, 1525. | Albert Achilles, 1470–1486. | ||||||
John Cicero, 1485–1499. | |||||||
(2) Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Culmbach, 1536–1557. | |||||||
| Joachim I., 1499–1535. | |||||||
(3) John of Küstrin, Margrave of Neumark, brother of Joachim II., 1571. | |||||||
Joachim II., 1535–1571. Becomes Protestant in 1539, though he never breaks with the Emperor. | |||||||
| Wittelsbach. | |||||||
(1) Bavaria. Munich. | |||||||
Albert II., 1460–1508. | |||||||
William I., 1508–1550. | |||||||
(2) Palatinate. | |||||||
Frederick the Victorious, 1451–1476. | |||||||
Philip, his nephew, 1476–1508. | |||||||
Lewis V., 1508–1544. | |||||||
Frederick II., his brother, 1544–1556, becomes Protestant. | |||||||
| Welf. | |||||||
Duke Ernest I., of Luneburg, 1532–1541. | Duke Henry IV., of Wolfenbüttel, 1514–1568. | ||||||
| Wurtemberg. | |||||||
Ulrich I., 1503–1550, became Protestant 1534. | |||||||
c. The number of ecclesiastical states. The three great electoral archbishoprics of Trèves, Mayence, Cologne—with the bishoprics of Metz on the Moselle, and Strasburg and Worms—so dominated the upper Rhine and its tributaries as to give it the name of Priest Street. The dioceses of Utrecht, Bremen, Münster, and Paderborn stretched in an almost continuous line along the north-west. To these we must add Hildesheim, Halberstadt, Magdeburg, Würzburg, Bamberg in central Germany; and in the south, the archbishopric of Salzburg, and the bishopric of Trent. The existence of these numerous ecclesiastical principalities had a twofold effect. It caused a strong feeling in Germany against papal exactions, of which the bishoprics were the victims, or the agents; while the desire on the part of the Princes to extend their dominions by secularising these ecclesiastical states, had a potent influence on many an Elector and Prince, both Catholic and Protestant. In many cases, too, the bishops were the relations of the Princes, and their policy was guided by family interests or rivalries.
[45] He was Lord of 2 principalities, 2 duchies, 4 counties, 2 viscounties, and 7 lordships. See [Map of France].
Cause of the quarrel between Francis and Bourbon.—Charles, Count of Montpensier had been allowed by Louis XII. to marry Susanna, the heiress of Duke Peter of Bourbon. After the death of his wife without children, the Queen-mother, Louise of Savoy, claimed some of his possessions as niece of Duke Peter. Francis, with better right, demanded the restoration of others in fulfilment of Duke Peter’s original promise, that in default of male issue he would leave all the alienable possessions of his House to the Crown.