When the protection is against exterior dangers we have to consider sometimes the great diversity of conditions in the different occupations and industries, and sometimes the special manner in which workmen may be affected within the limits of a single occupation peculiar to some special branch of industry. When the protection is of the kind which I have called personal, the need for it arises partly out of the special dangers to which the protected individual is liable outside the actual limits of his business, partly out of the special dangers attached to his position in that business.
Hence results the following classification of industrial wage-labour, according to the kind of protection required:—
I. Labourers requiring protection against exterior dangers:
a. According to the kinds of occupation:
1. Having reference to the different branches of industry:
Wage-labour in mining, manufacture, trade, traffic and transport, and in service of all kinds.
2. Having reference to the special dangers of employment within any particular branch of industry: dangerous—non-dangerous work.
b. According to type of business:
1. Having reference to the position or personality of the employer:
Wage-labour under private employers—wage-labour under government.
2. Having reference to the choice of the labourers by the employer, and the nature of their mutual relations.
Factory-labour,
Quasi-factory labour (especially labour in workshops of a similar nature to factories), other kinds of workshop labour,
Household industries (home-labour),
Family labour.
1. Having reference to the different branches of industry:
Wage-labour in mining, manufacture, trade, traffic and transport, and in service of all kinds.
2. Having reference to the special dangers of employment within any particular branch of industry: dangerous—non-dangerous work.
1. Having reference to the position or personality of the employer:
Wage-labour under private employers—wage-labour under government.
2. Having reference to the choice of the labourers by the employer, and the nature of their mutual relations.
Factory-labour,
Quasi-factory labour (especially labour in workshops of a similar nature to factories), other kinds of workshop labour,
Household industries (home-labour),
Family labour.
II. Labourers requiring protection against personal dangers:
a. Having reference to the common need of protection as men and citizens.
1. Adult—juvenile workers;
2. Male—female workers;
3. Married—unmarried female workers;
4. Apprentices—qualified wage-workers;
5. Wage-workers subject to school duties—exempt from school duties,
b. Having reference to the need of protection arising out of differences in the position occupied by the wage workers in the business:
Skilled labourers (such as professional wage-workers, business managers, overseers and foremen; or technical wage-workers, mechanics, chemists, draughtsmen, modellers); unskilled labourers.
1. Adult—juvenile workers;
2. Male—female workers;
3. Married—unmarried female workers;
4. Apprentices—qualified wage-workers;
5. Wage-workers subject to school duties—exempt from school duties,
I. Protection against Exterior Dangers.