Introduction to the science of language, Volume 1 (of 2)

by A. H. Sayce

Pitch of the vowels, according to Helmholtz.

Pitch of the vowels, according to König.

APPENDIX II. TO CHAPTER IV.
THE ALPHABETS OF PRINCE L-L. BONAPARTE (MR. A. J. ELLIS) AND MR. H. SWEET.

Prince L-L. Bonaparte’s Alphabet, as edited (and amplified) by Mr. A. J. Ellis in palæotype (“Early English Pronunciation,” pp. 1293-1307, and 1352-1357).

The Vowels
(as heard in European languages only).

• 1. a (in fAther).
• 2. a⸲ (in Gaelic math, “good”).
• 3. aʌ (in Fr. dent, Port. lã).
• 4. Ǝ (in Eng. thE book).
• 5. `a⸲ (in Dan. mand, “man”).
• 6. ah (in Eng. ass).
• 7. ə (in Eng. charActer).
• 8. æ (in Eng. man).
• 9. aʌ (in Port. cAma).
• 10. ɐ (in Eng. pOllute).
• 11. œ (in Gael. laogh “calf”).
• 12. œ⸲ (in Gael. mAOdal, “tripe”).
• 13. ᴔ (in Eng. bird).
• 14. ɹ (in Eng. ear)
• 15. ɹ (not found)
• 16. ’h (in Eng. opEN, Germ. muttER).
• 17. ‘’h (not found).
• 18. ‘h (in Dan. hat’, Eng. bit’).
• 19. əh (not found)
• 20. ɑ (in Fr. diAble).
• 21. Œ (in Roumanian tatĂ, “father.”)
• 22. E₁ (not found)
• 23. E (in Finnic pää, “the head”).
• 24. e₁ (not found)
• 25. e₁ (in Fr. père, Germ. fett).
• 26. e₁⸲ (in Gael. freumh, “root”).
• 27. e₁ʌ (in Fr. vin).
• 28. e (in Eng. bed).
• 29. e (in Fr. dé, Germ. Ehre).
• 30. eʌ (in Port. sENha, “sign”).
• 31. e¹ (in Port. cEar, “to sup”).
• 32. e¹ (in Dan. een, “one”).
• 33. y (in Welsh dyn, “man”).
• 34. Y₂ (in Polish bYli, “they have been”).
• 35. i (in Eng. milk).
• 36. i¹ (in Eng. fill).
• 37. i (in Eng. bee).
• 38. i⸲ (in Gael. sINNsreadh, “ancestors”).
• 39. iʌ (in Port. sim, “yes”).
• 40. ’j (in Eng. gate).
• 41. ɔ (in Eng. God).
• 42. ɔh (not found)
• 43. A (in Eng. all).
• 44. ah (not found).
• 45. o₁ (not found).
• 46. o₁ (in Germ. Gott).
• 47. o₁⸲ (in Gael. didOmhnaich, “Sunday”).
• 48. o₁ʌ (in Fr. bon).
• 49. o (in Eng. more).
• 50. oh (in Esthonian wõlg, “debt”).
• 51. o (in Eng. Omit).
• 52. oʌ (in Port. sOnho, “dream”).
• 53. oh (not found).
• 54. uh (in Port. o, “the”).
• 55. o¹ (in Dan. stor, “great”).
• 56. u₁ (in Finnish Suomi).
• 57. u (in Eng. book).
• 58. u (in Eng. pool).
• 59. u⸲ (in Gael. déanADH, “doing”).
• 60. uʌ (in Port. um, “one”).
• 61. ’w (in Eng. home).
• 62. u¹ (in Swed. skuld, “cause”).
• 63. u¹ (in Lap. jUkkim, “I parted”).
• 64. U (in Swed. hus, “house”).
• 65. y (in Fr. lune, Germ. brÜder).
• 66. yʌ (in Basque sü̃ hĩa, “son-in-law”; Albanian hü̃ni, “he entered”).
• 67. I (in Dan. nYde, “to enjoy”).
• 68. æh (in Lap. buÖrre, “good”).
• 69. əh (in Fr. veuf).
• 70. əhʌ (in Fr. un).
• 71. œ (in Germ. böcke).
• 72. ə (in Fr. feu).
• 73. əʌ (not found).
• 74. œ¹ (in Gael. keayn, “sea”).
• 75. ə¹ (in Swed. sYster).
• 76. ’l (in Bohemian vlk, “wolf”).
• 77. ’r (in Bohemian prst, “finger”).

Consonants.

Labials.

He.[223]

• 78. p[224] (in Eng. pea).
• 79. pȷ (in Kasikumuk p’orun, “glass”).
• 80. pp (in Italian coppa).
• 81. pꞁh (in Bav. Germ. pfard).
• 82. ⌊pꞁh (in Thush p`e, “side”).
• 83. wh (in Eng. which).
• 84. pj (in Pol. gap, “lounger”).
• 85. pw (in Fr. pois).
• 86. pwj (in Fr. puits).