[25] A.-S. Chron., anno 547.
[26] Bede, Hist. Ecc., iii. 16.
[27] It may be noted that not all names in “borough” and “bury” are derived from burh and byrig. Some are merely derived from beorh or beorg = a hill (dative beorge).
[28] See Oman, Art of War, p. 120.
[29] In Germany the word burg is also applied to the citadel of a town or to a castle. In England and France more careful discrimination was made between the two types of stronghold.
[30] References to burhs wrought by Edward and his sister Æthelflæd will be found in A.-S. Chron. under the dates mentioned in the text. There is some variety of opinion with regard to the exact accuracy of these dates.
[31] A.-S. Chron., sub anno.
[32] A.-S. Chron., sub anno. The true date seems to be 837 or 838.
[33] The chief authority for the early invasions of the Northmen in France is the Annales Bertinenses, of which the portion from 836 to 861 is attributed to Prudentius, bishop of Troyes.
[34] Timbrian is the ordinary Anglo-Saxon word for “to build,” but it indicates the prevalent material used for building.