[185] It was thus impossible to reach the roof from the first floor without passing through the second-floor chamber—a precaution which was adopted also in the cylindrical tower at Conisbrough.

[186] Here the basement was probably used as a prison. The upper part of the original stair still remains.

[187] There are indications, however, of a second chapel in the keep itself, occupying the south-east angle of the third floor.

[188] The recently excavated chapel of the great tower of Old Sarum was a vaulted building occupying the south-eastern part of the basement of the tower itself. It was entered directly from the bailey, and had no direct communication with the first floor of the tower.

[189] Such as the so-called oratories in the fore-buildings of Dover and Newcastle.

[190] At Old Sarum, the room in the basement, west of the chapel, was probably the kitchen.

[191] Cf. the employment of one of the angle towers at the later castle of Langley in Northumberland as a garde-robe tower. Some of the late medieval pele-towers of the north of England, e.g., Chipchase and Corbridge, provide excellent examples of mural garde-robes with corbelled-out seats.

[192] Roger of Wendover, ann. 1215.

[193] See the description of the fortifications of Antioch in Oman, Art of War, pp. 527-9; plan facing p. 283.

[194] Ibid., 526-7.