Surface finish: Anvil depressions are generally discernible on interior surfaces of vessels. Surfaces are uniformly smoothed, but not polished. All vessels are unslipped (a few scoops have a sliplike surface appearance, owing to one or both of their surfaces being completely painted over; but the painting marks make it evident that these are not applications of the clay wash that characterizes a true slip.).
Surface color:
Bowls.—Exterior: range of hue 10R to 10YR; value 2 to 8; chroma 1 to 6. Most common: 5YR 6/4 (pale neutral brown). Interior: range of hue 2.5YR to 10YR; value 3 to 8; chroma 1 to 8. Most common: 2.5YR 6/7 (weak to moderate orange).
Jars.—Exterior: range of hue 10R to 10YR; value 3 to 7; chroma 1 to 8. Most common: sample insufficient. Interior: range of hue and value same as for exterior surface; chroma 1 to 6. Most common: sample insufficient.
Cups.—Exterior: range of hue 10R to 10YR; value 3 to 8; chroma 1 to 7. Most common: 2.5YR 6/6 (moderate orange pink). Interior: range of hue and chroma same as for exterior surface; value 4 to 8. Most common: 5YR 7/4 (between moderate orange-pink and weak yellowish orange).
Scoops.—(For colors of completely painted-over surfaces, consult section on "Decoration.") Exterior: range of hue 2.5YR to 7.5YR; value 2 to 8; chroma 1 to 6. Most common: 5YR 5/4 (between pale reddish brown and moderate yellowish brown). Interior: range of hue and value same as for exterior; chroma 1 to 7. Most common: 5YR 6/4 (between weak reddish orange and light yellowish brown).
Fire clouds:
Placement.—Occur on any part of the exteriors of all classes of vessels; never occur on the interiors of bowls, but sometimes on the interiors of jars, cups and scoops. Indistinct in shape.
Amount.—Every vessel has at least one fire cloud on its exterior surface. Presence of fire clouds on the interior surface is more variable. Fire clouds are extremely variable in size.
Bowls: Exterior: as many as 14 per vessel. Often cover more than one-half of the surface. Interior: no fire clouds.
Jars: Exterior: as many as 4 per vessel. Cover less than half of the surface. Interior: ranges from being entirely free of fire clouds to being completely blackened through use.
Cups: Exterior: as many as 4 per vessel, and at least 1. Interior: with the exception of 1 cup, which has 1 small fire cloud, they are lacking.
Scoops: Exterior: as many as 12 per vessel. Often cover more than one-half of the surface. Interior: not more than 1. Occur only occasionally.Color.—Value 2 to 7, chroma 1 (light gray to near black). Hue depends upon vessel surface color.
Bowls: Exterior: as many as 14 per vessel. Often cover more than one-half of the surface. Interior: no fire clouds.
Jars: Exterior: as many as 4 per vessel. Cover less than half of the surface. Interior: ranges from being entirely free of fire clouds to being completely blackened through use.
Cups: Exterior: as many as 4 per vessel, and at least 1. Interior: with the exception of 1 cup, which has 1 small fire cloud, they are lacking.
Scoops: Exterior: as many as 12 per vessel. Often cover more than one-half of the surface. Interior: not more than 1. Occur only occasionally.
Form:
Bowls: Straight wall (circular and oval).—
Profile form types: I (circular bowls) and II (oval bowls).
Lip and rim types: Lip type B. Rim types 1, 2, and 3. Types 1 and 2 occur on both circular and oval bowls, type 1 being the more common. Type 3 occurs on a single circular bowl.
Shoulders: None.
Base: Rounded.
Diameter range: (a) for circular bowls, 12.3 to 33.0 cm.; (b) for oval bowls, maximum length ranges from 15.4 to 26.8 cm. and maximum width from 12.0 to 21.6 cm.
Depth range: (a) for circular bowls, 6.0 to 13.4 cm.; (b) for oval bowls, 4.5 to 6.6 cm. when measured at the point of maximum length and 3.1 to 5.5 cm. when measured at the point of maximum width.
Wall thickness range: (a) at rim, 4 to 9 mm.; (b) at a distance of 1 cm. below rim, 4 to 7.5 mm.; (c) at center of vessel base, 4 to 9 mm.
Additional features: None, with the exception of the largest circular straight walled bowl, which has pottery knobs. (a) Nature of feature: short oval pottery knobs apparently for the purpose of holding in place vegetal bindings which were sometimes wrapped around vessels at the lip. (b) Placement: encircle the vessel at the lip and project horizontally from it; tops of the knobs are 15 to 20 mm. below the rim. (c) Dimensions: knobs project from the vessel 9 to 12 mm. Their dimensions horizontally range from 30 to 38 mm., and vertically range from 21 to 24 mm. (d) Method of attachment: affixed to vessel before firing. (e) Number: 11.Bowls: Recurved wall bowls.—
Profile form types: Range from type III to type IV.
Lip and rim types: Lip type A. Rim types 1 and 2, sometimes grading into types 4 and 5. Type 1 is the most common; types 4 and 5 the least.
Shoulders: Rounded.
Base: Rounded.
Mouth diameter range: 14.1 to 32.0 cm.
Depth range: 7.9 to 16.3 cm.
Wall thickness range: (a) at rim, 4 to 9 mm.; (b) at point of greatest incurve, 3.5 to 8.5 mm.; (c) at vessel base, 3.5 to 10 mm.
Additional features: A minority of the recurved wall bowls have pottery knobs. (a) Nature of feature: short oval knobs or longer conical knobs (the latter on only one vessel) apparently for the purpose of holding in place vegetal bindings which were sometimes wrapped around vessels at the lip. (b) Placement: Knobs encircle the vessel at the lip and project horizontally; tops of the oval knobs are 17 to 41 mm. below the rim; tops of the conical knobs are 23 to 28 mm. below the rim. (c) Dimensions: oval knobs project 4 to 9 mm. from the vessel; range in horizontal length from from 14 to 58 mm.; range in vertical length from 8 to 22 mm. Conical knobs project from the vessel ca. 12 mm. (only one is unbroken and measurable); basal diameter is 8 mm. (d) Method of attachment: affixed to the vessel before firing. (e) Number per vessel: varies for oval knobs, 3, 4, or 6; the one vessel having conical knobs has 3.Jars: wide mouth.—
Profile form types: V and VI (the latter type having an annular base).
Lip and rim types: Lip type A. Rim types 1 and 2.
Shoulders: Rounded.
Bases: Rounded, sometimes with the addition of an annular base.
Mouth diameter range: 12.6 to 25.1 cm.
Depth range: 19.2 to 25.4 cm.
Wall thickness range: (a) at rim, 4 to 8 mm.;
(b) at point of greatest incurve, 4 to 5 mm.;
(c) at center of vessel base, 4.5 to 5.5 mm.
Additional features: One jar has an annular base, probably in imitation of such bases on chinaware. Dimensions: diameter, 10.2 cm.; thickness at rim of base ring, 6.4 to 8.0 mm. Base ring lip is type D; rim of ring is type 2.Jar: narrow mouth (canteen).—
Profile form type: VII.
Lip and rim types: Lip type C. Rim type 6.
Shoulders: Rounded.
Base: Rounded.
Mouth diameter: 3.9 cm.
Depth: 18.2 cm.
Wall thickness range: (a) at rim, 4 to 5 mm.; (b) at a distance of 1 cm. below rim, 7 mm.; (c) at center of vessel base, 6 mm.
Additional features: None.Cups.—
Profile form types: VIII, IX, and X (the latter two types having annular bases).
Lip and rim types: Lip type A. Rim types 1 and 2, sometimes grading into 4 and 5 respectively.
Shoulders: Rounded.
Bases: Rounded, often with the addition of an annular base.
Mouth diameter range: 8.4 to 12.8 cm.
Depth range: 4.5 to 14.8 cm.
Wall thickness range: (a) at rim, 4 to 7 mm.; (b) at point of greatest incurve, 3 to 6 mm.; (c) at center of vessel base, 6 to 8.5 mm. for cups without an annular base and 9 to 12 mm. for cups with an annular base.Additional features:
Loop handles: (a) Nature of feature: single pottery loop per cup. (b) Placement: upper end of handle at rim of vessel; bottom edge of lower end of handle is from 3.6 to 7.5 cm. below rim. (c) Dimensions: range of maximum distance between inside surface of loop and exterior surface of the nearest part of vessel proper, 12.5 to 33.8 mm.; range of handle width (tangent to vessel) 11 to 30.9 mm.; range of handle thickness (perpendicular to vessel), 6 to 14.2 mm. Loop handle edges can be classified as to rim type: types 1, 2, 3, 5 occur.
Annular bases: (a) Nature of feature: a ring base is often characteristic of the cups, probably in imitation of such bases on chinaware. (b) Dimensions: diameter range, 5.8 to 7.1 cm.; thickness at ring rim, 4 to 8 mm. Lips of base ring are types D, E, F, or G. Rims of base ring are types 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.Scoops without rattle handles.—
Profile form types: XI ranging to XII and, in one case, modified to XIII; type XIV represents the scoops with modeling.
Lip and rim types: Lip type B. Rim type 1, sometimes grading into rim type 4 at the lower, circular end of the scoop.
Shoulders: None.
Base: Rounded.
Diameter range: (a) for scoops without modeling, maximum length ranges from 10.9 to 22.6 cm. and maximum width ranges from 7.1 to 16.1 cm.; (b) for modeled scoops, maximum length ranges from 13.4 cm. to 27.8 cm. and maximum width from 8.8 to 17.0 cm.
Depth range: (a) for scoops without modeling, depth ranges from 2.6 to 5.3 cm. when measured at the point of maximum length and 2.4 to 5.1 cm. when measured at the point of maximum width.
Wall thickness range: (presence or absence of modeling does not seem to correlate with any variation in wall thickness) (a) at rim, 4 to 5 mm.; (b) at a distance of 1 cm. below rim, 4.5 to 8.5 mm.; (c) at center of vessel base, 4.5 to 14 mm.
Additional features: None for the scoops without modeling, with the exception of one vessel which has a curved handle (see profile form type XIII) 42.1 mm. long. Scoops with modeling have two types of features:
"Keels": (a) Nature of feature: a keel-like ridge characterizes every scoop with modeling. (b) Placement: Along the exterior surface of the vessel, starting at the handle end and tapering in the amount of projection as it approaches the base of the scoop. (c) Dimensions: range of keel projection from surface proper of vessel, ca. 5 to ca. 15 mm. Keel lip is type G. Keel rim is type 5. (d) Method of attachment: either molded from the coils of the vessel proper or affixed before firing.
"Eyes": (a) Nature of feature: round to oval lumps of clay occurring on most of the vessels having keels, and on no others. (b) Placement: the two "eyes" are located on opposite sides of the keel at the juncture of the keel and the vessel proper on the handle of the scoop. (c) Dimensions: diameter of "eyes" ranges from 5 to 24 mm.; they project 2.7 to 8.3 mm. from the surface of the vessel. (d) Method of attachment: affixed before firing.Scoops with rattle handles.—Differ from scoops without rattle handles as follows.
Profile form types: range from XV to XVI.
Diameter range: range of maximum length, 12.2 to 18.9 cm.; of maximum width, 6.9 to 9.2 cm.
Depth range: at the point of maximum length, 3.1 to 6.4 cm.; at the point of maximum width, 2.8 to 3.3 cm.
Wall thickness range: (a) at rim, 3.5 to 6.6 mm.; (b) at a distance of 1 cm. below the rim, 4.5 to 8.5 mm.; (c) at center of vessel base, 5.5 to 9 mm.
Additional features: All rattle-handled scoops have the "eyes" and "keel" previously described.
Rattle handle: (a) Nature of feature: a single closed compartment containing some loose, small, hard objects (probably pebbles or pottery pellets). (b) Placement: located in the handle of the scoop and with its length oriented along the length of the handle. (c) Dimensions: compartment occupies less than one-half the total length of the vessel. Its exact dimensions are uncertain, since none of the handles are broken open; probably the interior length ranges from ca. 30 to ca. 49 mm. and the interior width from ca. 32 to ca. 55 mm.
Profile form types: I (circular bowls) and II (oval bowls).
Lip and rim types: Lip type B. Rim types 1, 2, and 3. Types 1 and 2 occur on both circular and oval bowls, type 1 being the more common. Type 3 occurs on a single circular bowl.
Shoulders: None.
Base: Rounded.
Diameter range: (a) for circular bowls, 12.3 to 33.0 cm.; (b) for oval bowls, maximum length ranges from 15.4 to 26.8 cm. and maximum width from 12.0 to 21.6 cm.
Depth range: (a) for circular bowls, 6.0 to 13.4 cm.; (b) for oval bowls, 4.5 to 6.6 cm. when measured at the point of maximum length and 3.1 to 5.5 cm. when measured at the point of maximum width.
Wall thickness range: (a) at rim, 4 to 9 mm.; (b) at a distance of 1 cm. below rim, 4 to 7.5 mm.; (c) at center of vessel base, 4 to 9 mm.
Additional features: None, with the exception of the largest circular straight walled bowl, which has pottery knobs. (a) Nature of feature: short oval pottery knobs apparently for the purpose of holding in place vegetal bindings which were sometimes wrapped around vessels at the lip. (b) Placement: encircle the vessel at the lip and project horizontally from it; tops of the knobs are 15 to 20 mm. below the rim. (c) Dimensions: knobs project from the vessel 9 to 12 mm. Their dimensions horizontally range from 30 to 38 mm., and vertically range from 21 to 24 mm. (d) Method of attachment: affixed to vessel before firing. (e) Number: 11.
Profile form types: Range from type III to type IV.
Lip and rim types: Lip type A. Rim types 1 and 2, sometimes grading into types 4 and 5. Type 1 is the most common; types 4 and 5 the least.
Shoulders: Rounded.
Base: Rounded.
Mouth diameter range: 14.1 to 32.0 cm.
Depth range: 7.9 to 16.3 cm.
Wall thickness range: (a) at rim, 4 to 9 mm.; (b) at point of greatest incurve, 3.5 to 8.5 mm.; (c) at vessel base, 3.5 to 10 mm.
Additional features: A minority of the recurved wall bowls have pottery knobs. (a) Nature of feature: short oval knobs or longer conical knobs (the latter on only one vessel) apparently for the purpose of holding in place vegetal bindings which were sometimes wrapped around vessels at the lip. (b) Placement: Knobs encircle the vessel at the lip and project horizontally; tops of the oval knobs are 17 to 41 mm. below the rim; tops of the conical knobs are 23 to 28 mm. below the rim. (c) Dimensions: oval knobs project 4 to 9 mm. from the vessel; range in horizontal length from from 14 to 58 mm.; range in vertical length from 8 to 22 mm. Conical knobs project from the vessel ca. 12 mm. (only one is unbroken and measurable); basal diameter is 8 mm. (d) Method of attachment: affixed to the vessel before firing. (e) Number per vessel: varies for oval knobs, 3, 4, or 6; the one vessel having conical knobs has 3.