[135] Other important shell keeps of the normal type are at Arundel, Cardiff ([114]), Carisbrooke ([111]), Farnham, Lewes, Pickering, Totnes, and Tonbridge—the last one of the most considerable and finest examples.
[136] Clifford’s tower at York is sometimes quoted as a shell keep. It was actually a tower with a forebuilding.
[137] See Enlart, ii. 500, 676: Anthyme Saint-Paul, Histoire Monumentale, p. 168, gives the date 993, with an expression of doubt. Fulk the Black was count of Anjou 987-1039.
[138] Enlart, ii. 685, says “début du xiiᵉ siècle.”
[139] Ord. Vit., xii. 14.
[140] Ibid., viii. 19.
[141] Ibid., x. 18.
[142] Ibid., xi. 20: adulterina castella is the phrase used.
[143] Enlart, ii. 710. Blanchetière, op. cit., 83, mentions Henry’s operations in 1123, but believes in an earlier date for the donjon.
[144] Rad. de Diceto, Abbrev. Chron., sub anno.