[255] The wall of enceinte at Scarborough is probably in great part the wall which defended the castle from its foundation.
[256] They appear to have been a feature of the keep at Pontefract; cf. also Micklegate, Monk, and Bootham bars at York, which have bartizans at the outer angles. At Lincoln the wall of the upper floor of the gatehouse, between the bartizans, presents an obtuse angle to the field.
[257] The main gatehouse (Belle-Chaise) was built under abbot Tustin (1236-64); the châtelet was added under Pierre Le Roy in 1393.
[258] The fortifications of Coucy were built in the thirteenth century: the round tower in front of the Porte de Laon was superseded in 1551 by a bastion of pentagonal form. The southern gate of Coucy (Porte de Soissons) was made in a re-entering angle of the town wall: the southern gate at Conway (Porth-y-Felin) shows the same disposition. The walls of Tenby were originally built early in the reign of Edward III.: letters patent, granting murage for seven years to the men of Tenby for the construction of their walls, were issued 6th March 1327-28 (Pat. 2 Edw. III., pt. 1, m. 22).
[259] Plan in Oman, Art of War, opposite p. 530.
[260] The northern rampart-walk at Coucy was widened by the building of an arcade of thirteen pointed arches against the inner face of the wall, connecting a series of internal buttresses. Part of the western wall of the town of Southampton was widened, some time later than the actual building of the wall, by the addition of eighteen arches upon the outer face ([293]). The soffits of the arches were pierced by long machicolations—a necessary precaution in so exceptional an arrangement.
[261] In the battlement of the donjon of Coucy, each piece of solid wall between the arched embrasures is pierced by an arrow-loop ([177]).
[262] Viollet-le-Duc, La Cité de Carcassonne, p. 27, has a drawing of a similar device with an upper and lower shutter ([245]): the upper shutter is propped open by iron guards: while the lower is hung in iron hooks fixed in the face of the wall.
[263] Cf. sections of church parapets in Bond, Gothic Architecture in England, pp. 385-8.
[264] At Kenilworth the Water tower, on the south curtain of the base-court, has a fireplace in the basement.