Geotrupes stercorarius 28.4.
Onthophagus nuchicornis 92.9.
The leaping force of locusts was found by Straus-Dürckheim to be in Œdipoda grossa as 1.6, in Œ. parallela as 3.3 of their weight.
Fig. 238.—Vespa crabro, fixed and stained as in the subjects of the other figures. I, N, P × 1700; H, J, M × 850; the others × 425 times: A-C, motor muscles of the antennal scape. D-P, motor muscles of the 3d coxa. A, B, the two ends, in very different states of contraction, of the same fibre; on one side the transverse striæ are near together, on the other very far apart. C, a crushed and split fibre showing a fibrous appearance, owing to the rupture of the radiated filaments, and the separation of the longitudinal filaments. D, muscular disk seen in section, with two rows of nuclei. E, a muscular fibre with three rows of nuclei. F, a nucleus, accompanied with coagulated protoplasm, oozing from a previous break of the muscular fibre. G, nerve-terminations very near each other on the same muscular fibre. H, longitudinal filaments, evenly covered with the coagulated substance, and forming, throughout the mass of the fibre, continuous filaments. I, filaments widely separated. J, longitudinal filaments showing the beginning of one of the transverse breaks which isolate some of the disks. K, oblique view of a disk obtained by such a break, and of a fibre in circular section, with an axial row of nuclei; this piece comprises three stages of radiated filaments. L, muscular fibre with a row of nuclei; at the lower part, the nuclei have issued from a longitudinal fissure in the fibre, and have remained attached in a chain. M, edge of fibre in which there is quite a large, clear space between the sarcolemma and the rods. N, passage of the trachea, with the spiral thread, into three capillaries with a smooth cuticula. O, elliptical disk from a fibre, with two rows of nuclei, and showing a layer of radiated filaments. P, fragment (highly magnified) of the edge of a disk seen in section.—After Janet.
A humble bee (Bombus terrestris) can carry while flying a load 0.63 of its own weight, and a honey bee 0.78; here, as usual, the smaller insect is the stronger.[[39]]
LITERATURE ON THE MUSCLES
a. General
Lyonet, P. Traité anatomique de la chenille. La Haye, 1762.
Cornalia, E. Monographia del Bombyce del gelso. (Mem. R. Instituto Lombardo Sc. Lett. ed Arte, 1856.)