Gross, Wilhelm. Ueber den Farbensinn der Tiere, insbesondere der Insekten. (Isis v. Russ., v Jahrg., 1880, pp. 292–294, 300–302, 308–309.)
Lubbock, John. Ants, bees, and wasps. London, 1882, pp. 448. Also On the senses, etc., of animals, 1889.
Graber, Vitus. Grundlinien zur Erforschung des Helligkeits und Farbensinnes der Tiere. Prag u. Leipzig, 1884, pp. 322. (See also p. 262.)
Forel, Auguste. Les Fourmis perçoisent-elles l’ultra-violet avec leurs yeux ou avec leur peau? (Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Genève, 1886, 3 sér., xvi, pp. 346–350.)
Also the works of Darwin, Wallace, F. Müller, Grant Allen’s The Color Sense (1879), Beddard’s Animal Coloration, etc.
b. The organs of smell
The seat of the organs of smell is mainly in the antennæ, and they may be regarded as the principal olfactory organs. For our present knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the olfactory organs of insects we are mainly indebted to the recent investigations of Hauser and of Kraepelin. The following historical and critical remarks are translated from Kraepelin’s able treatise:
Historical sketch of our knowledge of the organs of smell.—In the first half of the last century began the inquiries as to the seat of the sense of smell in the arthropods. Thus Réaumur, in his Mémoires (i, p. 283; ii, 224), expressed the view that in the antennæ was situated a special organ which might be an organ of smell.
Lesser, Roesel, Lyonet, Bonnet, and others expressed the same opinion. Before this Sulzer suggested that an “unknown sense” might exist in the antennæ; others regarded the stigmata as organs of smell, as these were considered the natural passages for the olfactory currents. Duméril, in two special treatises as well as in his Considérations générales, sought to prove the theory as to the seat of the organs of smell in the stigmata.
Against both of these leading views as to the seat of the sense of smell were expressed, in the last century, different opinions. Thus Comparetti thought that the sense of smell might be localized in very different points of the head, in the antennal club of lamellicorns, in the sucking-tube of Lepidoptera, in special frontal holes of flies and Orthoptera, etc., while Bonsdorf considered the palpi as organs of smell.