Sograff, Nicolas. Note sur l’origine et les parentés des Arthropodes, principalement des Arthropodes trachéates. (Congrès internat. de Zool., 2me Session à Moscou, 1892, Pt. I, pp. 278–302.)
Giard, Alfred. (Note on the urinary tubes of larval Cecidomyia. Annals Ent. Soc., France, lxii, 1893, pp. lxxx-lxxxiv, 1 Fig.)
Wheeler, William M. The primitive number of Malpighian vessels in insects. (Psyche, vi, May-December, 1893, Parts 1–6, pp. 457–460, 485–486, 497–498, 509–510, 539–541, 545–547, 561–564.)
Metalnikoff, C. K. Organes excréteurs des insectes. (Bull. Acad. imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, 1896, iv, pp. 57–72, in Russian, 1 Pl.)
See also the works of Straus-Dürckheim, Will (Müller’s Archiv. 1848, p. 502), Brugnatelli, Leidy, Dufour, Ramdohr, Basch, Davy, Grassi, Minot, Berlese, Adlerz, Marchal (Bull. Ent. Soc. France, 1896, p. 257); Bordas (Appareil glandulaire des Hyménoptères, 1894), also C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 1897.
e. Poison-glands
Poison-glands are mainly confined to the stinging Hymenoptera, i.e. certain ants, and the wasps and bees, but also occur in the mosquito, while many, if not most bugs, seem to instil a drop of poison into the punctured wounds they make.
In the honey and other bees the poison apparatus consists of two poison-glands whose secretion passes by a single more or less convoluted efferential duct into the large poison-sac, and thence by the excretory duct, which is enlarged at the base of the sting (Figs. 194, 195), out through the sting by the same passage as the eggs. According to Carlet, the poison apparatus of bees consists of two kinds of glandular organs, of which one kind secretes a feebly alkaline fluid, the other an acid product. The poison is only effective when both fluids are mixed. The resultant venom is always acid. The action of this venom upon some animals, as rabbits, frogs, and certain beetles, is slight; but the domestic fly and the flesh-fly are immediately killed by it. The inoculation of a fly with the secretion of one of the glands does not produce death until after a considerable time, but death follows very quickly if the same fly is subjected to a second inoculation, this time with the secretion of the other gland. The alkaline glands are in bees and all poisonous Hymenoptera strongly developed, but become vestigial in those forms which sting their prey to serve as food for their larvæ. The poison which the solitary sand and wood wasps and Pompilidæ inject into their victims only paralyzes them.
Fig. 348.—The poison apparatus of Ichneumon: T, sting; GA acid gland; TG, R′, its tubes opening into the common poison-sac or reservoir; ce, its efferent canal; Ga, the tubular alkaline gland; R, the glandular end; a, the reservoir; ce, its duct; Gac, the accessory gland—After Bordas.