Of elements other than personal names the commonest are as follows, several of them being used as independent words to this day in English dialects which have been affected by Scandinavian influence:—
-BECK. O.N. bekkr, brook, small stream of water.
-BIGGIN(G). O.N. bygging, building.
-BY. O.N. bør, Dan. Swed. by, town or village. This word indicates a Danish rather than a Norse settlement.
-CAR(R), -ker. O.N. kjarr, kjörr, brushwood, especially on swampy ground.
-DALE. O.N. dalr, valley. Etymologically this word might be of native English origin but its distribution points to Norse influence.
-FELL. O.N. fjall, mountain.
-FORCE. O.N. fors, waterfall.
-FORTH. O.N. fjǫrðr, fjord. English -ford and Scandinavian -forth often interchange in the old documents.