[45] The foundation of these castles is noted by Ord. Vit., iv. 4, 5.
[46] The word “bailey” (ballium) literally means a palisaded enclosure. The synonym “ward,” applied to the various enclosed divisions of a medieval castle, means a guarded enclosure. The term “base-court” (basse-cour) is also applied to the bailey.
[47] It should be noted that at York there were not two distinct burhs or fortified towns, such as are found in the earlier cases. The river passed through and bisected the burh, which was surrounded by an earthen bank, save at the point where the Foss formed the boundary of the city.
[48] Domesday, i. 248 b.
[49] An example of this is the fine earthwork at Lilbourne, in Northamptonshire. There are many other instances, and the lesser bailey at Clun partakes of this character.
[50] There are cases, of course, which give rise to perplexity. Thus at Earls Barton, in Northamptonshire, the famous pre-Conquest church tower stands on a site which appears to be within the original limit of the ditch of the adjacent castle mount. It is doubtful, however, whether the mount was ever ditched on this side; and the church does not encroach upon the mount.
[51] Cæsar, De Bell. Gall., vii. 73; “huic [vallo] loricam pinnasque adiecit, grandibus cervis eminentibus ad commissuras pluteorum atque aggeris, qui ascensum hostium tardarent.” See p. [60] below.
[52] See Enlart, ii. 494.
[53] Domfront, however, on its rocky site, may, like Richmond, have been surrounded by a stone wall from the first.
[54] L. Blanchetière, Le Donjon ou Château féodal de Domfront (Orne), 1893, pp. 29, 30.