Kala Panj.—A fort in Wakhan, upon the left bank of the Panja just below the junction of the Sar-i-Kol and Langar Kisht branches.
Kala Rahim Khan.—A fort 60 miles south of Ghazni, and west of Lake Abistada.
Kala Ramzan Khan.—A fort 3 miles south of Kalat-i-Ghilzai, on the road from Ghazni to Kandahar.
Kala Sangi.—An uninhabited fort a few miles north-east of Teivereh, in the Taimani country. It is built of large roughly-cut stones piled together without cement.
Kala Bar Sang.—A fort in Afghan-Turkestan, commanding a defile south of the Saighan valley. The fort is a rude, shapeless building, with no pretensions to strength save what it derives from its site.
Kala Takah.—A fort in Afghan-Turkestan, 42 miles south of Sar-i-Pul.
Kala Wasil.—A fort in the Kah Dara division, north-west of Kabul.
Kala Kamard.—A fort of Afghan-Turkestan upon the road from Balkh to Kabul, and about 110 miles south of Khulm. It is inhabited by Hazaras and Tajiks, and draws its water from the Surkhab, a tributary of the Kunduz river. At this point the Surkhab possesses a width of 24 feet, a mean depth of 2 feet, and an average current of 4½ miles an hour. Its source is at the head of the valley, where it issues from a cleft in the rock. Kamard fort stands 5600 feet above the sea in a gloomy narrow valley, containing orchards of apricots which extend for many miles. The rocks rise upon either side of the valley to a height of 3000 feet; the valley itself is not more than 300 yards in width.
The following routes indicate briefly the principal lines of communication in Afghanistan.
I.
BALKH TO HERAT.