A Text-Book of Horseshoeing, for Horseshoers and Veterinarians

by A. Lungwitz

University of Pennsylvania, April, 1913.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Introduction		[13]
	The Object of Shoeing	[13]
PART I.
CHAPTER I. THE GROSS ANATOMY OF THE HORSE.
Bones of the Head—Bones of the Trunk		[17]
The Spinal Column—Bones of the Thorax		[17-19]
Bones of the Pelvis—Bones of the Limbs		[19-21]
Joints—Muscles—Tendon Sheaths		[21-24]
THE FOOT.
A.	The Bones of the Foot	[24]
	The Cannon—The Long Pastern—The Sesamoid Bones—The Short Pastern—The Pedal Bone— The Navicular Bone	[24-28]
B.	The Articulations of the Foot	[28]
	I. The Fetlock-Joint	[28]
	The Suspensory Ligament	[29]
	The Inferior Sesamoid Ligament	[30]
	II. The Coronary Joint	[31]
	III. The Pedal Articulation (Coffin Joint)	[31]
C.	The Locomotory Organs of the Foot	[32]
	The Anterior Extensor Tendon of the Phalanges— The Perforatus Tendon—The Perforans Tendon	[32-35]
	Mucous Bursæ and Tendon Sheaths	[35]
	Altering the Relative Tension of the Flexor Tendons
	and Suspensory Ligament of the Fetlock-Joint	[36]
D.	The Elastic Parts of the Foot	[38]
	The Lateral Cartilages—The Plantar Cushion	[39, 40]
E.	The Blood-Vessels and Nerves	[41]
	The Arteries of the Foot—The Veins of the Foot—The Nerves of the Foot	[41-44]
F.	The Protective Organs of the Foot	[44]
	(a) The Hair-Skin	[44]
	1. The Epidermis	[45]
	2. The Dermis	[45]
	3. The Subcutaneous Tissue	[45]
	(b) The Hoof-Skin, or Pododerm	[45, 46]
	1. The Perioplic Band	[47]
	2. The Coronary Band	[47]
	3. The Fleshy Wall	[48]
	The Fleshy Leaves (Podophyllous Tissue)	[48, 49]
	4. The Velvety Tissue of the Sole	[49]
	5. The Velvety Tissue of the Frog	[49]
	(c) The Horn Capsule or Hoof	[50-53]
	The Wall	[50-53]
	The Bars	[51, 52]
	The Layers of the Wall:
	1. The Periople.
	2. The Middle or Protective Layer.
	3. The Leafy Layer (Keraphyllous Layer)	[53-55]
	The Sole	[55, 56]
	The Frog	[57, 58]
	The Minute Structure of the Horn	[58]
	Hard and Soft Horn	[59]
CHAPTER II. THE FOOT IN ITS RELATION TO THE ENTIRE LIMB.
A.	Standing Positions of the Limbs	[62]
	(a) The Positions of a Fore-Limb viewed from in Front and in Profile	[62-67]
	(b) The Positions of a Hind Limb viewed from Behind and in Profile	[67-69]
B.	Forms of Feet, viewed from in Front, from Behind, and in Profile	[69-72]
C.	Lines of Flight of Hoofs in Motion	[72-75]
D.	Influence of Weight upon Lines, of Flight of Hoofs	[75, 76]
E.	Forms of Hoofs	[77]
	The Hoof of the Regular Position—The Hoof of the Base-Wide Position—The Hoof of the Base-Narrow Position—Forms of Hind Hoofs— The Wide and the Narrow Hoof—The Characteristics of Healthy Hoofs	[77-82]
F.	Growth of the Hoof and Wear of the Hoof and Shoe	[82-86]
G.	Physiological Movements of the Hoof	[86-89]
PART II.
CHAPTER III. SHOEING HEALTHY HOOFS.
A.	Examination of a Horse Preliminary to Shoeing	[90]
B.	Raising and holding the Feet of the Horse to be Shod	[92]
C.	Removing the Old Shoes	[97]
D.	Preparing the Hoof for the Shoe	[98]
E.	Preparing the Hoof for going Barefoot	[102]
F.	Making Shoes	[103]
	The Podometer—Making Front Shoes—Making Hind Shoes—General Characteristics of Shoes— A Shoe with Heel-Calks—A Shoe with Toe- and Heel-Calks— Special Characteristics of Shoes	[103-116]
G.	Choosing the Shoe	[116]
H.	Shaping and Fitting Shoes—General Considerations	[117]
	Shaping and Fitting Shoes—Special Considerations	[120]
	Fitting Shoes to Saddlers and Hunters	[122]
	Fitting Shoes to Runners	[123]
	Fitting Shoes to Trotters and Pacers	[124]
	Fitting Shoes to Heavy Draft-Horses	[125]
I.	Nailing the Shoe, Horseshoe-Nails	[128]
K.	Machine Shoes	[132]
L.	Rubber Pads	[135]
CHAPTER IV. SHOEING HORSES THAT FORGE AND INTERFERE.
A.	Forging—Cross-firing	[138, 140]
B.	Interfering	[142]
CHAPTER V. WINTER SHOEING.
	1. Ice-Nails (Frost Nails)	[146]
	2. Sharp Toe- and Heel-Calks	[146]
	3. Screw-Calks	[148,] [155]
	4. Peg Heel-Calks	[150]
	5. Peg Toe-Calks	[152]
	6. Removable Heel-Calks, that do not require Sharpening	[154]
CHAPTER VI. HOOF NURTURE.
A.	Care of Unshod Hoofs	[157]
B.	Care of Shod Hoofs	[159]
	Greasing and Soaking the Hoof	[159]
PART III.
CHAPTER VII. GENERAL REMARKS CONCERNING THE SHOEING OF DEFECTIVE HOOFS AND LAME HORSES.
General Remarks		[161-165]
Classification of Diseases of the Hoof		[165]
CHAPTER VIII. INFLAMMATIONS OF THE PODODERM (PODODERMATITIS).
1.	Nailing	[166]
2.	Street-Nail	[170]
3.	Calk-Wounds of the Coronet	[173]
4.	Corns	[174]
5.	Inflammation of the Heels	[176]
6.	Laminitis (Founder)	[177]
7.	Keraphyllocele (Horn Tumor)	[181]
CHAPTER IX. DEFECTS OF THE HOOF.
A.	Changes of Form	[182]
	1. The Flat and the Full Hoof	[182]
	2. The Upright or Stumpy Hoof	[184]
	3. The Contracted Hoof	[185]
	(a) The Contraction of Wide Hoofs	[189]
	(b) Contraction of the Sole	[189]
	4. The Wry Hoof	[190]
	5. The Crooked Hoof	[192]
	6. Ossification of the Lateral Cartilage (Side-Bone)	[194]
B.	Disturbances of Continuity of Hoof	[195]
	1. Cracks	[195]
	2. Clefts	[203]
	3. Loose Wall	[204]
	4. Hollow Wall	[205]
	5. Thrush of the Frog	[206]
CHAPTER X. SHOEING MULES, ASSES, AND OXEN.
	1. The Shoeing of Mules and Asses	[207]
	2. The Shoeing of Oxen	[207]

INTRODUCTION.

Horseshoeing is an industry which requires, in equal degree, knowledge and skill.

The word “horseshoeing” embraces various acts, especially preparing the iron sole, the horseshoe; forming it and fitting it to the hoof, whose ground-surface has been previously dressed in accordance with the direction of the limb, and fastening it to the hoof by means of nails.

Owing to the complicated structure of the hoof, success in the practice of horseshoeing requires a knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the horse’s body in general and of the foot in particular.

The object of shoeing is,—

1. To protect the hoof from excessive wear, and thus render the horse continuously serviceable upon our hard roads.

2. To prevent slipping and falling during the winter season.