- Actions, Land.
- i.:
- ii.:
- York [Toronto], [36], [55];
- Fort George, [38];
- Sackett's Harbor, [42];
- Stony Creek, [46];
- Beaver Dam, [47];
- Fort Meigs, [68];
- Fort Stephenson, [73];
- The Thames, [103];
- Chrystler's Farm, [115];
- Chippewa, [295];
- Lundy's Lane, [306];
- Fort Erie, [314], [316];
- Bladensburg, [346];
- Plattsburg, [366];
- New Orleans, [394].
- Actions, Naval.
- i.:
- Elliott's capture of "Caledonia" and "Detroit," [354];
- "Constitution" and "Guerrière," [330];
- "Frolic" and "Wasp," [412];
- "Macedonian" and "United States," [416].
- ii.:
- "Constitution" and "Java," [3];
- "Hornet" and "Peacock," [7];
- squadron engagements on Lake Ontario, 1813, August 10, [56];
- battle of Lake Erie, [76];
- "Chesapeake" and "Shannon," [135];
- "Boxer" and "Enterprise," [188];
- "Argus" and "Pelican," [217];
- "Essex" with "Phœbe" and "Cherub," [249];
- "Wasp" and "Reindeer," [254];
- "Wasp" and "Avon," [256];
- "Epervier" and "Peacock," [259];
- battle of Lake Champlain, [377];
- gunboat squadron on Lake Borgne, [389];
- "President" with British squadron, [398];
- "Constitution" with "Cyane" and "Levant," [405];
- "Hornet" and "Penguin," [407].
- Actions, Privateer.
- ii.:
- "Globe" with British packets, [226];
- "Decatur" and "Dominica," [233];
- "Comet" and "Hibernia," [234];
- "Saucy Jack" and "Pelham," [235];
- "Saucy Jack" with "Volcano" and "Golden Fleece," [235];
- "Kemp" with seven British merchantmen, [237];
- "Chasseur" and "St. Lawrence," [238].
- Acts of Congress.
- To protect American shipping, i. [76], [80];
- Non-Importation Act, against Great Britain, April, 1806, [113], [131], [183];
- Embargo Act, December 22, 1807, [182];
- Act for the better Enforcement of the Embargo, January 9, 1809, [208];
- partial repeal of Embargo Act—"Non-Intercourse" Act against Great Britain and France, March 1, 1809, [210], [211], [213], [214];
- Act repealing Non-Intercourse Act, with a substitute, May 1, 1810, [234], [235];
- supplementary Act, reviving Non-Intercourse against Great Britain alone, March 2, 1811, [248], [249];
- Embargo Act for ninety days, war measure, April 4, 1812, [263];
- Declaration of War, June 18, 1812, [279].
- Adams, John. Minister to Great Britain.
- French colonial principles, i. [28];
- British interest in navigation, [11], [30] (and note);
- public opinion in England, as observed by him, [47], [63], [64], [69], [79];
- remonstrates against impressment of American seamen, [119];
- President of United States, instructs against impressment, [121];
- care for the navy, ii. [213].
- Adams, John Quincy. Senator from Massachusetts.
- Opinions as to Orders in Council, i. [178-181];
- opinions on a navy, [186];
- Minister to Russia, ii. [411];
- commissioner to treat for peace, [412].
- "Adams." American frigate.
- Allen, William H. Commander, U.S.N.
- Commands "Argus," ii. [216];
- killed in action, [218].
- "America."
- "Argus."
- Armstrong, John.
- U.S. Minister to France at the time of the Berlin Decree, i. [172-174], [181], [182], [236-238], [240], [244].
- Advice to Eustis, Secretary of War, before the outbreak of hostilities, [309], [339].
- Secretary of War, [31], [33], [39], [45], [104-106], [110-112], [117], [120], [122], [266] (note), [278], [291-293], [319], [343], [344].
- "Avon." British brig of war.
- Sunk by U.S.S. "Reindeer," ii. [256].
- Applies for furlough, because of the condition of the navy, i. [257];
- opinion as to employment of navy in war, [318];
- mentions public opinion in Boston, [393];
- commands squadron, [407];
- his plans for the cruise, ii. [2];
- captures Java, [4];
- instructions to Lawrence for cruise of "Hornet," [7];
- returns to the United States, [7];
- commands Boston navy yard, [135], [153], [186].
- Bainbridge, William. Captain, U.S.N.
- Sent to lakes by Warren, ii. [28];
- ordered by Yeo to command on Lake Erie, [29];
- difficulty in reaching his command, [39];
- operations prior to battle of Lake Erie, [41], [69-74];
- battle of Lake Erie, [76];
- merits of his conduct, [94].
- Barclay, Robert H. Commander, R.N.
- On impressment question, i. [118], [122];
- on effects of embargo on seamen, [192].
- Barclay, Thomas. British Consul-General at New York.
- Barlow, Joel.
- Commands privateer "Rossie," i. [395-398];
- commands Chesapeake flotilla, ii. [336-344];
- gallant conduct of himself and men at Bladensburg, [347], [348].
- Barney, Joshua. Commodore by courtesy.
- Presents to the American minister the spurious Decree of April 28, 1811, i. [272].
- Bassano, Duke of. French Minister of Foreign Affairs.
- Quoted, ii. [100], [331] (note), [383], [422], [423], [424], [425], [426], [427], [431].
- Bathurst, Earl. British Secretary for War and Colonies.
- Issues the order to search the U.S.S. "Chesapeake," i. [156];
- recalled from his command in consequence, [167],
- but given within a year the important command at Lisbon, [168];
- British Government refuses further punishment for his action, [168].
- Berkeley, George C. Vice-Admiral, R.N., commanding North American station.
- Commands "Hornet" when she captures "Penguin," ii. [407].
- Biddle, James. Commander, U.S.N.
- Selected by Elliott as American naval station on Lake Erie, i. [355], [374];
- changed by Chauncey, [375];
- mentioned in operations, [355], [358], [374], [377]; ii. [34], [40], [41], [62], [71], [121].
- Black Rock.
- Blakely, Johnstone. Commander, U.S.N.
- General principle determining legality of, i. [99], [110], [145];
- position of United States concerning, defined, [110];
- that of May 16, 1806, illustrates difference between United States and Great Britain, [111];
- Napoleon's definition of the right of blockade, [142-144];
- Marshall, in 1800, and Pinkney, 1811, incidentally support Napoleon's view, [146], [147];
- effect of this view upon sea power, and upon Great Britain, [147];
- effect upon the Civil War of the United States, had it been conceded, [148];
- the Orders in Council of 1807 are admitted by Great Britain to usurp the privileges of, without complying with the obligations, [177];
- though modelled on the general plan of, [179];
- distinction between military and commercial, [286];
- in essence and effect, a form of commerce destruction, [287];
- as such, the weapon of the stronger, [288];
- of Chesapeake and Delaware,—commercial,—by British, notified, December 26, 1812, ii. [9];
- extended to coast south of Narragansett Bay, March 30 and November 16, 1813, [10];
- to whole United States coast, April and May, 1814, [11];
- the last a defiance in form of the United States claim concerning, [11];
- effects of the British commercial, upon United States, [177-187], [193-208];
- American definition of, rejected as inadmissible at the treaty of peace, [432].
- Blockades.
- Captured by "Enterprise," ii. [188].
- See also note to chap. xiii.
- "Boxer." British brig of war.
- Lieutenant Governor, and military commander in Upper Canada, i. [337];
- his professional opinions, [304], [308];
- his successful action against Hull for the preservation of the northwest, [341-348];
- returns to the Niagara frontier, [351];
- killed in action at Queenston, [357].
- Brock, Isaac. British general.
- Commands frigate "Shannon";
- senior officer of vessels of New York, i. [325];
- accompanies West India convoy, [326];
- chase of "Constitution," [327];
- blockading Boston, ii. [133];
- singular merit of, [133];
- sends challenge to Lawrence, [134];
- action with, and capture of, U.S.S. "Chesapeake," [135].
- Broke, Philip B.V. Captain, R.N.
- First in the militia, successfully defends Sackett's Harbor, ii. [42];
- appointed brigadier general in the army, [45];
- stationed at Sackett's Harbor, 1814, [278];
- campaign on Niagara peninsula, [280-318];
- wounded at Lundy's Lane, [311];
- defence of Fort Erie, [314-318];
- returns to Sackett's at end of the campaign, [323].
- Brown, Jacob. American general.
- Commands "Enterprise" when she captures "Boxer," ii. [188];
- killed in the action, [189].
- Burrows, William. Lieutenant, U.S.N.
- Aids at capture of Mackinac, i. [341];
- captured by Lieutenant Elliott, [355];
- takes part as American in battle of Lake Erie, ii. [81];
- lost, [327].
- Confidence concerning the conquest of Canada, i. [303].
- "Caledonia." British armed brig on lakes.
- Calhoun, John C. Member of American Congress.
- Expected by British writers to take the place of the United States in supplying West Indies, i. [45], [48];
- unable to do so, [64], [86];
- benefited, however, by enforcement of navigation laws against the United States, [78], [79];
- propriety of invasion of by the United States, in 1812, considered, [292-294];
- object of invasion of, defined by Monroe, [293];
- how regarded in England, ii. [356].
- Campbell, Hugh G. Captain, U.S.N., commanding Georgia coast district.
- Takes office, i. [134];
- statement as to the British right of impressment from foreign merchant vessels, [115];
- refusal to re-open treaty negotiations with Monroe and Pinkney, [135];
- characteristics of his letters, [154];
- negotiations with Monroe, concerning the "Chesapeake" affair, [156-168];
- instructions to Erskine, for proposals to United States, [215-219];
- Erskine's action disavowed by, and Jackson sent in place, [221];
- misquotation of, by Robert Smith, American Secretary of State, [226], [227];
- duel with Castlereagh, [229];
- succeeded in office by Lord Wellesley, [229].
- Canada.
- Commands "Macedonian" captured by "United States," i. [416].
- Canning, George. British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
- Duel with Canning, i. [229];
- remains in office after Perceval's assassination, [273];
- opinion on political movements in United States immediately before war, [274];
- concerning Napoleon's alleged decree of April 28, 1811, [276];
- instructions to the peace commission at Ghent, [415-418];
- quoted in connection with the peace negotiations, [410], [417], [418], [420], [428], [429].
- Carden, John S. Captain, R.N.
- Castlereagh, Lord. British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
- Quoted in connection with Napoleon's Decrees, i. [174]. [175], [181];
- celebrated letter of, August 5, 1810, [237];
- accepted by American Government as a valid revocation of the Decrees, [238];
- discussion of, [239-242];
- rejected as a revocation by Great Britain, [242].
- Chalmers, George. British writer on political and economical subjects.
- Natural highway to Canada, i. [309];
- neglected by American Government in 1812, i. [351], [359]; ii. [30], [357];
- not under Chauncey's command, i. [361];
- events on, 1812 and 1813, ii. [357-360];
- Sir George Prevost's expedition, [362-381];
- battle of Lake Champlain, [377-381];
- effects of battle on conditions of peace, [382] (see also [99-101]).
- Champagny, Duc de Cadore. French Minister of Foreign Affairs.
- Ordered to command on Lakes Erie and Ontario, i. [354], [361];
- early measures of preparation, [362-364];
- cruises in 1812, [364], [365];
- lays up for the winter, [366];
- preparations on Lake Erie, [374-376];
- Commander Perry ordered as second to, [376];
- effects of energy of, ii. [28];
- first plan of campaign, 1813, [30];
- second plan, [33];
- expedition against York, [36];
- operations about Niagara peninsula, [37-41];
- impression produced on, by attack on Sackett's Harbor, [45];
- naval campaign of, 1813, July 21-September 28, [51-60], [106-109];
- engagements with British squadron, August 10, [56-59];
- professional characteristics shown, [28], [35], [40], [45], [52], [56], [60], [61], [63], [65], [95], [108], [109], [110], [117], [294], [298-302], [305-306], [316], [323];
- recommendations for campaign of 1814, [122];
- singular inaction of, in June and July, 1814, [298-300];
- controversy with General Brown, [300-302];
- correspondence of Department with, [300];
- Decatur ordered to relieve, [300];
- subsequent movements of, [314-316], [323].
- Champlain, Lake.
- Takes part in attack on "Essex," ii. [247-252].
- Chauncey, Isaac. Captain, U.S.N.
- operations in, 1813, [16], [156-158], [160-169];
- singular contraband trade in, 1813, [170-175];
- military exposure of, [159], [178], [202];
- operations in, 1814, [336-351].
- "Cherub." British sloop of war.
- Attack upon by British ship of war "Leopard," i. [3], [134], [155];
- negotiations concerning the affair, [156-170], [222], [228], [251];
- settlement of, [255];
- cruise of, in 1813, ii. [13];
- action with, and capture by, the "Shannon," [132-147].
- Chesapeake Bay. Blockade of, ii. [9];
- Report recommending increase of navy, i. [260-263].
- "Chesapeake." American frigate.
- Favors increase of navy, i. [260];
- expects rapid conquest of Canada, [304];
- calculations on Bonaparte's success in Russia, [390];
- appointed peace commissioner at Ghent, ii. [413].
- Cheves, Langdon. Member of American Congress.
- Appointed commander-in-chief on the American station, in succession to Warren, ii. [330], [382] (note);
- his retaliatory order for the burning of Newark, [334-335];
- operations in the Chesapeake, 1814, [340-351];
- plans for action against New Orleans, [383-388];
- operations against New Orleans and Mobile, [388-396];
- capture of Fort Bowyer, Mobile, [397].
- Clay, Henry. Member of American Congress.
- Second in command to Warren, ii. [155];
- expedition to the upper Chesapeake, 1813, [157], [158];
- in the Potomac, [168];
- American vessel licensed by, [175];
- attack at Ocracoke inlet, N.C., [204];
- at capture of Washington, [348], [349];
- expedition against Cumberland Island, Georgia, [388].
- Cochrane, Sir Alexander. Vice-Admiral, R.N.
- Relations of colonies to mother countries in respect to trade, during the period of American dependence, i. [24-28];
- Montesquieu's phrase, [27];
- Bryan Edwards' statement, [28];
- John Adams' observation, [28];
- supposed effect of, upon the carrying trade, [25], [26], [49], [50], [65];
- and naval power, [51], [52];
- the entrepôt monopoly, derived from colonial system, [12], [16], [24];
- renewed by the Orders in Council of 1807, [27];
- characteristics of the West India group of colonies, [32], [33],
- and of those now the United States, [34], [35];
- their mutual relations, as colonies, [31], [35], [36];
- the imperial inter-action of the mother country, and the two groups of colonies, [52], [55], [63];
- British hopes of reinstating this condition, after the Revolution, by substituting Canada and Nova Scotia for the lost continental colonies, [48], [64];
- effect of colonial traditions upon events subsequent to American independence, [65-70], [75-79];
- tendency to reimpose colonial restriction upon the new states, a cause of War of 1812, [40], [87], [88], [90-92], [177], [178].
- Cockburn, George. Rear Admiral, R.N.
- Report on the conditions of British commerce since the independence of the United States, and the probable effect of American legislation for the protection of American carrying trade, i. [77-85].
- Colonies.
- Hopelessly blockaded in Norfolk throughout the war, ii. [11], [162], [178].
- Committee, of the Privy Council of Great Britain, 1791.
- "Constellation." American frigate.
- Distinctive significance of the term, applied to the colonial system of Great Britain in North America, i. [32];
- Bermuda and the Bahamas reckoned officially among the continental colonies, [31] (note).
- "Constitution." American frigate.
- Extraordinary political character of, defined, i. [152], [153], [174];
- co-operation of the United States desired in, [173];
- and practically given by the United States, [176].
- Continental.
- Continental System of Napoleon.
- Attack on by the British, in 1813, ii. [164-166].
- Cooper, James Fenimore. American naval historian.
- Gallant defence of Fort Stephenson, 1813, ii. [73];
- commands troops in the abortive military and naval expedition against Michilimackinac, 1814, [324].
- Craney Island, near Norfolk.
- Captured by the "Constitution," ii. [404-406].
- Croghan, George. Major, U.S. Army.
- His defence before the Court Martial, i. [334].
- "Cyane." British ship of war.
- Appointed, i. [337];
- age, [337];
- characterized by a British officer, [351];
- negotiates a suspension of hostilities, which is disapproved, [352];
- inactivity, [359]; ii. [39], [47], [48];
- apprehensions, ii. [32], [47];
- relieved from command, [48].
- Commands a squadron, i. [314];
- plan for employment of the navy in war, [317], [415];
- accompanies John Rodgers on the first cruise of the war, [322-324];
- sails on an independent cruise, [407], [408], [415];
- action between the "United States" and "Macedonian," [416];
- in 1813 unable to get to sea with a squadron, ii. [25], [148],
- which is blocked in New London for the rest of the war, [149];
- ordered to relieve Chauncey on the lakes, [300];
- appointed to command frigate "President," [397];
- action with "Endymion," [399];
- surrenders to British squadron, [400-403].
- Dacres, James R. Captain, R.N., commanding "Guerrière."
- Berlin, November 21, 1806, i. [141-148];
- its design, and counter design of Great Britain, [149];
- rigid enforcement of, [172];
- Milan, December 17, 1807, [180], [189], (note), [205];
- Bayonne, April 17, 1808, [189], [203];
- Rambouillet, March 23, 1810, [235], [236];
- alleged revocation of, by Champagny's letter of August 5, 1810, [237-242];
- spurious Decree of April 28, 1811, [272].
- Dearborn, Henry. American general.
- Decatur, Stephen. Captain, U.S.N.
- Decrees, Napoleon's.
- Captured by Elliott on Lake Erie, i. [354-356].
- Delaware Bay.
- British flagship at battle of Lake Erie, ii. [73], [77];
- condition when surrendered, [94].
- Dent, John H. Captain, U.S.N., commanding South Carolina coast district.
- To foreign countries, forbidden to colonies, i. [24-26];
- common practice of all maritime states, [27], [28];
- stress laid upon this idea in Great Britain, [75], [76], [83], [84], [96];
- question of what constitutes, [100];
- decision adverse to American navigation, by Sir William Scott, [101];
- practical effect of the decision, [102].
- "Detroit." British armed brig (late American "Adams").
- Commands the British squadron on Lake Champlain, ii. [372-375];
- his plan of action, [377];
- killed in the battle, [378].
- "Detroit."
- Civil and military Governor of Upper Canada, ii. [120];
- his plans for the winter of 1813-1814, [276-278];
- his appreciations of the strength of Kingston and of Sackett's Harbor, [280];
- dependence upon the control of the water, i. [301], [302]; ii. [290], [302-306], [308-309], [314-317];
- comments on American troops, [295];
- campaign of 1814—arrival at York, [307];
- plan of action, [308-309];
- battle of Lundy's Lane, [310-312];
- assault on Fort Erie, [314];
- American sortie against, [316];
- line of the "Chippewa," [317], [321-322].
- Direct Trade.
- Serves under Chauncey on the lake, i. [354], [363];
- captures British brigs "Caledonia" and "Detroit," [355];
- selects Black Rock for naval station on Lake Erie, [374];
- ordered as second to Perry, on Lake Erie, ii. [74];
- conduct in the battle, [78-80], [83-88], [96];
- in command on Lake Erie, after Perry's detachment, [104].
- Downie, George. Commander, R.N.
- Approved by President Jefferson, December 22, 1807, i. [182];
- its aims, [183-186];
- its effects in the United States, [186-207];
- Act for better Enforcement, January 9, 1809, [208];
- Embargo of 1812, for ninety days, [263].
- Drummond, Sir Gordon.
- Her action with the "President," ii. [398-407].
- Elliott, Jesse D. Commander U.S.N.
- Significance of the term, and advantage to commerce, i. [12];
- conspicuous part in colonial regulation, [16], [24-26];
- underlying relation to Orders in Council of 1807, [27].
- Embargo, of 1808.
- "Endymion." British frigate.
- "Enterprise."
- Selected by Chauncey for naval station on Lake Erie, i. [375];
- advantages and drawbacks, [375];
- British designs against, ii. [69].
- Entrepôt.
- Exceeds his instructions in negotiating, i. [216-218];
- disavowed and recalled, [219];
- succeeded by Francis J. Jackson, [221].
- "Enumerated" articles.
- Captain Porter's dissatisfaction with, ii. [1], [2];
- sails, but fails to join Bainbridge's squadron, [3];
- goes to the Pacific, [244];
- cruise in the Pacific, [246];
- action with, and capture by, British ships "Phoebe" and "Cherub," [249-252].
- "Epervier." British sloop of war.
- Conditions in, as affecting war in America, i. [378-385], [389-390], [401], [410]; ii. [9-11], [126], [210-212], [266] (and note), [330], [340], [355-356], [362-363], [385-387];
- effect upon the peace negotiations, ii. [411], [414], [415], [420], [423-424], [427-431], [434].
- Erie, Town of.
- Takes office, i. [104];
- negotiations with Monroe concerning "direct" trade, [105];
- connection with blockade of May 16, 1806, [108];
- illness and death, [128-131].
- Erskine, David M. British Minister to Washington.
- "Essex." American frigate.
- Captured by "Orpheus," ii. [269] (note), [244] (note).
- Europe.
- Concerning the Embargo of 1808, i. [194], [196], [202], [208];
- concerning Non-Intercourse Act, [217];
- conversation with Turreau, concerning Erskine's proposition, [230];
- report on the finances, immediately before the war, [281];
- opinion as to privateering, [396];
- observations as to feeling in England, 1814, ii. [332], [415];
- appointed peace commissioner, [412];
- opinion as to the effect of the war upon the nation, [435-436].
- Peace commissioner at Ghent, [413].
- Fox, Charles James. British Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
- "Frolic." British brig of war.
- "Frolic." American sloop of war, named after above.
- British peace commissioner at Ghent, ii. [413].
- Gallattin, Albert. American Secretary of the Treasury.
- Captured by the "Constitution," i. [330-335].
- Gambier, Lord. British admiral.
- Command declined by Decatur for reasons, i. [422]; ii. [398].
- Gaston, William. Representative from North Carolina.
- Jefferson's sole naval dependence on, i. [187]; ii. [213-214];
- nautical disqualifications of, [196], [291], [296];
- extravagant expense of, [260], [262]; ii. [154];
- proclaim a merely defensive policy, [296];
- demoralizing effect upon officers and crews, ii. [154], [155];
- committed in war to officers not of regular navy, [154], [336-337];
- general uselessness in war, [154], [159], [160], [161], [163], [164], [179], [195], [198];
- gallant defence of the "Asp," [168], and of the Lake Borgne flotilla, [389-390].
- Ghent.
- Benefited by American embargo and War of 1812, i. [198]; ii. [21], [23];
- importance relative to trade routes, and cruising, i. [392], [394].
- Goulburn, Henry.
- Grenville, Lord. British Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
- Commands Lake Champlain district, 1813, ii. [111];
- to co-operate with Wilkinson, [111];
- fails to join, and retires on Plattsburg, [115], [116].
- "Guerrière." British frigate.
- Succeeds to Hull's command, i. [367];
- plans of campaign, [368], [369],
- overthrown by Winchester's disaster at Frenchtown, [370];
- remains on defensive awaiting naval control of lakes, [371];
- resumes operations after Perry's victory, ii. [102];
- wins battle of the Thames, [103];
- transferred to Niagara, [104],
- and thence to Sackett's Harbor, [117].
- "Guerrière." American, named after above.
- Suggests and conducts decisive attack at Stony Creek, ii. [46-48].
- Quoted, [102], [308].
- Gunboats.
- Commands frigate "Phœbe," ii. [246];
- in company with "Cherub" captures U.S.S. "Essex," [247-252].
- Captures the "Peacock," ii. [8];
- sails with Decatur's squadron, 1813, and driven into New London, [148], [149];
- escapes thence to New York, sails again, [397],
- Halifax.
- Commands "Constitution," i. [328];
- chased by British squadron, [329];
- sails from Boston on a cruise, [329];
- captures "Guerrière," [330-335];
- commanding Portsmouth yard, reports on coastwise conditions, ii. [186], [187], [192], [198].
- Hampton. Town in Virginia.
- Appointed brigadier general, i. [337];
- his letter setting forth military conditions prior to war, [339];
- his campaign, [340-346], and surrender, [347].
- Hampton, Wade. American general.
- A principal cause of War of 1812, i. [2];
- statement of the British claim, [3];
- counter-claim of American Government, [4], [120];
- American people not unanimous in support, [5], [116];
- opinions of Morris, Gaston, and Strong, [6-8];
- not mentioned in Jay's instructions, 1794, [88];
- made pre-eminent in those to Monroe and Pinkney, 1806, [114];
- historical summary of the controversy, to 1806, [114-133];
- treaty of December 31, 1806, does not provide for, satisfactorily, [133];
- rejected therefore by Jefferson, [133];
- a real cause of the war, though so denied by some, [136-138];
- American demand revived in connection with the "Chesapeake" affair, [161];
- Great Britain refuses to mingle the two questions, [165];
- numbers of American seamen alleged to have been impressed, [128], [300] (and note);
- demand renewed, coincident with a proposal looking to peace after the declaration of war, ii. [409];
- Great Britain again refuses, [410];
- stated as a sine quâ non in reply to British propositions made through Admiral Warren, i. [391];
- embodied in instructions to peace commissioners, ii. [413-414];
- again refused by Great Britain, [416];
- abandoned by the American Government, in consequence of the pressure of the war, ii. [266] (and note), [414], [432].
- Harrison, William H. American general.
- Estimated importance of, in consideration of war, i. [305-307], [338], [339]; ii. [67], [293], [421];
- effect upon Hull, in surrendering, [349];
- instability of, [345], [346]; ii. [73], [75], [99], [103], [280], [421];
- desire of British officials to secure them in their possessions at the peace, ii. [99], [100] (note), [421];
- the consequent effect upon the peace negotiations, [416-423];
- not included, as parties to the treaty, [432].
- Harvey, J. Lieutenant-colonel, British army.
- Relieves Wilkinson in command of Champlain district, ii. [283];
- action first intended for, [292];
- his reports of conditions, [318-319], [364];
- his preparations about Plattsburg, [319], [370];
- ordered to proceed to Brown's assistance on Niagara frontier, [319-320];
- his march thither, [320-321], [365];
- proceedings about Niagara, [321-323];
- blows up Fort Erie and retreats to New York side, [323].
- Hillyar, James. Captain, R.N.
- "Hornet." American sloop of war.
- Appointed, with special powers, i. [221];
- negotiations at Washington, [221-225];
- American Government declines further intercourse with, [225];
- discussion of the correspondence, [226-228];
- British Government declines to censure, [228], [231].
- Hull, Isaac. Captain, U.S.N.
- Quoted, i. [325], [327], [414], [415]; ii. [6], [8], [54], [58], [80] (note), [132], [141] (and note), [142], [143], [160] (note), [162], [165] (note), [257], [258] (note), [260], [381], [395] (note), [396] (note).
- Hull, William. American general.
- Captured by "Constitution," ii. [3-7].
- Epochal significance of treaty with Great Britain negotiated by, i. [43];
- appointed special envoy, [88];
- occasion for the mission, [89], [90];
- character of the negotiation, [93-95];
- the treaty a temporary arrangement, [95];
- ratified, with an omission, [96].
- Impressment.
- American Secretary of State.
- Opinion as to the importance of navigation to national defence, i. [52];
- unflattering opinion of British policy, [70];
- favors coercive retaliation in matters of commerce and navigation, [71];
- principle as to impressment enunciated by, [120].
- President of the United States.
- Broad principle as to impressment asserted by, i. [4];
- expectations of commercial concessions from Great Britain, 1804, [100];
- aversion to military and naval preparations, [106], [138], [187], [280], [291], [297], [300], [336]; ii. [213-214];
- reliance upon commercial coercion, [107];
- refuses approval of treaty of December 31, 1806, because without stipulation against impressment, [133];
- consistency of position in regard to impressment, [136-138];
- action in the "Chesapeake" affair, [160-162];
- endeavors to utilize it to obtain relinquishment of impressment, [164];
- recommends a general embargo, [181];
- expectations of, from the embargo, [183] (and note);
- dislike to the carrying trade, [187],
- gunboat policy of, [187], [260], [262]; ii. [213-214];
- embarrassment in executing embargo, i. [194];
- tenacious adherence to the embargo policy, [202];
- views as to American neutral waters, [291].
- After leaving office.
- Opinion as to cause of Erskine's arrangement, 1809, i. [231];
- on Bonaparte's policy, [239];
- favors keeping navy under cover during war, [280];
- expectations as to easy conquest of Canada, [291].
- Indians, American.
- Captures "Frolic," i. [411-415];
- taken by British seventy-four, [415];
- commands frigate "Macedonian" (as captain), ii. [25];
- expectations of escape, deceived, [25];
- sails with Decatur, [148], and blockaded in New London, [150].
- Izard, George. American general.
- Commands gunboat flotilla in Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound, ii. [389];
- overpowered, wounded, and captured by superior enemy's force, [390].
- Commercial estimate of privateering by, i. [396];
- judicious reply to Perry's request for detachment, ii. [67];
- comments on the effects of gunboat service on naval officers, [154], [155];
- stigmatizes American intercourse with enemy, and issues order to prevent, [174];
- recommends to Congress procurement of naval schooners for commerce destroying, [270];
- recommendation of Chauncey to Congress, 1813, [299];
- anxious correspondence with Chauncey, 1814, [300];
- naval force available for defence of Washington, stated by, [343].
- Jackson, Andrew. American general.
- In temporary command of the expedition against New Orleans, [391].
- Jackson, Francis J. British Minister to the United States.
- James, William. British naval historian.
- "Java." British frigate.
- Strategic importance of, in War of 1812, i. [300-303], [353], [356]; ii. [29], [46-48], [99-101], [102-104], [276-278], [285], [290-291], [298-300];
- decisive positions upon, i. [304-308];
- Hull's exposition of effect of naval predominance on, [339];
- Madison's admission concerning, [350];
- improved conditions on, through Chauncey's energy, [361-366];
- control of, dependent on naval force, [371], [373]; ii. [68-70], [73-75], [99-101], [300-308], [314-315];
- minor naval events on, i. [354-356]; ii. [324-328];
- British demands concerning, in the negotiations for peace, ii. [355-356], [419], [421], [422].
- Jay, John. Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
- Commands "Java" when taken by the "Constitution," ii. [3];
- mortally wounded in the action, [5].
- Jefferson, Thomas.
- Joins New Orleans expedition two days before the assault, ii. [385];
- succeeds to command upon Pakenham's death, [394-397];
- proceeds against and captures Fort Bowyer, in Mobile Bay, [397].
- Jones, Jacob. Commander, U.S.N., commanding "Wasp."
- Commands "Hornet" in Bainbridge's squadron, i. [407];
- sails in company with "Constitution," ii. [2];
- challenges "Bonne Citoyenne," [3];
- sinks the "Peacock," [8];
- returns to United States, [9];
- ordered to command "Chesapeake," [131];
- nature of his orders, [131-132];
- action with, and captured by, "Shannon," [135-140];
- mortally wounded, [137];
- examination of his conduct, [140-145].
- Jones, Thomas ap Catesby. Lieutenant, U.S.N.
- Captured by "Constitution," ii. [404-406];
- recaptured by British squadron, [406] (note).
- Jones, William. Secretary of the Navy.
- American general, ii. [47];
- temporarily succeeds Dearborn in command at Niagara, [50].
- Keane, John. British general.
- Quotations from correspondence of, relative to the peace negotiations, chap. xviii., ii. [409-434].
- King, Rufus. American Minister to Great Britain.
- Commands flotilla on Lake Champlain, ii. [356];
- operations prior to Prevost's invasion, [356-363];
- preparations for battle, [367-371], [376-377], [380];
- wins battle of Lake Champlain, [377-381];
- effects of the victory, [381-382], [427], [430-431];
- news of the victory received in London, [426].
- Kingston, Canada.
- Unable to get to sea, ii. [25],
- and blockaded in New London during the war, [148-150].
- Lakes, the Great.
- Left by Izard in command at Plattsburg, ii. [365];
- operations before, and at, Plattsburg, [366-367];
- opinions of, as to distance of Macdonough's squadron from the shore batteries, [369].
- Lambert, Henry. Captain, R.N.
- Left in command of Niagara frontier, ii. [118];
- difficulties of situation of, [119];
- retreats to American side of river, [120];
- burns Canadian village of Newark, [120];
- this action of, disavowed by the Government, [120].
- Lambert, Sir John. British general.
- Close association of, with events leading to War of 1812, and summary of its cause, i. [41];
- characterization of, [106];
- discussion of questions of blockade, [110], [111];
- pronouncement on impressment, [114], [131], [132];
- instructions to Monroe and Pinkney to reopen negotiations, 1807, [133];
- narrow outlook of, [139];
- opinion of the Berlin Decree, [142], [182];
- upon the Rule of 1756, [152];
- instructions to Monroe by, in the "Chesapeake" affair, [161], [241];
- object of Jefferson's course in that affair, stated by, [164];
- use of the affair, made by, [170];
- explanation of the motive of the Embargo of 1808 by, [183];
- relation of, to Non-Intercourse Act, [215];
- misled (as President) in negotiations with Erskine, [216-218];
- proclamation, renewing intercourse with Great Britain, [219];
- annulled, [219];
- negotiations with Jackson, Erskine's successor, [221-225];
- declines further communication with Jackson, [225];
- special supervision of this correspondence by, [226];
- interpretation of British motive for Erskine's supposed concession, [230];
- accepts Champagny's letter as an actual revocation of Napoleon's Decrees, and so proclaims, [238], [254];
- afterwards recognizes delicacy of situation thus created, [266];
- non-intercourse with Great Britain revives, [248];
- message of, to Congress in special session, November 4, 1811, [259];
- recommends embargo, preparatory to war, [263];
- identified with policy of peaceful coercion, [278], [378]; ii. [26], [175-176];
- sends war message to Congress, and approves declaration of war, i. [279];
- assumes only his share of responsibility for the war, [393];
- indignation of, at British sectional blockade of coast, [296]; ii. [173];
- selects Dearborn and Hull for general officers, i. [337];
- failure of expectations as to Hull's expedition, admitted by, [339];
- ingenuous surprise at capitulation of Michilimackinac, [341];
- admits mistake of not securing naval command of lakes, [350];
- military inefficiency of Government under, [360]; ii. [26-27], [265];
- insists on relinquishment of impressment as a preliminary to treating for peace, i. [391],
- but obtains also from Congress law excluding British-born seamen from American ships, [392];
- to prevent clandestine supply of enemy, recommends prohibition of all export, ii. [173];
- issues executive order to same end, [174];
- denials of effectiveness of British blockade, [204];
- decides to abandon demand for cessation of impressment as a condition for peace, [266] (note);
- comment on Armstrong's management of military operations, [282].
- Lawrence, James. Captain, U.S.N.
- Commander, R.N., commanding "Reindeer," ii. [254];
- skill and gallantry of, in action with "Wasp," [254-255];
- killed in the action, [255].
- "Levant." British sloop of war.
- Lewis, Morgan.
- Summary of commercial injuries received from Great Britain, i. [97];
- propositions to Great Britain concerning impressment, [121];
- opinion concerning blockades, [146];
- tendency of this opinion, if accepted, [148].
- (Afterwards Chief Justice of Supreme Court.)
- Licenses.
- Jefferson's dependence upon, i. [52]; ii. [213];
- conduct of, American and Canadian, i. [344], [345], [346], [351], [357], [360]; ii. [26], [27], [42], [44], [70], [119-121], [157-158], [295], [312], [316], [337], [339], [343], [347-351], [354], [365], [366], (and note), [367], [391-396].
- Liverpool, Earl of. Prime Minister of Great Britain.
- American Minister to Great Britain, i. [104], [126];
- reports conditions of American commerce in 1804 prosperous, [99], [100], [104],
- but changed in 1805, [104];
- consequent negotiations with Fox, [104-113];
- Pinkney appointed as colleague to, for special negotiation, [113];
- negotiations with British ministry on impressment, [128-132];
- with Pinkney signs treaty of December 31, 1806, [133];
- treaty rejected by Jefferson, and new negotiations ordered, [133];
- "Chesapeake" affair intervenes, but British Government eventually refuses to reopen, [135];
- unlucky comment of, upon Rule of 1756, [151];
- negotiations of, with Canning, concerning "Chesapeake" affair, [156-165];
- returns to the United States, leaving Pinkney as minister, [135];
- after return vindicates the rejected treaty, [169], [213];
- proposes to Jefferson, in 1809, a special mission to France and Great Britain, for which he offers himself, [212];
- becomes Secretary of State, under President Madison, [254];
- correspondence, while Secretary, quoted, [255], [293], [391]; ii. [265], [266], [411], [413], [414];
- advanced views, for one of his party, concerning utility of a navy, i. [280];
- on project of keeping navy in port, in war, [106], [281];
- statement regarding readiness for war, [393].
- Secretary of War, ii. [323].
- Macdonough, Thomas. Captain, U.S.N.
- Vindicates the conduct of most part of the militia under his command, ii. [366] (note).
- "Macedonian." British frigate.
- Commands frigate "Adams," in Potomac, ii. [162], [167];
- services in Potomac, and at Annapolis, [169], [174-177];
- difficulty in escaping British blockade, [170], [178];
- first cruise of "Adams," [226], [261];
- second cruise, strikes on Isle au Haut, takes refuge in Penobscot, and burned to escape capture, [353-354].
- "Macedonian." American frigate (captured as above).
- Opinion favorable to British right of impressment of British-born seamen on high seas, i. [5-7];
- opinion of the United States' ability to maintain a strong navy, [71];
- in London, contends against impressment of Americans, [119].
- Macomb, Alexander. American general.
- Issues Berlin Decree, i. [112];
- purpose, as defined by himself, [144];
- objects of, as towards the United States, [149], [169], [173], [182], [235], [249], [268], [278];
- scope of Berlin Decree, [152], [173], [176], [182], [253-254];
- sole control of Continent by, [153], [174], [220], [221], [269];
- vigorous application of Decree to American shipping, [172];
- effects of his reverses in Spain, [191], [209];
- Bayonne Decree of, [203];
- tenor of Milan Decree of, [205];
- Decree of Rambouillet, [235-236];
- alleged revocation of decrees by, [237], [271], [272];
- instances of arguments of, [240], [267];
- effect of reverses in Russia upon the War of 1812, [389];
- of downfall of, ii. [10], [123], [330].
- M'Clure, George. American, general of N.Y. militia.
- Madison, James. Secretary of State, and President of the United States.
- The formulated expression of a national need, i. [9];
- opinion of Adam Smith concerning, [9-10];
- historical summary of, [13-19];
- apparent effects of, [19];
- British national conviction concerning, [21-24], [60-61];
- relation of colonies to system of, [24-27];
- endeavor to maintain system of, towards United States after independence, [27], [29], [40], [41], [45-48], [103];
- copied by French Convention, [28];
- attitude of foreigners towards, [30];
- progress of British colonies under, [31-39];
- attitude of American colonists towards, [39];
- Lord Sheffield's pamphlet upon, [46], [47], [49], [50], [57], [64], [65], [73] (and note), [75];
- inter-relations of British Empire protected by, [53-55], [63-64], [67];
- working of, threatened by American independence, [56-58], [65];
- modifications of, proposed by Pitt, but rejected by country, [58];
- dependence of, upon West Indies, [65];
- system of, continued by proclamation towards United States, 1783-1794, [67-70];
- British commerce and shipping grow under this enforcement of, [76-84];
- purpose of, offensive, in military sense, [79];
- effect of French Revolution on, [87-88];
- dependence of Rule of 1756 upon the system of, [90];
- principle of Rule of 1756 leads up to molestation of American navigation, and Orders in Council of 1807, [93], [98-104],
- and so to war with United States, [136].
- Manners, William.
- Gouverneur Morris' opinion of power of United States to maintain, i. [71];
- opinion of John Quincy Adams, [186];
- recommendation of Presidents Washington and John Adams, ii. [212], [213];
- policy of President Jefferson, [213]; i. [187], [280];
- neglect of, during administrations of Jefferson and Madison, shown by condition of, at outbreak of war, [257], [297], [300],
- and stated by a committee of Congress, 1812, [260-262];
- Madison's lukewarm mention, [259], [260];
- Congress on approach of war refuses to increase, [263];
- high professional merit of officers of, [279-280];
- numbers of, as estimated by British admiralty, ii. [211];
- total numbers of vessels in active employment, all told, from beginning of war to its conclusion, twenty-two, [242].
- Maples, J.F. Commander, R.N., commanding "Pelican."
- For battle of, see Actions, Land.
- Marshall, John. American Secretary of State under President John Adams.
- Ship of the line, on the lakes, ii. [318] (note).
- Militia.
- Monroe, James.
- General definition of, i. [2] (note);
- of 1807, cause of war with United States, [2];
- entrepôt motive for, [16], [27];
- of June and November, 1793, [89], [92];
- of January, 1794, [93];
- relations of, to Rule of 1756, [93];
- of January, 1798, motive of, [98],
- and renewal in 1803, [99];
- effect of these last upon "direct trade," [101];
- of May, 1806, [108],
- effect and purpose of, [109];
- legitimacy of, denied by the United States, [110-112],
- and by Napoleon, who upon it bases Berlin Decree, [112];
- of January, 1807, and its effects, [150-152];
- Of November, 1807, purport of, [177], [187];
- resented by United States, [178];
- delay in communicating to American Government, [179];
- general plan of, that of blockades, [180];
- illustrative instances of execution of, [180] (note), [204], [205] (notes);
- known in United States before the passage of Embargo Act, [181];
- conditional offer of British Government to withdraw, [215-218];
- revocation of, by substitution of Order of April, 1809, [220];
- American expectation of revocation, in consequence of Champagny's letter, [238];
- British Government declines to revoke, [243-245];
- Pinkney's analysis, and condemnation, of, to Wellesley, [245-246];
- Wellesley's reply, [246];
- Wellesley's exposition of policy of, [253-254];
- discontent in Great Britain with, [269];
- order of April 12, 1812, promises revocation, conditional, [270];
- British determination to maintain, otherwise, [273-276];
- revocation of, June, 1812, [276],
- to date from August 1, 1812, [277];
- too late to secure peace with America, [278],
- compensation for seizures under, refused in peace negotiations, ii. [416], [432].
- Montreal.
- Named to command New Orleans expedition after death of Ross, ii. [385];
- instructions to, concerning conduct in Louisiana, [427];
- arrival and operations, [392-396].
- Mooers, Benjamin. General, New York militia.
- Commands in chief in waters of New Orleans, ii. [392-395].
- Morris, Charles. Captain, U.S.N. (first lieutenant of the "Constitution" in action with "Guerrière").
- Captured by "Hornet," ii. [7-9].
- Morris, Gouverneur. American statesman.
- Speech on conditions of country, owing to the war, ii. [199].
- Napoleon, The Emperor.
- Captures American brig "Argus," ii. [217].
- Navigation.
- Captured by "Hornet," ii. [407].
- Navigation, Acts of.
- Murder of, and consequent confusion in the Government, i. [273];
- firm determination of, to maintain Orders in Council, and opinion of American resistance, [274].
- Navy, American.
- Applies for, and ordered to, the lakes service, i. [376];
- assigned by Chauncey to Lake Erie, and practical independence of action there, [377];
- conditions of force found, [377],
- and merits of general action of, [378];
- engaged at capture of Fort George, and transfers Black Rock flotilla to Erie, ii. [41];
- thenceforth remains on Lake Erie, [62],
- but always under Chauncey, [63];
- collision of interests between the two officers, [64];
- altercation with Chauncey, [65];
- applies to be detached, [66];
- Navy Department refuses, [67];
- exposed situation of Erie, and preparations for defence, during equipment of squadron, [68-70];
- blockaded by British squadron, [70];
- seizes opportunity of its absence, to cross bar, [71];
- proceedings prior to battle of Lake Erie, [74-75];
- battle of Lake Erie, [76-94];
- discussion of claim to credit of, [95-99];
- consequences of success of, [99-101];
- prompt subsequent action of, [102];
- detached from lakes service, [104];
- engaged in harassing retreat of British squadron down the Potomac, [350];
- opinion as to qualities of smaller and larger vessels, [271];
- detailed to command a squadron of schooners, against enemy's commerce, [270-273].
- New Orleans.
- Sent to Pacific with two sloops of war to capture "Essex," [246];
- with "Cherub" captures "Essex," [248-252].
- "New Orleans."
- Appointed colleague to Monroe, in London, for special negotiations, i. [113];
- course of negotiations, [127-133];
- signs treaty of December 31, 1806, [133];
- remains as minister, after Monroe's return, [135];
- quoted in connection with mission, [146], [177], [215], [216], [218], [219], [230], [238], [241], [251];
- party relations, [169];
- early forwards a copy of Orders in Council of November 11, 1807, [179] (note);
- letter of Secretary of State to, communicating dismissal of Jackson by U.S. Government, [226-228];
- communicates the same to the British Government, [230];
- construes Champagny's letter to revoke French Decrees, and demands recall of British Orders in Council, [238];
- letter to British Secretary for Foreign Affairs, analyzing and condemning system of Orders in Council, [245];
- conditional instructions to, to present recall, [250];
- dilatory course of Wellesley towards, [251];
- presents recall, [252];
- returns to the United States, [252];
- no successor to, till after the war, [252].
- Niagara, Peninsula of.
- Popularity of, i. [1];
- as Chancellor of Exchequer, 1783, introduces bill favorable to United States, for regulating commerce, [58];
- controversy over bill, [60];
- measure then dropped, [67], [68];
- concession becomes possible to, [87], [97];
- return to power, in 1804, [100];
- new measures of, due to popular discontents, [101-104];
- remark to Gouverneur Morris, concerning impressment difficulties, [120];
- death of, [104].
- Commands frigate "Essex," i. [407]; ii. [1-3], [13];
- cruise of "Essex," in Pacific, ii. [244-247];
- action with, and capture by, "Phœbe" and "Cherub," [249-252];
- approves of commerce destroying by naval armed schooners, appointed to command a squadron of them, and draws up plan of operations, [270];
- engaged in harassing retreat of British frigates in Potomac, [350].
- Orders in Council.
- Testimony at trial of General Hull, i. [340];
- duel with General Smyth, [358];
- tribute to gallantry of naval detachment at Niagara, [315];
- engaged at Chippewa, ii. [295],
- on Niagara peninsula, [306],
- and Lundy's Lane, [310].
- Pakenham, Sir Edward. British general.
- Governor of Nova Scotia, reports failure of American embargo, i. [199].
- Governor-General of Canada, and commander-in-chief, reports British naval superiority on lakes, 1812, i. [295];
- statements of effect of naval control on operations, [302]; ii. [40], [306], [316], [362-363], [374-375];
- negotiates suspension of hostilities with Dearborn, i. [351-352];
- instructs Brock to forbear offensive, [356], [367];
- visit of, to Kingston, February, 1813, effect of, on American plans, ii. [32];
- attack on Sackett's Harbor by, in conjunction with Yeo, [42-45];
- instructions to Procter, at Malden, [67],
- and to De Rottenburg, at Niagara, [69];
- submits plan for securing territories in United States to Indian allies of Great Britain, [99] (note);
- calls upon Admiral Cochrane to inflict retaliation for unauthorized burning by Americans in Canada, [329], [334];
- receives large re-enforcements from Wellington's Peninsular army, [362-363],
- with instructions for operations, [362];
- reasons for advancing by New York side of Lake Champlain, instead of through Vermont, [363];
- advance upon Plattsburg, [365-367];
- awaits the arrival of British squadron before attacking, [372-375];
- reason for desiring a joint attack by army and navy, [372] (note);
- correspondence with Captain Downie, commanding the squadron, [373-375];
- charges against, by naval officers of the squadron, [375], [381];
- retreats after squadron's defeat, [381];
- summoned home under charges, but dies before trial, [381].
- Retreat of, after the naval defeat, endorsed by Wellington, [430].
- Patterson, Daniel T. Captain, U.S.N.
- "Peacock." British sloop of war.
- Employment of a sea-militia force, requiring little antecedent training, i. [286];
- recourse of the weaker belligerent, [288];
- aptitude of Americans for, [384];
- extemporized character of early, in War of 1812, [394];
- opinions concerning nature of, of Secretaries Gallatin and Jones, [396];
- susceptible of business regulation and direction, [397], [399]; ii. [220], [225], [229];
- energy of American, noted by Warren, i. [401-402];
- effect of, upon regular navy, ii. [12];
- a secondary operation of war, not in itself decisive, [126];
- primary object of, [215-216], [241];
- details of methods pursued, in 1812, [222], [225], [226], [240];
- comparison of, with a regular naval service, in motive, and inefficiency for the particular object of commerce destroying, [241-244];
- a popular effort in War of 1812, independent of Government initiative, [265];
- development and systematization of, towards end of war, [267-268], [269].
- "Peacock." American sloop of war.
- "America," i. [398]; ii. [229];
- "Chasseur," ii. [237-240];
- "Comet," ii. [234];
- "Decatur," ii. [233];
- "Globe," ii. [226-228];
- "Governor Tompkins," ii. [228];
- "Kemp," ii. [236];
- "Leo," ii. [224];
- "Lion," ii. [224];
- "Mammoth," ii. [269];
- "Rapid," i. [398];
- "Rattlesnake," ii. [223];
- "Rossie," i. [295-297];
- "Saucy Jack," ii. [235-236];
- "Scourge," ii. [223];
- "True-blooded Yankee," ii. [225];
- "Yankee," ii. [226].
- Number and classes of, ii. [243-244].
- Combats, of. See Actions, Privateer.
- Pearson, Joseph. Representative in Congress from North Carolina.
- taken by British in same period, [399-400];
- at later period of war, [406];
- transition period of prize-taking, January-June, 1813, ii. [20];
- estimate of relative losses by the two belligerents, [21-22];
- compilation of lists, by Niles' Register, [22];
- overlooked significance of the greater British losses, [23], [221];
- limited success of American frigates in taking, to what attributable, [216];
- taken by American cruisers, in latter part of war, [220-221];
- in West Indies, [230];
- total number taken throughout the war, by American naval vessels, and by privateers, [241-243].
- "Pelican." British brig of war.
- Commerce between Great Britain and America, regulated by, 1783-1794, i. [67-70];
- issued by Jefferson excluding British armed vessels from American waters, after "Chesapeake" affair, [160-161];
- Royal, directing commanders of British naval vessels to impress British-born seamen found in foreign merchant ships, and denying efficacy of naturalization papers to discharge from allegiance, [166];
- by Jefferson, against combinations to defy Embargo laws, [207];
- by Madison, permitting renewal of trade with Great Britain, [219],
- by Madison, announcing revocation of Napoleon's Decrees, [238].
- "Penguin." British sloop of war.
- As colonel, in command of Fort Malden, i. [345];
- acts against Hull's communications, [345];
- instructions from Brock, after fall of Detroit, [367];
- compels surrender of Winchester's detachment at Frenchtown, [370];
- subsequent action, [373]; ii. [67], [68];
- attack on Fort Meigs, [68];
- project against Erie, [69];
- baffled at Fort Stephenson, [73];
- upon Harrison's approach, after battle of Lake Erie, evacuates Detroit and Malden, retreating up valley of the Thames, and defeated at Moravian Town, [103];
- reaches British lines at Burlington, with remnant of his force, [103].
- Perceval, Spencer. Prime Minister of Great Britain.
- Defines position of New England concerning Orders in Council and impressment questions, i. [211-212];
- disproves the accuracy of the charge brought by the Administration against the British minister, Jackson, [232];
- supports the report for increase of navy, [260];
- predicts that a suitable naval establishment would be a unifying force in national politics, [261];
- sends word to seaports of intended embargo of April, 1812, [263].
- Perry, Oliver H. Captain, U.S.N.
- "Phœbe." British frigate.
- Pinkney, William.
- Captured by "Wasp," ii. [254].
- Pitt, William. Prime Minister of Great Britain.
- Captures Fort Niagara, and raids successfully western New York, burning towns in retaliation for the burning of Newark, ii. [120-122];
- in 1814, suggests destruction of Fort Niagara, [275];
- at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, with intervening operations, [295-298], [306-310];
- wounded and captured at Lundy's Lane, [310].
- Porter, David. Captain, U.S.N.
- Encounter with British sloop "Little Belt," i. [256-259];
- commands a squadron at declaration of war, [314];
- opinion as to proper mode of using navy against enemy's commerce, [317-320]; ii. [130-131], [216];
- orders of Navy Department to, [320];
- sails with squadron on the first cruise of the war, [322];
- incidents, [323-324],
- and effects, direct and indirect, of first cruise of, [324-327];
- effects of second cruise, [402-404];
- incidents of second cruise, with "President" and "Congress," [407-409];
- incidents of third cruise, in "President" alone, ii. [128-129];
- after fourth cruise, enters New York, and turns over command of "President" to Decatur, i. [405].
- Employed in Potomac River, harassing retreat of British squadron from Alexandria, [350].
- Porter, Peter B. Representative in Congress from New York, and general of New York militia.
- British special envoy to Washington for settlement of "Chesapeake" affair, i. [165-167];
- failure of mission, [167].
- "President." American frigate.
- Instructions issued to, ii. [331];
- capture of Washington, [340-351];
- killed in advance against Baltimore, [357];
- instructions to, for New Orleans expedition, [385-386];
- sanguine expectations of, after capture of Washington, [424-425];
- succeeded by Sir Edward Pakenham for New Orleans expedition, [392], [427].
- Prevost, Sir George. British general.
- British general in command on Niagara frontier June, 1813, ii. [69];
- declines to detach to aid of Procter and Barclay on Lake Erie, [69];
- proceeds to Kingston, with re-enforcements, in anticipation of American attack, [110-111];
- despatches detachment in pursuit of Wilkinson's movement down the St. Lawrence, [114].
- Pring, Daniel. Commander, R.N.
- American chargé d'affaires in France, after Armstrong's departure, i. [247];
- correspondence with American and French Governments relative to the alleged repeal of the French Decrees, quoted, [247], [267], [268];
- transferred as chargé to London, [264];
- correspondence as such with American and British Governments, quoted, [264], [266], [272-278];
- opinion of the alleged French Decree of April 28, 1811, [272], [276];
- negotiation with Castlereagh, after declaration of war, looking to suspension of hostilities, ii. [409-411];
- appointed additional peace commissioner at Ghent, [413].
- Privateering.
- Offers in 1812 mediation between Great Britain and United States, ii. [411];
- accepted by United States, but rejected by Great Britain, [412];
- attitude of Czar towards America, [423-124], [428].
- Privateers mentioned by name:
- Conditions at, i. [302], [309], [363], [374], [376]; ii. [37], [38], [50], [104-106], [110-113], [119], [276], [278], [280], [281], [291], [304];
- ships constructed at, [364], [366], [377]; ii. [49], [276], [283], [291], [318] (note);
- attack upon, by Prevost and Yeo, ii. [42-45];
- Brown's march from, to Niagara frontier, [281];
- Yeo's blockade of, [285],
- Izard's march to, on way to support Brown at Niagara, [319-320];
- Chauncey retires finally to, after launch of the British "St. Lawrence," [323];
- destruction of, prescribed to Prevost by instructions, in 1814, [329], [362];
- Yeo's observations at, [318] (note).
- Prizes taken by Americans in first three months of war, and in what localities taken, i. [394-395];
- Conditions on, i. [296-298], [300], [310-313], [360], [393], [404-406]; ii. [15-19], [24-27], [127-128], [148-150], [152-155], [202];
- Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, 1813, ii. [155-178];
- three divisions of the seaboard, Northern, Middle, and Southern, [178];
- distinctive topographical features of each, [178], [179], [183], [184], [193], [195];
- proportionate effect of the war upon each, with reasons therefor, [179-183];
- commercial and military characteristics of Middle section, [183-184];
- necessity of coasting trade to Middle, [184],
- less than to Northern and Southern, [185-187];
- effect of hostile pressure upon coasting in Northern section, [192-194];
- in Southern section, [195-198], [203];
- effectual separation between the sections by the British blockades, [198-201];
- statistics of export, [201];
- momentary importance of North Carolina coast, [203];
- effects of pressure upon seaboard shown by rebound upon peace, in prices, and in shipping statistics, [204-207];
- statement by a naval officer of the time, [207-208];
- operations in Chesapeake Bay, 1814, [336-341], [350-351];
- capture of Washington, [341-350];
- occurrences on New England coast, [352];
- invasion of Maine, and occupation of Castine, [353-354];
- Gulf coast and New Orleans, [382-397].
- Proclamation.
- Quoted, i. [336]; ii. [48], [104] (note), [118], [240] (note), [297];
- joins Wilkinson's expedition down the St. Lawrence, ii. [113];
- on Niagara frontier, in 1814, [279], [281], [282];
- battle of Chippewa, [294-298];
- Lundy's Lane, [306-311];
- severely wounded, [311],
- and unable to serve again during the campaign, [314];
- president of the Court of Inquiry concerning the capture of Washington, [341-342].
- Procter, Henry. British general.
- Pursuit of "Constitution," and protection of convoy, i. [325-329];
- admirable efficiency of, under Captain Broke, [133-134];
- capture of "Chesapeake" by, [135-145];
- reported injuries to, [146-147].
- Conspicuous opponent of Pitt's policy in opening West India trade to American navigation, i. [50];
- leading constructive ideas of, in scheme of policy towards the United States, [63-64], [65-66];
- success of, in preventing Pitt's measure, [67], [68];
- Gibbon's estimate of, [73] (note);
- apparent temporary success of policy of, [75-79];
- Canada and the other North-American colonies fail to fulfil the part expected from them, [86];
- pamphlet of, "Observations on the Commerce of the American States," [65];
- quotations from, i. [28] (note), [31] (note), [37] (and note), [46], [47], [49], [50], [57], [65], [72].
- Quincy, Josiah. Representative in Congress from Massachusetts.
- Ordered to occupy so much of Maine as shall insure direct communication between Halifax and Quebec, ii. [353];
- expedition to the Penobscot, and seizure of Castine and Machias, [354];
- Wellington's opinion of the result, [354], [431].
- "Rattlesnake." American brig of war.
- Quoted in connection with the Navigation Act, i. [9-10], [49].
- Reeves.
- American Secretary of State during early part of Madison's first term, i. [222];
- correspondence with, and in the case of, Jackson, the British minister to Washington, [222-228];
- attributes to Madison's intervention an offensive expression in letter to Erskine, [228-229].
- "Reindeer." British sloop of war.
- Quoted in connection with Embargo legislation, i. [184].
- Riall, Phineas. British general, commanding on Niagara frontier, December, 1813.
- Commands "Constellation," ii. [11],
- when driven into Norfolk, and there blockaded for the rest of the war, [12];
- his reports while in Norfolk waters, [10], [17], [160-162];
- transferred to the "Constitution," at Boston, [161], [162];
- difficulty in escaping from Boston, [147] (see also i. [405] and ii. [12]);
- first cruise in "Constitution," [230-231];
- second escape, [404];
- captures "Cyane" and "Levant," [405-406];
- quoted, ii. [12], [20].
- Rodgers, John. Captain, U.S.N.
- Quoted, in support of British claim to impress, i. [7];
- in condemnation of the war, and of the invasion of Canada, ii. [352].
- Rose, George H.
- Statements and opinions concerning impressment, during Rufus King's negotiations, i. [124-126].
- Ross, Robert. British general employed in Chesapeake expedition.
- Opinion that Erskine's concessions showed the break-down of Great Britain, i. [230].
- Rottenburg, De.
- British general, commanding on Niagara line, at the time of Dearborn's attack, ii. [38];
- retreat to Burlington, [39];
- attack by, at Stony Creek, [46];
- on American retreat reoccupies peninsula, except Fort George, [47-48];
- superseded by De Rottenburg, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, [69];
- left again in command by De Rottenburg's departure to Kingston, [110];
- retreats again to Burlington on the news of battle of the Thames, [103], [118];
- ordered to retire further, to York, and reasons for not doing so, [118].
- Russell, Jonathan.
- British admiral, and commander-in-chief on North American station, i. [387];
- Halifax and West Indian stations consolidated under, [387];
- charged with diplomatic overture to American Government, [390];
- reply received by, [391];
- first impressions on arrival, [392];
- representations to, [401],
- and correspondence with, Admiralty, [402-404];
- proclamations of blockades, ii. [9], [10];
- the lakes service under supervision of, [28];
- expectations of British Government and people from, [151];
- operations in the Chesapeake, [155-169];
- quits Chesapeake for the season, [177];
- urgency of the Admiralty upon, [209-211];
- relieved by Cochrane, [330].
- Remark quoted, [332].
- Russia.
- Sackett's Harbor. American naval station on Lake Ontario.
- Statements concerning conditions in the United States before the adoption of the Constitution, i. [47];
- as President of the United States, recommendations concerning the navy, ii. [212-213].
- Seaboard, United States.
- Action with, and capture of, "Frolic," i. [411-415];
- is captured with her prize by the "Poictiers," seventy-four, [415].
- Scott, Winfield. American general.
- Cruise of, ii. [253-258];
- action with, and capture of, "Reindeer," [254];
- action with, and sinking of, "Avon," [256];
- disappears at sea, [257].
- "Shannon." British frigate, blockading off New York.
- Succeeds Canning, i. [229];
- treatment of the Jackson case, [230-231], [250-252];
- action in view of Champagny's letter, [238], [241-247];
- construction placed by him upon the American demands consequent on that letter, [246];
- dilatory actions of, [252];
- suggests to Pinkney to reconsider his intended departure, in view of the nomination of Foster, [252];
- summary statement of the British policy in the Orders in Council, [253-254].
- Sheffield, Lord. British writer on economical questions.
- Represents to British Government conditions in France, 1814, ii. [428],
- and imminence of trouble in Paris, [429];
- anxiety of British Government, to remove him from Paris, [429];
- pressed to accept the command in America, [429];
- reluctance of, [430];
- influence of, upon the negotiations at Ghent, [430-431];
- approves Prevost's retreat in default of naval command of the lakes, [430-431];
- opinion of Sherbrooke's occupation of Maine, [431] (see also [354]).
- Sherbrooke, Sir John. British general, Governor of Nova Scotia.
- Relations of, to the mother country and to the colonies of the American continent, i. [32-40], [53-55], [56-58], [65-67];
- British expectation that in these relations the lost colonies might be replaced by Canada, Nova Scotia, etc., [44-48], [50-51], [64];
- sufferings of, after 1776 and 1783, [54], [62-63], [67];
- Pitt's measure, 1783, for benefit of, [58-60];
- measure fails, and Navigation Acts applied to intercourse between United States and, [68-70];
- effect upon, [75], [78], [79];
- recommendations of Committee of Privy Council, 1791, [82-84];
- increased importance of, after outbreak of French Revolution, [86-88];
- result, in fettering American intercourse with, [89], [95];
- concession to United States of trade to, obtained in Jay's treaty, [96];
- continued by British executive order, although article not confirmed by Senate, [97];
- course of British policy relating to, until 1805, [97-100];
- question of American trade from, "direct" or "indirect," raised in 1805, [100];
- decision adverse to American interests, [101-103];
- object of new departure of British Government, [103];
- principle asserted identical with colonial practice, and with Orders in Council of 1807, which led to War of 1812, [104].
- As a field for operations against commerce, ii. [229-240].
- Sinclair, Arthur. Commander, U.S.N., commanding on Upper Lakes, in 1814, ii. [324];
- Replaces Dearborn in command of New York frontier, ii. [104];
- Armstrong's instructions to, [105];
- movements of, [106];
- concentrates at Sackett's Harbor, [109-111];
- expedition down St. Lawrence against Montreal, [112-115];
- failure of, and winter quarters at French Mills, [116];
- removes thence to Plattsburg, [278];
- abortive attempt against La Colle, [282-283];
- superseded by Izard, [283].
- Smith, Adam.
- Captured in the British attack at Stony Creek, ii. [47], [341];
- appointed to command the tenth military district, including Baltimore and Washington, [341];
- conditions found by, as shown by Court of Inquiry, [342];
- operations of, [343-350].
- Smith, Robert.
- Commands brig "Oneida" on Lake Ontario when war begins, i. [354];
- employed organizing lake force, [364];
- affairs at Oswego, 1813, ii. [50-51];
- successful expedition by, in 1814, [285-289].
- Smith, Samuel. Senator from Maryland.
- Appointed to charge of lakes service, under Sir J. Warren, ii. [29];
- attack on Sackett's Harbor, in combination with army, [42-45];
- in temporary control of Lake Ontario, [46-51];
- contest with Chauncey in 1813, [51-61];
- action of August 10, [56-59],
- action of September 28, [106-109];
- subsequent movements in 1813, [111], [114];
- proposed renewed attack on Sackett's Harbor, [280], [283];
- made on Oswego instead, [284];
- blockades Sackett's Harbor for a time, [285-289];
- abandons blockade, returns to Kingston, and there remains, [290];
- opinion of the importance of the St. Lawrence River, [292];
- inactive policy during summer of 1814, [303], [307];
- launches, and takes the lake with, a ship of 102 guns, giving him entire control, [323];
- observations at Sackett's Harbor, on his return to England after peace, [318] (note);
- given independent command on lakes after Warren's detachment, [330].
- Stewart, Charles. Captain, U.S.N.
- Strong, Caleb. Governor of Massachusetts.
- St. Vincent, Earl of. British admiral and First Lord of the Admiralty.
- Turreau, General. French Minister to the United States.
- Vincent, John.
- Warren, Sir John.
- Warrington, Lewis. Commander, U.S.N., commanding "Peacock."
- Washington, City of.
- Washington, George.
- "Wasp." American sloop of war.
- "Wasp." American sloop of war, built and named for the last, which was captured only by overwhelming force.
- Wellesley, Marquis of. British Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
- Wellington, Duke of.
- West Indies.
- Wilkinson, James. American general.
- Winder, William H. American general.
- Woolsey, Melancthon T. Lieutenant (afterwards captain), U.S.N.
- Yeo, Sir James Lucas. British commodore.
Typographical errors corrected in text: