Mahan on naval warfare

by A. T. Mahan

“The Influence of America’s Greatest Naval Strategist on the War in Europe,” Current Opinion, February, 1915. (Taken from Paris Figaro.)

“Naval History: Mahan and his Successors,” Military Historian and Economist, January, 1918.

INDEX

• Aden, #$1#, [152]
• Admiralty, British, organization of, [118]–122, [194], [195]
• Adriatic Sea, [26], [306]
• Africa, [46].
  • See South Africa
• Alabama, Confederate cruiser, [96]
• Alaska, [40]
• Alava, Spanish admiral, [215]
• Alexander the Great, campaigns of, [4], [14]
• Alexander I, of Russia, [224]–226
• Algeciras Conference, [306]
• Alliances, military weakness of, [60], [61], [315].
  • See Entente; Triple Alliance
• Alsace-Lorraine, [326], [349]
• American Independence, War of, [23], [85], [343];
  • unwise policy of England in, [143]–144;
  • influence of sea power in, [164]–170.
• Amsterdam, [34], [39].
• Antilles, Lesser, strategic value of, [102], [105], [107], [108]
• Antwerp, [30], [306]
• Arbitration, #$1#, inadequacy of, [293]–295, [344]–347
• Armenia, [345], [347]
• Armored cruiser, a faulty type, [260]
• Asia. See China; Japan; Far East
• Atlantic Coast, of United States, [35], [65]–67, [111]–112, [274], [285]
• Australia, [148], [149], [350]
• Austria, in Thirty Years’ War, [50] ff.;
  • in Napoleonic Wars, [76], [191], [228];
  • in Seven Years’ War, [147];
  • an ally of Germany, [304]–306, [317], [322], [323], [327]
• Balkan States, [306]
• Baltic Sea, [31], [82], [186], [188], [191], [273], [274], [313]
• Barbados, [60], [196]
• Bases, naval, for permanent operations, [28];
  • in the Caribbean, [29];
  • exposed to land attack, [71];
  • useless without a navy, [287].
  • See Ports; Strategic Positions
• Battleships, design of, [61]–62.
  • See Speed
• Beachy Head, battle of, [81], [155], [157]
• Belgium, ports of, closed, [30];
  • a possession of Spain, [38], [50], [57], [60], [67]
• Berlin Decree, [95], [331]
• Bermuda, [105]
• Biscay, Bay of, [192]
• Bismarck, Prince, #$1#, [326]
• Blockade, in the Civil War, [41]–42, [94];
  • military, [86];
  • commercial, [94]–99, [330]–331;
  • defense against, [129]–132;
  • of Santiago, [251]–255;
  • of France, in Napoleonic Wars, [300]–311
• Bombardment, defense against, [129]–132
• Bombay, #$1#, [153]
• Boulogne, [191], [192], [194], [197]
• Bourrienne, Napoleon’s secretary, [13], [14]
• Boyne, battle of, [37]
• Brest, [23], [24], [31], [154], [174], [192]–194, [196], [222]
• Brock, General, [233], [234]
• Brunswick, British ship, [180]–182
• Bucentaure, French ship, [215]–219
• Bulgaria, [345]
• Byng, British Admiral, [85], [86], [158]
• Cadiz, [26], [58];
  • Villeneuve at, [197]–202, [208]–211, [219]–222
• Cæsar, campaigns of, [4], [14]
• Calder, British Admiral, [196]
• Cámara, Spanish Admiral, [252]
• Canada, [143], [147], [154];
  • in War of 1812, [229]–240, [307]
• Cape Verde Islands, [241]
• Caribbean Sea, strategic importance of, [27]–29, [289], [325];
  • features of, [100]–112;
  • map of, [100];
  • hurricane in, [244]
• Cartagena, [26]
• Central Line, or Position, defined and illustrated, [50]–67, [103];
  • of Germany, [53]
• Cervera, Spanish Admiral, squadron of, [59], [88], [89];
  • approach of, [241]–249;
  • blockaded at Santiago, [251]–255
• Champlain, Lake, battle of, [235], [239]
• Channel, British, [23], [24], [25], [52], [53], [69], [140];
  • defenses in, against Napoleon, [191]–195;
  • controlled by England, [312]–315
• Charles, Archduke, campaigns of, [11] ff
• Chauncey, Commodore, [235]–236
• Chemulpo, [256], [267]
• Cherbourg, [31], [174]
• Chesapeake Bay, British forces in, [31];
  • battle off, [164]–170
• China, at war with Japan, [296];
  • and foreign powers, [300], [345];
  • emigration from, [349], [352].
  • See Open Door
• Cienfuegos, [59], [88], [89], [103], [241], [246], [247]
• Civil War, American, Mahan’s service in, #$1#;
  • blockade in, [41]–42, [94]–96;
  • Farragut in, [76];
  • results of, [292]
• Clausewitz, Karl von, quoted, [89]
• Clinton, Sir Henry, [164], [167]
• Coasts, influence of, on naval development, [28]–32, [40]–42;
  • defense of, [89], [129]–133;
  • fortification of, [261].
  • See Frontiers
• Codrington, Sir Edward, [178], [183], [201]
• Colbert, French Minister, [138], [139]
• Collingwood, British Admiral, at battle of June First, [178];
  • off Rochefort, [192];
  • at Trafalgar, [197], [201], [206], [213]–217, [220]
• Colonies, national policies regarding, #$1#, [45]–46;
  • as motives for a navy, [20];
  • British, [22];
  • Germany’s desire for, [319], [323]
• Commerce, easier by sea than by land, [16];
  • importance of foreign, [17], [148];
  • as a motive for naval power, [18]–19, [355]–357;
  • routes of, [69]–70, [76]–78
• Commerce Warfare, operations of, discussed, [5], [91]–99;
  • a weapon of the weaker sea power, [24];
  • requires distant bases, [25], [154];
  • in the Napoleonic Wars, [198], [223]–228.
  • See Blockade; Private Property
• Communications, facility of, by sea, [16], [77], [286], [331]–332;
  • between England and Ireland, [37], [38];
  • importance of, in warfare, [52]–60, [75]–78, [92];
  • maintained by naval forces, [154];
  • altered by interoceanic canals, [288]–290
• Compromise, evils of, [259]–262;
  • in Rozhestvensky’s plans, [281]
• Concentration, defined and illustrated, [60]–67;
  • disregarded by Russia in war with Japan, [270]–275, [277]–282
• Continental System, Napoleon’s, [198], [223]–228
• Contraband, [99]
• Convoys, [17]
• Copenhagen, Nelson’s campaign of, [184]–191
• Corbett, Sir Julian, quoted, [85], [89]
• Corfu, [287]
• Cornwallis, British Admiral, [192], [194], [196]
• Cornwallis, General, at Yorktown, [159], [164]–170
• Corsica, [26]
• Corunna, [52]
• Crete, [58], [70], [347]
• Cronstadt, [273]
• Cuba, strategic value of, [59], [74], [79], [100]–112;
  • in Spanish War, [243], [245], [345], [348], [349]
• Culebra Island, [111]
• Curaçao, [241], [248]
• Curieux, British brig, [196]
• Curtis, British Captain, [178], [179], [183]
• Cyprus, [153]
• D’Aché, French Admiral, [153]
• Danube, central position on, [50], [53]–56, [60], [67]
• Dearborn, General, [236], [238]
• De Barras, French Admiral, in the American Revolution, [164]–168
• Defensive, limited rôle of, in naval warfare, [87]–90, [309]–311;
  • in the War of 1812, [228] ff
• De Grasse, French Admiral, at Saints’ Passage, [160];
  • off the Chesapeake, [164]–170
• Du Guichen, French Admiral, engaged with Rodney, [159]–163
• Denmark, trade of, [25];
  • waters of, [51];
  • Nelson’s campaign against, [184]–190
• De Ruyter, Dutch Admiral, [207]
• Detroit, [233], [238], [239]
• Dewey, Admiral, #$1#
• Dominica, [160]
• Dumanoir, French Admiral, at Trafalgar, [218]–220
• Egypt, Napoleon in, [58], [127], [192];
  • British rule in, [152], [191], [343]
• England. See Great Britain
• Entente, Triple, [53], [304]–306, [317]–318
• Erie, Lake, operations on, [232], [233], [235]–236, [238], [240]
• Far East, political conditions in, [289]–291, [296]–297.
  • See China; Japan; Open Door
• Farragut, Admiral, his place as a naval leader, #$1#;
  • at Mobile, [64], [251];
  • on the Mississippi, [76];
  • quoted, [340]
• Ferrol, [192], [196], [197]
• Fighting Instructions, of the British Navy, [157]–158
• Fleet in Being, theory of, [81];
  • illustrated by Cervera’s fleet, [242]–248;
  • in Russo-Japanese War, [258]–269
• Florida, exposed position of, [36], [65], [66];
  • Straits of, [69], [147]
• Flying Squadron, in Spanish War, #$1#, [59], [88], [89], [241], [246]
• Fortress Fleet, [258]–269
• Française, Cape, [165], [166]
• France, a rival of Great Britain, #$1#;
  • geographical conditions affecting, [22]–25;
  • ports of, [31], [32];
  • in Napoleonic Wars, [43]–44, [171]–174;
  • colonial policy of, [46];
  • in Thirty Years’ War, [50]–57;
  • exhausted under Louis XIV, [137]–140;
  • in American Revolution, [143]–144;
  • in Seven Years’ War, [147], [153]–154;
  • opposed to Germany, [305], [317]–318, [320];
  • arrested growth of, in population, [307], [322];
  • Channel coast of, [312]–313.
  • See Navy, French
• Franklin, Benjamin, quoted, [350]
• Frederick the Great, [14], [147]
• French Revolution, [152];
  • effect on French navy, [171]–174, [178]
• Frontiers, advantage of seaboard, [30];
  • of United States, regarded as a line, [65]–67, [112];
  • warfare on, in 1812, [229]–234.
  • See Coasts
• Genoa, [67]
• Germany, recent naval policy of, #$1#–xv, [51];
  • trade of, [25];
  • rivers of, [33], [69];
  • central position of, [53];
  • possible acquisitions in West Indies, [288];
  • political character and aims of, [292], [302]–308, [317]–327;
  • and Far East, [299];
  • her sea routes threatened by Great Britain, [312]–316, [333], [336].
  • See Navy, German
• Gibraltar, an important base, [20], [22], [58], [69], [74], [152], [154];
  • acquired by Great Britain, [26], [147], [157];
  • siege of, [85], [86], [107], [178];
  • Nelson at, [196], [199], [209]
• Good Hope, Cape of, [20], [26], [33], [51], [152], [290], [314]
• Graves, British Admiral, off the Chesapeake, [160], [164]–170
• Gravina, Spanish Admiral, at Trafalgar, [210]–211, [214], [219]–220
• Great Britain, growth of, in naval power, #$1#, [32]–34, [43]–44;
  • colonial policy of, [45], [46], [343];
  • naval policy of, [47]–48, [141]–146;
  • community of interests with United States, [111], [291]–295, [318]–332;
  • in American Revolution, [143]–144;
  • gains of, in Seven Years’ War, [147]–154;
  • navy her first line of defense, [191]–195;
  • in commerce warfare with Napoleon, [223]–228, [310]–311;
  • and problem of imperial federation, [293];
  • threatened by Germany, [302]–308;
  • policy of, relating to seizure of private property at sea, [333]–338.
  • See Navy, British
• Guadeloupe, [25], [143]
• Guantanamo, [58], [103]–107, [111]
• Hague, The, [155]–157, [165], [166].
  • See Peace Conferences
• Haiti, [105], [108]
• Halifax, [105]
• Hamilton, Lady Emma, [200]
• Hampton Roads, #$1#, [59], [66], [89], [241], [246]
• Hannibal, campaigns of, [4], [14]
• Havana, [39], [59], [88], [89], [105], [106], [110], [143], [166], [241], [246], [247]
• Havre, [174]
• Hawaiian Islands, value of, to the United States, [285]–287, [356], [357];
  • Japanese in, [301]
• Hawke, British Admiral, [155]
• Heligoland, #$1#
• Holland, dependent on commerce, [161];
  • as a sea power, [22], [23];
  • trade of, [25];
  • closes Belgian ports, [30];
  • raids Chatham, [30];
  • naval rivalry with England, [32]–34, [312], [313];
  • at war with Spain, [37]–38, [342];
  • colonial policy of, [45]–46;
  • rivers of, [69];
  • in wars of Louis XIV, [137]–140;
  • in Napoleonic Wars, [193];
  • possible union with Germany, [320]
• Hood, British Admiral, [167], [168]
• Hotham, British Admiral, [81]
• Howe, British Admiral, policy of, [5];
  • in the battle of June First, [175]–183
• Hudson River, [31], [166]
• India, British in, [147], [151], [317], [343];
  • route to, [152], [153]
• Interior Lines, value of, in warfare, [51]–67;
  • illustrated, [103], [314]
• International Law, regard for, in Napoleonic Wars, [227]–228;
  • inadequate to check national aggressions, [300]
• Ireland, [37], [313]
• Italy, position of, [26];
  • exposed by sea, [36]–37;
  • in wars of France and Austria, [50], [56], [60];
  • unification of, [292];
  • interests of, opposed to those of Germany and Austria, [305]–306, [317]
• Jamaica, lost by Spain, [39];
  • threatening position of, [58];
  • strategic value of, [100]–112
• James II, of England, [38], [277];
  • fighting instructions issued by, [157]–158
• Japan, influenced by Mahan’s writings, #$1#;
  • in war with Russia, [56], [57], [60];
  • influence in Asia, [76]–78, [82]–84;
  • coerced by the European powers, [291]–292;
  • growth of, [296]–297, [326];
  • and the Open Door Policy, [299]–301;
  • compared with Germany, [303], [324];
  • and Great Britain, [306]–307, [318], [320];
  • emigration from, [349]–352.
  • See Russo-Japanese War
• Jervis. See St. Vincent
• Jomini, on strategy, [11], [12], [49], [321];
  • on strategic lines, [64], [65], [238];
  • on Napoleon, [80];
  • on British sea power, [141]
• June First, battle of, [175]–183
• Kamimura, Japanese Admiral, [66]
• Kamranh Bay, [83]
• Keith, British Admiral, [194]
• Key West, [29], [36], [111], [241], [269]
• Kiel Canal, #$1#, [51]
• Kingston, in Canada, [231]–240;
  • in Jamaica, [107]
• Korea, [256], [300], [346]
• Kuropatkin, Russian General, [256], [257]
• Lafayette, General, [164], [169]
• La Hogue, battle of, [155]–157, [165], [166]
• Levant, trade of, [33]
• Line of Battle, of fleets, [62], [156], [158], [162], [163].
  • See Strategic Lines
• Logistics, defined, [49]
• London, [30]
• Louis XIV, of France, [37], [155];
  • wars of, [137]–141
• Louis XVI, of France, [172]
• Louisburg, [20], [154]
• Macdonough, Commodore, [142]
• Madagascar, #$1#, [82]
• Madrid, [81], [209]
• Magellan, Straits of, [51], [67], [290]
• Malta, [20], [26], [58], [70], [107], [152], [287]
• Manchuria, [56], [57], [267], [300]
• Manila, [39], [143]
• Mantua, [76], [80]
• Marengo, battle of, [13], [14], [76], [257]
• Marlborough, Duke of, [142]
• Martinique, [25], [74], [104], [143], [154], [160], [161], [196], [241]
• Masampo Bay, [66]
• Mauritius, [20], [152]
• Mediterranean Sea, position of France on, [22], [59], [140];
  • importance of, as a trade route, [27], [31], [39], [289]–290;
  • Villeneuve ordered to, [198]–199;
  • bases in, [287], [314]
• Metz, [71]
• Mexico, Gulf of, [29], [31], [35], [36], [65], [66];
  • strategic features of, [100]–112, [325]
• Milan, [50], [53]
• Minorca, [39], [107], [147], [154], [158]
• Mississippi River, importance of, [29], [31], [35], [69], [100], [101];
  • in the Civil War, [42], [76], [143]
• Mobile Bay, battle of, [64], [251]
• Mona Passage, [102]
• Monroe Doctrine, [102], [111], [149], [288]–291, [318], [320]–322, [325], [356]
• Montreal, [231], [233], [234], [238], [240]
• Moore, Sir John, [81]
• Morocco, [306], [318], [320]
• Mukden, battle of, [56], [256]
• Naples, [38], [39]
• Napoleon, as a strategian, [11];
  • anecdote of, [12]–14;
  • quoted, [4], [14], [55], [58], [70], [78], [110], [155], [173], [241], [271], [287], [296], [335];
  • at Marengo and Mantua, [76], [257];
  • a believer in the offensive, [80], [81], [152], [153];
  • in commerce warfare with Great Britain, [92], [93], [95], [223]–228, [331];
  • armies of, [172];
  • and the northern neutrals, [184], [187];
  • his plan for the invasion of England, [191]–198;
  • and the Trafalgar campaign, [221]–223, [248];
  • downfall of, [237];
  • at Waterloo, [239]
• Napoleonic Wars, [12], [31], [80], [81], [142], [307], [310], [343]
• Naval Administration, civil vs. military, [113]–115;
  • in peace and war, [115]–118;
  • British, [118]–122;
  • United States, [122]–124.
  • See Admiralty
• Naval Training, [8]–15
• Naval War College, Mahan at, #$1#;
  • aims of, [10]–15
• Navarino, battle of, [178]
• Navies, motives for, [18], [355]–357;
  • a protection for commerce, [19];
  • fighting order of, [61];
  • an offensive weapon, [71]–73
• Navigation Acts, British, [337]
• Navy, British;
  • • training of officers in, [8]–9;
    • compared with French, [43];
    • maneuvers of, [72];
    • tactics of, in the 18th century, [156]–158;
    • protection afforded by, [306]–308;
  • French:
    • training of officers in, [8]–9;
    • compared with British, [43];
    • weakness of, in Revolutionary Wars, [146], [171]–174, [178];
    • faulty policy of, [155]–158;
  • German: growth and purpose of, [111], [299], [307], [317]–320;
  • United States:
    • interested chiefly in material, [8];
    • in Civil War, [41];
    • insufficient, [44];
    • in Spanish War, [59]–60, [245], [250]–253;
    • concentration of fleet of, [60], [274]–275;
    • administration of, [122]–124;
    • requirements of, [128]–134
• Nebogatoff, Russian Admiral, [83]
• Nelson, British Admiral, his place as a naval leader, #$1#;
  • in the Trafalgar campaign, [5], [62], [63], [196]–223;
  • his pursuit of Napoleon in the Mediterranean, [58];
  • on concentration, [61];
  • quoted, [80], [82], [85], [175], [253];
  • and the rule of obedience, [126]–127;
  • in the Copenhagen campaign, [184]–190;
  • in command of channel forces, [191]–192, [195]
• Netherlands. See Belgium; Holland
• Neutrality, League of Armed, [184]–190
• Newport, Rhode Island, #$1#, [164], [166]
• New York, [31], [69], [73], [164]–167
• Niagara frontier, warfare on, [231]–232, [235]–236
• Nile, battle of, [153]
• North Sea, [23], [25], [51], [313]–316
• Nossi-Bé, [82], [83]
• Offensive, advantage of, in war, [128]–133, [229], [309]–311;
  • operations of, discussed, [79]–86;
  • navy chiefly useful for, [70]–73
• Ontario, Lake, campaign on, in War of 1812, [229]–240
• Open Door Policy, [299]–301, [325], [356], [357]
• Oregon, United States ship, [59], [60]
• Oswego, [232]
• Pacific Coast, of United States, [35], [40], [67], [111], [112], [285], [289];
  • immigration to, [350], [356]
• Pacific Ocean, interest of the United States in, [289], [299]–301
• Panama Canal, its effect on naval policy, [18], [27]–29, [325];
  • an interior line, [51], [301];
  • central position of, [67], [70], [77];
  • strategic importance of, [100]–112, [149], [150], [356]–357;
  • need of controlling approaches to, [285]–287;
  • and the Monroe Doctrine, [288]–291, [318]
• Paris, Treaty of, [147]–148;
  • Declaration of, [99], [337];
  • city of, [198]
• Parker, British Admiral, [184]–190
• Peace Conferences, at The Hague, #$1#, [132], [331], [342], [346]
• Peninsular War, [81], [82]
• Pensacola, [29]
• Philippine Islands, [252], [349]
• Pitt, Sir William, British Prime Minister, [143], [151]
• Plevna, [56], [57]
• Plymouth, England, [24], [31]
• Pondicherry, [78], [154]
• Population, affecting sea power, [43]–44;
  • of Pacific Coast, [301]
• Port Arthur, threatening Japanese communications, [56], [57];
  • attacked by siege, [71], [82];
  • squadron based on, [256]–271, [275]
• Port Mahon, [289]
• Porto Rico, [241], [349]
• Ports, in Gulf and Caribbean, [128], [29];
  • flanking communications, [56]–58
• Portsmouth, England, [31]
• Preparation, for war, [128]–134, [229]–230, [237]–238, [357]
• Private property at sea, immunity of, [78], [93], [98], [99], [328]–341;
  • Rule of 1756 regarding, [227]–228
• Prussia, [147], [153], [189], [191], [228]
• Puget Sound, [67]
• Pyrenees, [52], [65]
• Ratisbon, [50]
• Red Sea, [152]
• Resources, affecting strategic value of positions, [68], [69], [74]
• Revel, [188]–190
• Rhine River, [50], [52], [53], [55], [56], [60], [197].
• Richelieu, Cardinal, [31], [60]
• Rions, Commodore de, [174]
• Robespierre, [178]
• Rochambeau, [164], [166], [170]
• Rochefort, [174], [192]
• Rodney, Admiral, in battle with De Guichen, [155], [159]–164
• Roman Empire, [301]
• Rooke, British Admiral, [156], [157]
• Rosily, French Admiral, [199], [208], [221]
• Rotterdam, [336]
• Royal Sovereign, British ship, [123]–217
• Rozhestvensky, Russian Admiral, [66], [70], [82]–84, [257], [265], [270], [274], [276]–282
• Russia, trade of, [25];
  • alliance of, [53];
  • in Asia, [76]–78, [153], [300];
  • in Seven Years’ War, [147];
  • in Napoleonic Wars, [184]–190, [192], [224]–226;
  • a member of the Entente, [305], [317]–318;
  • decreased strength of, [322];
  • her need of a navy, [327], [355]–356.
  • See Russo-Japanese War
• Russo-Japanese War, [56]–57, [64], [66], [82]–84, [88], [256]–282, [355]
• Sackett’s Harbor, [232], [239]
• St. George’s Channel, [37]
• St. Helena, [20], [152]
• St. Lawrence, Gulf of, [20];
  • river, true frontier in 1812, [230] ff.
• St. Thomas, [103]
• St. Vincent, Lord, policy of, [5], [193]
• Saint-André, French Commissioner, [173], [179]
• Saints’ Passage, battle of, [160], [169]
• Samana Bay, [103]
• Sampson, Admiral, #$1#, [241], [249], [250]–255
• Santa Lucia, [74], [103], [105], [108]
• Santiago de Cuba, [71], [103], [104], [107], [241], [243], [246], [247];
  • blockade and battle of, [250]–255
• Santisima Trinidad, Spanish ship, [214], [215], [217], [218], [220]
• Sardinia, [37]
• Scheldt River, [30], [248]
• Schleswig Holstein, [349]
• Schley, Admiral, [241], [246]
• Sea Power, dependence on, a British policy, #$1#;
  • scope of history of, [3];
  • elements of, [16]–47;
  • conditions affecting, [21];
  • growth of British, [141]–146, [151]–152;
  • controls communications, [77]–78;
  • decisive in warfare, [98], [99];
  • an important element in national growth, [154], [286]–287;
  • in Napoleonic Wars, [191]–197, [221]–224;
  • a protection against aggressions by land powers, [306]–308;
  • interest in, [326]–327
• Secession, War of. See Civil War
• Semenoff, Russian Captain, quoted, [280]
• Seven Years’ War, [85]–86, [142]–144, [147]–154, [307]
• Shafter, General, [269]
• Sherman, General, quoted, [335]
• Ship design, unity of purpose in, [61]–62
• Sicily, [37], [38], [39], [42]
• Situation, determines strategic value of a point, [69]–70, [110]
• Smith, Sir Sidney, [126]
• Socotra, [152]
• Sound, between North and Baltic Seas, [51], [185], [186], [190]
• South Africa, [290];
  • war in, [293]–295, [347]
• South America, unstable political conditions in, [148]–149;
  • application of Monroe Doctrine to, [290]
• Spain, position of, [26];
  • dependence on sea power, [38], [39];
  • colonial policy of, [45];
  • in 18th century, [141]–142, [143]–144, [151]–152;
  • in Napoleonic Wars, [81], [221], [226];
  • colonial empire of, lost, [291], [342].
  • See Spanish-American War
• Spanish-American War, strategy of, #$1#, [59]–60, [88]–90;
  • Cervera’s fleet in, [241]–249;
  • Santiago blockade, [250]–255;
  • strengthened Anglo-American unity, [291]–295;
  • could not have been avoided by arbitration, [342], [348]–349
• Speed, of battleships, [61], [246]–248
• Strasburg, [71], [137]
• Strategic Lines and Positions, in the Caribbean, [65]–78, [100]–112;
  • in the War of 1812, [238]–240
• Strategy, defined, [4], [12], [49];
  • value of study of, [5];
  • in War of 1812, [229]–240;
  • must take into account political conditions, [250]–253, [320]–327;
  • illustrated by mistakes, [257];
  • must be exercised in time of peace, [274];
  • chief aim of, [311]
• Submarines, [70], [99]
• Suez Canal, [26], [28], [51], [70], [77], [152], [252], [261], [289], [290]
• Suffren, French Admiral, [86], [153]
• Sully, French Minister, [38]
• Suvarof, General, [262]
• Sweden, trade of, [25];
  • in Thirty Years’ War, [53];
  • in 1800, [184]–190
• Tactics, defined, [4], [49];
  • illustrated in history, [5]–7;
  • in naval combats, [62]–64;
  • formalism in, [155]–158;
  • changes in, at close of 18th century, [159] ff., [168];
  • chief aim of, [311]
• Territory, extent of, affecting sea power, [39]–42
• Texel, [193]
• Tobago, [160]
• Togo, Japanese Admiral, [60], [66], [82]–84, [90], [270], [276]–280
• Torbay, [24]
• Toronto, [231], [236]
• Torpedo craft, [130]–134
• Torrington, British Admiral, [242], [248]
• Toulon, [57], [58], [154], [174], [192], [193], [196], [248]
• Tourville, French Admiral, [80], [81], [155], [159], [207]
• Trade. See Commerce
• Trafalgar, battle of, [5], [62], [192], [194], [196]–223, [248]
• Trieste, [306]
• Trincomalee, [86]
• Triple Alliance, [53], [304]–306, [317]–318
• Triple Entente. See Entente
• Tsushima, battle of, [64], [70], [82]–84, [88], [265], [276]–282
• Turkey, [33], [148], [150]
• Ulm, [50], [71], [76], [191]
• United States, merchant marine of, [18], [35];
  • geographical position of, [22];
  • and Panama Canal, [27]–29;
  • seacoasts of, inadequately protected, [34]–36;
  • exposed only by sea, [39];
  • deficient in seafaring population, [44];
  • colonial policy of, [46];
  • seacoasts of, regarded as a line, [65]–67;
  • naval requirements of, [133]–134;
  • community of interests with Great Britain, [291]–295, [306]–308, [318]–327;
  • expansion of, [297]–298;
  • and the Open Door Policy, [299];
  • political ideals of, [302];
  • policy of, regarding commerce warfare, [331]–333.
  • See Navy, United States
• Utrecht, peace of, [141]–142
• Vengeur, French ship, [180]–182
• Venice, [306]
• Victory, Nelson’s flagship, [213]–214
• Vigo Bay, [157]
• Villaret-Joyeuse, French Admiral, [178]
• Villeneuve, French Admiral, quoted, [173];
  • in Trafalgar campaign, [196], [199], [202], [210]–223
• Vistula River, [12], [78]
• Vladivostok, [66], [73], [82], [83], [88];
  • squadron based on, [256]–261, [265], [266], [270], [274];
  • objective of Rozhestvensky, [276]–282
• Von der Goltz, General, quoted, [321]
• War, principles of, [6];
  • causes of, [148];
  • preparedness for, [128]–134;
  • beneficial results of, [292]–295, [342]–354
• War of 1812, commerce warfare in, [91]–99, [226]–228;
  • strategy of, [229]–240
• Washington, General, [164];
  • quoted, [169], [170]
• Washington, city of, [31]
• Waterloo, battle of, [82], [239]
• Weapons, changes in, [6]
• Wellington, Duke of, [82], [234], [239]
• West Indies, a source of wealth for Spain, [37];
  • Nelson in, [196]–197, [202].
  • See Caribbean Sea
• William II, of England, [81], [277], [281]
• Wilkinson, General, [238]
• Windward Passage, [102]
• Wireless, in war, [84], [85]
• Yalu River, [268]
• Yang-tse River, [276]
• Yeo, British Commodore, [235]
• Yucatan Passage, [102], [104]
• Zuyder Zee, [34]

---

[1]. “From Sail to Steam,” p. xiv.

[2]. “From Sail to Steam,” p. 55.

[3]. See pp. [328]–341.

[4]. Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske, U. S. Naval Institute, January–February, 1915, p. 2.

[5]. “La Maîtrise de la Mer,” Auguste Moireau, Revue des Deux Mondes, October, 1902.