- Alberoni, Cardinal, minister to Philip V. of Spain, [233];
- Anson, British Admiral, expedition to the Pacific, [261];
- captures a French squadron, [271].
- Arbuthnot, British Admiral, engagement with French fleet off the Chesapeake, [385-387].
- Armed Neutrality, the, of the Baltic powers, [405].
- Arnold, Benedict, treason of, [382];
- expedition to James River, [385].
- ineffectual attempt of the French against, [469].
- Barbadoes, strategic value of, [348], [393], [518];
- takes Sta. Lucia and resists an attack by superior French fleet, [366];
- second in command at battle of Grenada, [368];
- refuses the command of the Channel fleet, [404];
- a whig in politics, [500].
- Barrington, British Admiral, energy of, [365];
- Blenheim, [213];
- Boyne, [41], [185-187];
- Camden, [382], [384];
- Ciudad Rodrigo, storming of, [475] (note);
- Jena, [47];
- Metaurus, [19], [20];
- Plassey, [306];
- Savannah, assault on, [376];
- Yorktown, capitulation of, [390].
- Battles, Land, Austerlitz, [24], [47];
- Actium, [13];
- Agosta, [165];
- Boscawen and De la Clue, [299];
- Byng off Minorca, [286],
- Cape Passaro, [63], [237];
- Chesapeake. [372-374], [389], [391];
- Copenhagen, [361];
- La Hougue, [189-191],
- Lepanto, [13], [50];
- Lowestoft, [108];
- Malaga, [110], [211], [229];
- Mobile, [287], [354], [355], [361];
- Navarino, [13] (note);
- New Orleans, [354-356];
- Nile, [10], [11], [80], [81], [358], [361], [366], [533];
- Pocock and D'Aché, [307-310],
- Port Hudson, [355], [361];
- Rio de Janeiro, expedition against, [230];
- Rodney and Langara, [404], [500] (and note);
- Schoneveldt [152];
- Sta. Lucia, [366], [425], [478];
- St Vincent, [11], [356], [358], [476] (note),
- Suffren and Hughes, fifth action, [463];
- Trafalgar, [9], [11], [12], [23] (note), [24], [47], [85], [353], [354], [357], [438];
- Vigo galleons, [207].
- Battles, Naval (the list of the principal naval battles, with plans, will be found on pp. xxiii, xxiv),
- sent to West Indies, [207];
- treason of his captains, [207];
- killed in battle. [207].
- Benbow, British Admiral,
- Bickerton, British Admiral,
- Blane, Sir Gilbert, physician to British fleet, letters of, [497], [499], [500](note), [501].
- of French ports by English fleets, [23] (note), [30], [210], [296], [297], [383], [387], [402] (and note), [413], [525-527], [532], [533];
- of Southern coast of United States, [43], [44], [87] (note);
- Napoleon forces England to, [81];
- with consequent effect on American privateering, [137];
- definition of efficient, [85];
- dangers to United States from, [86], [87];
- offensive and defensive use of, [87] (note);
- declaration of the Armed Neutrality concerning, [405];
- position taken off an enemy's port not necessarily a blockade in strict sense of the word, [532].
- Blockade,
- expedition to India, failure of, [277];
- intercepts French ships off the St. Lawrence, [284];
- takes Louisburg, [294];
- disperses or destroys French fleet from Toulon, [298].
- Boscawen, British Admiral,
- expedition from Canada, [343];
- effect of his surrender, [346].
- Burgoyne, British General,
- second to Dupleix in India, [305];
- intrigues with nabob of Bengal, [306];
- invades Orissa, [307];
- again sent to India during American Revolution, [459];
- delayed en route, [460];
- reaches India, [461];
- besieged in Cuddalore by the English, [462];
- relieved by Suffren, [463].
- Bussy, French General,
- sent to Mediterranean, [236];
- destroys Spanish fleet at Cape Passaro, [237];
- policy at Messina, [238].
- Byng, Sir George, British Admiral,
- sails to relieve Port Mahon, [286];
- action with the French fleet, [286-288];
- returns to Gibraltar, is relieved, tried, [290],
- and shot, [291].
- Byng, John, British Admiral,
- commander-in-chief at Battle of Grenada, [367-371].
- Byron, British Admiral,
- a half-way naval station, [28], [514];
- discovery of passage round, [37], [38], [141];
- acquired by Holland, [97];
- acquired by England during the Napoleonic wars, [327];
- English expedition against, [421];
- saved by Suffren, [422-425], [427];
- utility to France, [460], [520];
- Suffren's reception at, [464], [465].
- King of the Two Sicilies, [248], [249];
- enters into Bourbon Family Compact, [249];
- forced to withdraw his troops by a British commodore, [252], [264], [304];
- succeeds to the Spanish throne, [304];
- enters into secret alliance with France, [312], [313];
- losses in Seven Years' War, [315], [317];
- again enters alliance with France against England, [401], [402].
- Cape of Good Hope,
- claimant to Spanish throne as Carlos III., [206];
- lands at Lisbon, [208];
- lands in Catalonia and takes Barcelona, [213];
- takes and loses Madrid, [214];
- antipathy of Spaniards to, [214], [216];
- inherits empire of Austria and elected Emperor Charles VI. of Germany, [217];
- makes, as king of Spain, secret commercial treaty with England, [221];
- discontented with Treaty of Utrecht, [222], [234];
- renounces claim to Spanish throne, [235];
- joins Quadruple Alliance, [236];
- obtains Naples and Sicily, [239];
- loses Naples and Sicily, [248];
- dies, leaving no son, [262];
- succeeded by Maria Theresa, [262].
- Carlos III.,
- restoration of, [90];
- political motives, [100];
- cedes Dunkirk, [105];
- policy of commerce-destroying, [131];
- bargains with Louis XIV., [143];
- declares war against Holland, [144];
- makes peace with Holland, [158];
- forms alliance with Holland, [166];
- dies, [175].
- Charles, Archduke,
- plans for invading England and Scotland, [297], [300];
- makes close alliance with Spain, [311-313];
- policy after Seven Years' War, [330-336];
- naval reforms, [331-333];
- supports Spain in dispute with England over the Falkland Islands, [336];
- dismissed, [336].
- Charles II., naval policy of, [60], [61];
- Choiseul, minister to Louis XV., [297];
- expedition up the Hudson, [343];
- commander-in-chief in America, [360], [365], [401];
- opinions as to influence of sea power, [385], [401];
- sends detachments to the Chesapeake, [385], [387];
- directs Cornwallis to occupy Yorktown, [387];
- outwitted by Washington and Rochambeau, [387].
- Clerk, John,
- letter of. [275] (note);
- Indian career begins, [282];
- retakes Calcutta, [305];
- defeats nabob of Bengal, takes Chandernagore, and wins battle of Plassey, [306];
- reduces Bengal, [306].
- Clinton, Sir Henry, British General,
- Clive, Robert, afterward Lord,
- leads a column at Trafalgar, [353];
- his conduct at battle of Cape St. Vincent, [355], [356];
- reverses Nelson's orders after his death, [358];
- loss in his ship at Trafalgar, [438] (note);
- blockading duty off French coast (letters), [526].
- Colbert
- origin of, [27];
- character of, [28];
- effect on England of, [29], [82], [83], [255], [326-328], [392-394], [396], [414];
- weakness of Spain through, [30], [41], [42], [202], [261], [312], [327], [345], [346];
- effect of national character on, [55-58], [255], [256];
- growth of English colonial system, [60], [62], [64], [217], [220], [228], [251], [291], [305-307], [310], [321], [327];
- Colbert's policy, [70], [71], [106];
- navy essential to security of, [41], [42], [74], [75], [82], [329], [367], [373], [401], [416], [424], [434], [511], [529], [541];
- support to sea power by, [83], [212], [329], [415], [510], [511], [514], [520], [521];
- Dutch, [96], [97], [258];
- New York and New Jersey seized by English, [107], [132];
- loss of French colonies, [219], [291], [294], [295], [304], [314], [321], [322];
- loss of Spanish colonies, [219], [315-317], [321];
- French colonial policy, [242], [254], [255], [257], [258], [273-278], [282], [283], [306];
- Spanish colonial policy, [245-247], [250];
- colonial expansion the characteristic motive of the wars from 1739 to 1783, [254], [281-284], [291], [508-510];
- value of smaller West India islands, [256], [374], [512], [513];
- the English in India, [257], [282], [305], [307], [348], [349], [419], [420], [459];
- Vernon's and Anson's expedition against Spanish, [261];
- Florida and the Bahamas recovered by Spain, [517] (note).
- British North American, character of, [255], [283];
- extension over all the continent east of the Mississippi, [65], [321];
- quarrel with mother-country, [334], [341];
- military situation of, [341-344];
- alliance with France, [350];
- effect of sea power upon their struggle, [397], [524];
- object of, [507], [508];
- policy of France in their struggle, [359], [511], [512];
- distribution of colonial possessions at peace of 1783, [540].
- Collingwood, British Admiral,
- position of a naval, in battle, [353-358];
- question raised by action of the Due de Chartres, [352];
- illustrated by practice of Howe, Nelson, Farragut, [353-358];
- orders of French government, [353].
- Colonies:
- attempts to control by force, [1], [62], [63], [100], [101], [107], [245], [247];
- trade routes, [25], [32], [33], [37], [38], [141], [142];
- water carriage easier and cheaper than land, [25];
- advantages of rivers and inlets to, [25], [35], [36];
- secure seaports and a navy necessary to security of, [26-28], [74-76], [82], [83], [134], [135];
- the basis of a healthy navy, [28], [45], [46], [82];
- war upon (see commerce-destroying);
- influence of Baltic trade upon sea power, [32], [62], [239], [240], [405];
- effect of Central American Canal on, [33], [325];
- effect of physical conditions on, [36-39];
- decay of Spanish, [41], [50-52];
- effect of national character on, [50-55];
- solicitude of English government concerning, [60], [62], [63], [65], [66], [143], [206], [218], [220], [240], [241], [247], [269], [270];
- the Navigation Act, [60];
- influence of the wealth of England on history, [64], [187], [197], [216], [218], [227], [279], [295];
- commercial spirit of the Dutch, [49], [52], [55], [57], [68], [69], [98];
- Colbert's policy for developing, [70], [71], [101], [102], [105], [106], [169];
- decay of French, under Louis XIV., [73], [107], [167], [169], [170], [198], [199], [219], [226-228];
- improvement of French, under Louis XV., [74], [242], [243];
- government influence on, [70], [71], [82], [101], [105], [106];
- dangers to United States, by blockades, [84-87];
- commercial policy of United States, [84], [88];
- French, in 1660, [93];
- Dutch, in 1660, [95-97], [131];
- rivalry of English and Dutch, [100], [107];
- Leibnitz's proposition to Louis XIV. to seize Egypt, [141], [142];
- influence of Dutch wealth, [167], [176], [187], [197], [270], [279];
- sufferings of Dutch, [38], [160], [167], [168];
- gains to English, by policy of Louis XIV. [167], [170];
- effect of injury to, in hastening war, [176], [177];
- bearing of, upon War of Spanish Succession, [201-204], [207], [209];
- Methuen Treaty of, with Portugal, [206], [228];
- concession to England of the Asiento, or slave trade, [217], [220], [245];
- growth of English, during eighteenth century, [220], [223-226], [228], [229], [233], [241], [245], [319], [323], [328];
- secret treaty of, made with England by claimant to Spanish throne, [221];
- decay of Dutch, in early part of eighteenth century, [69], [220-222], [224];
- English, contraband with Spanish America, [240], [241], [245-247];
- sufferings of, 1740-1748, [279], [280];
- sufferings of, 1756-1763, [311], [312], [317-319];
- prosperity of English commerce, 1756-1763, [297], [318], [319], [323];
- effect of commercial interests on the results at Yorktown, [392];
- great centre of English, [539] (note);
- policy of Great Britain as to neutral, [540].
- Commander-in-chief,
- a strategic question, [8];
- dependence on geographical position, [31];
- diffusion of effort, [31];
- disadvantageous position of United States, [31], [540] (note);
- Spanish treasure-ships, [41], [51], [207], [262], [313], [316];
- English and Dutch commerce defy, [51], [133], [134], [135], [206], [229], [297], [317], [318], [319], [539], [540];
- Charles II. resorts to it as a substitute for great fleets, [131];
- disastrous results, [132];
- discussion of, as a principal mode of warfare, [132-136];
- dependent upon a near base or upon powerful fleets, [132], [196], [230], [314];
- illustrations, 1652-1783, [133-136];
- injurious reaction on the nation relying upon it, [136];
- illustrations, [136-138];
- mistaken conclusions drawn from American privateering in 1812, and from the Confederate cruisers, [137], [138];
- effect of great navies, [138];
- illustrations, after battle of Solebay, [148];
- after battle of Texel, [154];
- decline of Dutch navy, [160],
- and consequent increase of commerce-destroying by French privateers, [167];
- in the war of 1689-1697, discussion, [193-196];
- in the war of 1702-1713, [228-230];
- in war of 1739-1748, [280];
- in Seven Years' War, [295], [297], [311], [314], [316], [317-319] (discussion), [329] (note);
- in American Revolution, [344], [382], [392], [400], [404], [408] (and note), [409], [443], [445], [452], [460], [530], [539], [540] (and note);
- French privateering, [133], [135], [167], [195], [196], [229], [280], [314], [317-319];
- peculiar character of French privateering, 1689-1713, [194-196], [229], [230].
- Commerce,
- commands fleet intended for invasion of England, [300];
- sails from Brest, [301];
- encounters Hawke and is defeated by him, [302-304].
- Commerce-Destroying (Cruising Warfare),
- wins battle of Camden, [382];
- overruns Southern States, [384];
- marches into Virginia, [385];
- takes position at Yorktown, [387];
- surrounded by enemies, [389],
- capitulates, [390].
- Conflans, French Admiral,
- gallant conduct in Hood's action at St. Christopher, [472].
- Cornwallis, British General,
- island of, naturally Italian, [32];
- a dependency of Genoa, [201];
- Genoa cedes fortified harbors to France, [292];
- whole island ceded to France, [334];
- strategic value, [335].
- Cornwallis, Captain British navy,
- Corsica,
- reaches India, [307];
- first and second battles with Pocock, [308];
- ill-will to the French governor, Lally, [307], [309];
- goes to the Isle of France, [309];
- return to the peninsula, and third battle with Pocock, [310];
- abandons the peninsula, [310].
- Cromwell, Oliver,
- commands French squadron at Newport, and takes part in operations against Cornwallis, [389-392].
- sails from Toulon to join Brest fleet, [298];
- encounters and beaten by Boscawen, [299].
- D'Aché, French Commodore,
- transferred from the army to the navy, [371];
- long passage from Toulon to the Delaware, [359];
- fails to attack the British fleet in New York, [361];
- runs British batteries at Newport, [361];
- sails in pursuit of Howe's fleet, and receives injuries in a gale, [362];
- goes to Boston, [363];
- foiled by Howe on all points, [363], [364];
- goes to West Indies, [365];
- failure at Sta. Lucia, [366];
- capture of St. Vincent and Grenada, [367];
- action with Byron's fleet, [367-371];
- professional character, [371], [375];
- ineffectual assault on Savannah, [376];
- return to France, [376].
- De Barras, French Commodore,
- commands French contingent to the allied fleet at Solebay, [147];
- at Schoneveldt, [151];
- at the Texel, [152];
- equivocal action at the battle of the Texel, [153], [155];
- notice of, [170].
- De la Clue, French Commodore,
- sails from Brest for West Indies, [383];
- partial action with Hood off Martinique, [383], [384];
- takes Tobago, and goes thence to San Domingo, [384];
- determines to go to Chesapeake Bay, [388];
- thoroughness of his action, [388], [392];
- anchors in Lynnhaven Bay, [388];
- skilful management when opposed by Graves, [389];
- share in results at Yorktown, [399];
- declines to remain longer in the United States, [400], [418], [469];
- return to West Indies, and expedition against St. Kitt's Island, [469];
- outgeneralled by Hood, [470-476];
- criticisms upon his actions, [392], [476-478], [483], [489], [494];
- return to Martinique, [479];
- in command of combined fleet in expedition against Jamaica, [479];
- sails from Martinique, [480];
- partial action of April 9, 1782, [481-483];
- battle of the Saints, [486-490];
- surrenders with his flag-ship, [489];
- later career and death, [501-503];
- findings of the court-martial on, [503].
- D'Estaing, French Admiral,
- wary tactics of, [7], [413], [433];
- takes command in West Indies, [376];
- actions with Rodney, [378-381];
- returns to France, [381], [405];
- chief command of allied fleets in Europe, [407], [408];
- abortive action at Torbay, [408] (and note);
- injuries to convoy under his care, [408];
- Rodney's opinion of, [499];
- difficulty in manning his fleet, [536] (note).
- D'Estrées, French Admiral,
- instructions to, [339], [340];
- appointed to command Brest fleet, [339];
- commander-in-chief at battle of Ushant, [350-352];
- commands allied fleets in English Channel, 1779, [402] (and note);
- retires from the navy, [403].
- De Grasse, French Admiral,
- leads in the attack on Hood's position at St. Kitt's, [474];
- Suffren's opinion of, [474];
- gallantry at time of De Grasse's defeat, [502] (note).
- De Guichen, French Admiral,
- commands fleet which convoys Rochambeau to America, [382];
- position occupied in Newport, [394-396];
- Washington's memorandum to, [397].
- D'Orvilliers, French Admiral,
- second in command to De Grasse, [494];
- conducts partial attack of April 9, 1782, [482], [494];
- assumes command after De Grasse's capture, [497].
- De Rions, d'Albert, Captain in French navy,
- relieves Gibraltar, [407], [414] (note);
- retreats before superior allied fleet, [408].
- De Ternay, French Commodore,
- engagement with English fleet off the Chesapeake, [385-387].
- De Vaudreuil, French Commodore,
- chief of staff to Rodney, [485] (note);
- letters of, [486] (and note), [490], [493];
- credit of breaking French line claimed for, [490];
- opinion as to Rodney's failure to pursue his success, [496].
- Derby, British Admiral,
- Destouches, French Commodore,
- expedition against Rio de Janeiro, [230].
- Douglas, Sir Charles, Captain British navy,
- advances the power of France in India, [243];
- his ambition and policy, [258], [274], [282];
- problem before him in India, [275];
- foiled by lack of sea power, [276], [278];
- quarrel with La Bourdonnais, [276];
- seizes Madras, [276];
- successful defence of Pondicherry, [277];
- extends his power in the peninsula, [282];
- is recalled to France, [282].
- Dubois, Cardinal,
- compares French and Dutch officers, [129];
- commands at battle of Stromboli, [160-162];
- tactics of, [163-165];
- commands at battle of Agosta, [165].
- Duguay-Trouin, French privateer,
- Napoleon's expedition to, [10], [11];
- Leibnitz proposes to Louis XIV. to seize, [141];
- commanding commercial and strategic position of, [141], [142];
- occupation of, by England, [22], [328];
- importance of, to India, [328].
- Dupleix,
- commands at Gibraltar during the great siege, [411].
- Duquesne, French Admiral,
- its effect upon the sea power of a country, [42-44].
- Egypt,
- dispute concerning, [335].
- Elliott, British General,
- England, See under Colonies, Commerce, Commerce-Destroying, Geographical Position, Government, Inhabitants, character and number of, Naval Policy, Naval Tactics, Sea Power, Strategy.
- minister of Louis XV., [241];
- peace policy, [241], [243], [253];
- commercial expansion of France under, [242], [248];
- accord with Walpole, [241], [244], [252];
- policy, continental rather than maritime, [243], [244], [251], [253];
- supports claimant to Polish throne, [247];
- arranges Bourbon Family Compact with Spain, [244], [248];
- acquires Bar and Lorraine for France, [249];
- allows the navy to decay, [244], [249], [252], [253];
- death, [253].
- Extent of Territory,
- See under Colonies, Commerce, Commerce-Destroying, Geographical
Position, Government, Inhabitants, character and number of Naval
Policy, Naval Tactics, Sea-Power, Strategy.
- Falkland Islands,
- useful as a base of operations to an enemy of the United States, [212],
- station of English fleet, [386].
- Farragut, American Admiral,
- its effect upon the sea power of countries, [29-35].
- Fleuri, Cardinal,
- strategic question, [12];
- taken by Rooke, [210];
- strategic value, [212];
- value to England, [29], [32], [220], [298], [328], [414];
- offers to restore to Spain, [236], [298];
- attacks on, [212], [245], [411];
- siege of, [403-412].
- France.
- Frederick, King of Prussia,
- commanding in New York, sails to relieve Cornwallis, [389];
- out-manœuvred by De Grasse, [391];
- criticisms on, [390], [391].
- urges Rodney to attack French squadron anchored in Newport, [396];
- second to Nelson at Copenhagen, [396] (note);
- blockading on French coast, [526].
- Gardiner's Bay, Long Island,
- Geographical Position,
- Gibraltar,
- Government,
- distinguishes himself at the battle of Toulon, [266];
- captures a French squadron, [271-273];
- seizes French shipping in the Atlantic, [285];
- relieves Byng in the Mediterranean, [290];
- blockade of Brest, [300], [527];
- brilliant action in Quiberon Bay, [300-304];
- maxim as to strength of English fleet, [523].
- Graves, British Admiral,
- Graves, British Captain, afterward admiral,
- commands allied English and Dutch fleets at battle of Beachy Head, [182].
- Great Britain. See England.
- Geographical Position, Government, Inhabitants, character and number
- of, Naval Policy, Naval Tactics (Ruyter's), Sea Power, Strategy.
- Hannibal. See Second Punic War, [13-21].
- trait of subordination in, [356] (note);
- action with De Grasse off Martinique, [383];
- sent by Rodney to America with fourteen ships, [389], [390];
- second in command in action off Chesapeake, [391];
- temporary chief command in West Indies, [469];
- brilliant action at St. Christopher's Island, [470-476];
- junction with Rodney, [479];
- partial action of April 9, 1782, [481-483];
- at battle of the Saints, [486-490], [491-493];
- De Grasse's flag-ship strikes to his, [489];
- opinion as to Rodney's failure to pursue his advantage, [496];
- captures four French ships, [498];
- later career and death, [504].
- Havana,
- Hawke, Sir Edward, afterward Lord, British Admiral,
- naval policy of, [9];
- at Philadelphia, [360];
- at New York, [360];
- at Newport, [361];
- energy and skill of, [363], [364];
- commands Channel fleet, [408];
- relieves Gibraltar, [412];
- a whig in politics, [500];
- opinion as to blockades, [526].
- Henry IV., of France,
- Herbert, British Admiral,
- arrives in India, [349];
- takes Negapatam and Trincomalee, [349];
- first meeting with Suffren, [427];
- task in India, [428];
- first battle with Suffren's squadron, [430-434];
- second battle with Suffren, [437-441];
- contemporary criticisms on, [442];
- third battle with Suffren, [446-448];
- tactics of, [431], [449], [453], [456], [462]:
- slowness of, loses Trincomalee, [450], [451];
- fourth battle with Suffren, [453-455];
- praise bestowed by, upon his captains, [456];
- goes to Bombay from Coromandel coast, [458];
- returns to Madras, [461];
- supports English siege of Cuddalore, [462];
- fifth battle with Suffren, [463];
- abandons the field, [463];
- death, [467].
- Holland. See under Colonies, Commerce, Commerce-Destroying,
- war upon the English, [420];
- denied the aid of the French squadron, [421];
- Suffren communicates with, [443];
- visited by Suffren, [450];
- negotiations of Suffren with, [459], [460];
- death of, [461].
- Hood, Sir Samuel, afterward Lord, British Admiral,
- effect upon the sea power of a country, [50-58].
- Hoste, Paul,
- effect upon the sea power of a country, reserve strength, [44-49].
- Howe, Lord, British Admiral,
- geographical position of, [32];
- physical conformation of, [39], [40];
- necessity for a navy, [40];
- Sicilian revolt against Spain, 1674, [159];
- Spanish possessions in, 1700, [201];
- Sardinia taken by allied fleets, [215];
- disposition of Spanish provinces in, at peace of 1713, [219];
- Sicily transferred to Austria, and Sardinia to House of Savoy, 1719, [239];
- Spanish expedition into, [248];
- foundation of Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, [248];
- Spanish operations against Austria, 1741, [263], [264];
- King of Naples forced to withdraw troops from Spanish army by English fleet, [263];
- disposition of provinces of, at peace of 1748, [278];
- transfer of Corsica to France by Genoa, [292], [334];
- acquisition of Malta by England, [327].
- Howe, Sir William, British General,
- taken by English, under Cromwell, [60];
- wish of Spain to recover, [345], [510], [512];
- strategic value of, [394], [517], [518];
- combined expedition against, [479];
- frustrated by Rodney's victory over De Grasse, [496];
- Rodney repairs to, after his victory, [501], [517].
- Hughes, Sir Edward, British Admiral,
- a seaman by profession, [61], [115];
- commands at battle of Lowestoft, as Duke of York, [109];
- commands at the battle of Solebay, [147];
- deprived of the command, [151];
- succeeds to the throne, [175];
- interest in the navy, [175], [177], [178];
- flight from England, [178];
- lands in Ireland, [179];
- defeated at the Boyne, [186];
- at Cape La Hougue, [188];
- death, [205].
- Hyder Ali, Sultan of Mysore, [419];
- captain of a merchant brig, the story of his ears, [250].
- Inhabitants, character of,
- sails for Cape of Good Hope, [421];
- commissioner to American Congress, [421] (note);
- attacked by Suffren at the Cape Verde Islands, [421-425];
- anticipated by Suffren at the Cape, [427];
- returns unsuccessful to England, [427].
- Inhabitants, number of,
- Italy,
- appointed to command Channel fleet, [341];
- battle of Ushant, [350-352];
- head of admiralty and disapproves treaty of peace, [499];
- a whig in politics, [500].
- stubborn defence of the "Exeter," [449];
- visits Suffren at the Cape of Good Hope, [465].
- Jamaica,
- governor of the Isle of France, [243], [273];
- his active administration, [273];
- prepares to attack English commerce in the East Indies, [273];
- takes and ransoms Madras, quarrels with Dupleix, squadron wrecked, returns to France, and dies, [276].
- James II.,
- brilliant defence of, [272].
- Jenkins,
- arrival in America, [345];
- operations in Virginia, [385];
- expressions of Washington to, as to necessity of naval help, [397], [400];
- associations of his name to Americans, [501].
- Jervis, Sir John, afterward Earl St. Vincent, British Admiral,
- commands the fleet in the expedition to Minorca, [285];
- defeats Byng's attempt to relieve Port Mahon, [286-288].
- Johnstone, British Commodore,
- reaches India, [307];
- quarrels with Commodore D'Aché, [307];
- takes Fort St. David, [308];
- besieges Madras, but fails, [310];
- fall of French power under, [310].
- Kempenfeldt, British Admiral,
- Keppel, Lord, British Admiral,
- growth of French navy under, [72];
- enmity to Holland, [73];
- policy of, [73], [103-105], [140], [143], [205];
- naval policy of, [72], [74], [107], [133], [141-143], [155], [159], [166], [174], [178-181], [194-196];
- assumes personal government, [90];
- initiates general wars, [91];
- condition of France at accession of, [93];
- commercial policy of, [54], [105], [167], [169], [170], [176];
- aggressions of, [139], [173];
- declares war against Holland, [144];
- campaign in Holland, [149-151];
- evacuates Holland, [158];
- Sicilian episode, [159-166];
- peace with Holland, [168];
- declares war against Germany, [177];
- against Holland, [178];
- supports invasion of Ireland, [179-186];
- plans invasion of England, [188-191];
- concessions by, at peace of Ryswick, [197];
- effect of policy of, on sea-power, [198-200];
- accepts bequest of Spanish throne to his grandson, [203];
- reduced to extremities in War of Spanish Succession, [215], [216];
- humiliating concessions at peace of Utrecht, [219-221];
- exhaustion of France under, [227];
- privateering under, [133], [134], [195], [230];
- death of, [232].
- King, British Commodore,
- ascends throne, [232];
- condition of French commerce under, [74], [242-244], [279], [280], [311], [318];
- condition of French navy, [74-77], [244], [252-254], [259], [276], [279], [280], [288], [291], [311];
- restoration of the navy, [76], [331-333];
- defensive alliance with Spain, [248], [263-268];
- offensive alliance with Spain, [313], [333];
- death, [336].
- begins to reign, [336];
- naval policy of, [78-80], [337-340], [402], [403], [452];
- general policy of, [336], [337], [345], [359], [382], [419], [509-512], [535-540];
- treaty with the United States, [346];
- breach with England, [350].
- La Bourdonnais,
- strategic importance of, [28], [294], [328];
- retained by France at Peace of Utrecht, [219];
- taken by New England colonists, [269];
- restored to France at peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, [277];
- taken by Boscawen, [294].
- L'Étenduère, French commodore,
- capital of a British presidency in India, [257];
- taken by French, [276];
- exchanged for Louisburg at peace of 1748, [277];
- besieged by French in 1759, [310];
- danger from Hyder Ali in 1780, [420];
- principal British naval station during the struggle, 1781-1783, [429], [437], [444], [450], [451];
- danger of roadstead, in northeast monsoon. [458], [518], [519].
- Lafayette, Marquis de,
- La Galissonière, French Admiral,
- ascends Austrian throne, [262];
- war with Prussia, France, and Spain, [262], [263];
- war with Prussia, in alliance with France and Russia, [292].
- Lally, French governor of India,
- base for commerce-destroying, [31], [135], [314];
- taken by the English, [135], [314];
- effects of this conquest, [318];
- restored to France at peace of Paris, [321];
- principal base of French navy in West Indies. [348], [366], [469], [479];
- actions near, [378], [383];
- strategic position of, [480], [517], [518], [523].
- Langara, Spanish Admiral,
- commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean and minister to Sardinia, [263];
- action with combined French and Spanish fleets, [265-267];
- court-martialled and cashiered, [268].
- Leibnitz,
- Louis XIV.,
- control of, influence on Second Punic war, [14-21];
- strategic points in, [13], [20], [22], [23], [32], [62], [63], [82], [141], [142], [202], [203], [215], [220], [285], [298], [327], [328], [335], [393], [515];
- advantage of strategic study of, [33];
- analogy to Caribbean Sea, [33];
- increase of English power in, [206], [210], [212], [215], [219], [220], [229], [235], [239], [263], [322], [327], [328];
- Austria established in, [239];
- Sardinia given to House of Savoy, [239];
- foundation of Bourbon Kingdom of Two Sicilies, [248],
- strengthens France in, [249];
- English navy in, [193], [206], [208], [210-216], [263-268], [286-291], [296], [298], [412], [515], [532], [533];
- France acquires Corsica, [334], [335];
- England loses Minorca in American Revolution, [409], [540].
- Louis XV.,
- Louis XVI.,
- Louisburg, Cape Breton Island,
- recommends study of military history, [2];
- Egyptian expedition, [10], [107];
- Trafalgar campaign, [11], [12], [23], [24] (note), [119], [532], [533];
- favorite objective, [47];
- naval policy, [81], [506];
- influence of French navy on American privateering in 1812, [137].
- value of reserve force, [48];
- colonial, [56],
- in peace, [82];
- in war, [82];
- soldiers commanding ships, [127];
- commerce-destroying and privateering (see Commerce-destroying) Bourbon Family compact, [248], [313];
- significance of the wars from 1739 to 1783, [254];
- Dutch, [67-69], [95-99], [108], [109], [126], [174], [201-204], [217], [218], [222], [406];
- English, [59-67], [78], [100], [101], [105], [107], [131], [140], [143], [174], [175], [192-196], [201-204], [206], [224], [225], [229], [238-241], [244], [245], [264], [293], [326-328], [406], [417], [442], [451], [452], [505], [540];
- French, [29], [54], [69-81], [93], [104], [105-107], [166], [167-170], [177], [187], [197], [199], [212], [226], [238], [242-244], [252], [282], [287-290], [291], [309], [311], [322], [331-334], [337], [340], [359], [382], [408] (and note), [451], [452], [459], [460], [506], [510], [511];
- maritime inscription, [45];
- Leibnitz's proposition to Louis XIV., [141], [142];
- Italian, [39], [40];
- Spanish, [41], [51], [94], [156], [246], [312], [333], [348], [401], [407], [510], [517] (note), [535], [536];
- United States, [26], [33], [34], [38], [39], [42], [49], [83-88], [325], [326], [539], [540] (note).
- Madras,
- unsettled condition of modern, [2];
- qualities of galleys, steamers, and sailing-ships, [3-5];
- windward and leeward positions, [6],
- change of, from age to age, [9], [10], [22], [130], [506];
- fireships, [109], [110], [113], [114];
- torpedo-cruisers, [111];
- group formation, [112];
- close-hauled line-of-battle, [115];
- breaking the line, [124], [147], [265], [268], [286], [380], [381], [488], [491];
- refusing the van, [148], [152], [157], [183], [190], [266], [432], [434];
- concentration by defiling, [308], [387], [470], [492];
- concentration by doubling, [125], [147], [183], [272], [378], [379], [432], [433], [438-441];
- general chase with mêlée, [3], [4], [184], [237], [271], [299], [302], [303], [367-369], [404], [481], [482], [486];
- French, in eighteenth century, [79], [80], [114], [163], [164], [287-290], [338], [340], [351], [372], [383], [425], [426], [431], [474] (and note), [476], [478], [482], [483], [486-488], [494], [538];
- English, in eighteenth century, [127-129], [163], [211], [237], [265], [268], [271], [286], [287], [299], [303], [307], [350], [352], [369], [377-381], [386], [389], [391], [404], [412], [442], [447], [449], [453-455], [462], [463], [470-473], [476] (and note), [486-490];
- Monk's, [121];
- Ruyter's, [145], [147], [148], [152], [154], [157], [161];
- Duquesne's, [161-163], [165];
- Herbert's, [182];
- Tourville's, [182], [184], [185], [187], [189];
- Rooke's, [211];
- Byng's, [286];
- Hawke's, [271], [272], [303];
- Keppel's and D'Orvilliers, [351];
- Barrington's, [366];
- Byron's, [367-369];
- D'Estaing's, [369], [370];
- Rodney's, [377-379], [404], [488], [491];
- De Grasse's, [383], [389], [471-474], [481-483], [485-489];
- Arbuthnot and Destouches's, [386];
- Graves's, [389], [391];
- Suffren's, [425], [426], [432], [433], [439], [455], [465];
- Hood's, [472], [473];
- Clerk's work on, [77], [163], [211];
- Hoste's work on, [77];
- Morogues' work on, [77];
- position of commander-in-chief in battle, [353-358];
- effect on, of changes in naval material, [2-5], [9], [10], [22], [109], [116], [384] (note), [386] (note), [493-495].
- Mahrattas, the,
- British, under Cromwell, [62];
- under Charles II., [61], [101];
- character of vessels, 1660, [101];
- qualities of officers, 1660, [126-129];
- decline of, under Charles II., [174];
- improvement of, by James II., [175];
- numbers in 1691, [187];
- deterioration under William III., [192];
- improvement under Anne, [209], [220], [224], [225], [229];
- numbers and condition of, in 1727, 1734, and 1744, [259], [260];
- inefficiency of officers, 1744, [265-269];
- numbers of, 1756-1763, [291];
- numbers of, in 1778, [337], [341];
- professional skill of officers in American Revolution, [379] (and note), [401], [412], [449], [456], [497];
- administration of, [417], [452], [523], [527].
- Dutch, prior to 1660, [68], [98], [99];
- character of ships, [102];
- professional qualities of officers, [109], [126], [127], [129], [157];
- Duquesne's estimate of Dutch officers, [129];
- decline of, after 1675, [160], [174];
- decline of, during War of Spanish Succession, [221], [222];
- practical disappearance of, after 1713, [222].
- French, [53];
- numbers in 1661, [70];
- numbers in 1666, [72];
- numbers, 1683-1690, [72], [178], [179], [180];
- administration of, 1660-1695, [72];
- condition of, at end of Louis XIV.'s reign, [74], [191];
- character of vessels in 1660, [101],
- professional qualities of officers in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, [129], [161], [170-172], [185];
- decay in number and condition, 1713-1760, [74-76], [209], [216], [244], [252], [259], [260], [279], [280], [288], [291], [311], [312];
- revival of, 1760, [76-78], [331];
- numbers of, in 1761 and 1770, [331];
- discipline during war of 1778, [332], [333];
- numbers in 1778, [45], [337];
- superior to British in size and batteries of ships, [338], [493], [494];
- professional skill of officers, [365], [412], [435], [436], [447], [457], [484], [497], [527], [536] (note);
- administration of, [402] (and note), [403], [452], [536], [537];
- numbers of, in 1791, [338];
- numbers of, in 1814, [81].
- Spanish, condition of, anterior to 1660, [41], [50], [94], [95];
- in 1675, [160], [165];
- restoration by Alberoni, [234];
- destruction of ships at Cape Passaro and of dock-yards, [237], [238];
- numbers of, 1747, [259];
- numbers of, 1756, [291];
- numbers of, in 1761, [331];
- numbers of, in 1779, [337];
- superior to British in size and batteries of ships, [338];
- administration of, [402] (and note), [403], [536];
- character of the personnel, [527].
- Maria Theresa,
- tactics at the battle of the Nile, [10];
- Trafalgar campaign, [11], [23] (note), [527], [532], [533];
- tactics at Trafalgar, [12], [354], [459];
- enforces Navigation Act, [60], [251];
- orders at Trafalgar, [112], [434];
- at battle of Cape St. Vincent, [157], [355], [368];
- celebrated sayings of, [185], [362], [435], [525], [527], [532];
- attachment of subordinates to, [267];
- position assumed by him in battle, [353-358].
- Martinique, French West India Island,
- tactical principles, [10];
- strategic effect, [11];
- French rear at, [80];
- Nelson at, [358].
- Matthews, British Admiral,
- commands at battle of Lowestoft and is killed, [108], [109].
- Mazarin, Cardinal,
- Regent of France during minority of Louis XV., [74], [232];
- insecurity of position, [232];
- concessions to England, [233];
- policy of, [235];
- alliance with England against Spain, [235-238];
- death, [241].
- Mediterranean Sea,
- Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, [277].
- Breda, 1667, [132].
- Nimeguen, 1678, [168].
- Nystadt, 1721, [240].
- Paris, 1763, [321].
- Ryswick, 1697, [197].
- Utrecht, 1713, [219].
- Versailles, 1783, [541].
- Monk, British General and Admiral,
- Spanish throne bequeathed to, [202];
- war declared against, by England, Holland, and Germany, [205];
- loses Gibraltar, [210];
- besieges Gibraltar, [212];
- loses Barcelona and Catalonia, [213];
- driven from Madrid, [214];
- recovers all Spain, except Catalonia, [214];
- acknowledged King of Spain by Treaty of Utrecht, [219];
- deprived of Netherlands and Italian dependencies, [219];
- enmity to the regent Orleans, [232];
- seizes Sardinia, [235];
- attacks Sicily, [236];
- brought to terms by France and the Sea Powers, [239];
- makes alliance with the Emperor Charles VI., [244];
- attacks Gibraltar, [245].
- Morogues, Bigot de,
- its effect upon the sea power of countries, [35-42].
- dislike of George II. to, [270];
- becomes prime minister, [293];
- policy of, [295], [296];
- prosperity of commerce under, [297];
- offers to restore Gibraltar to Spain, [298];
- respect for Portuguese neutrality, [299], [300];
- declines mediation of Spain, [304];
- waning of his influence, [305];
- purposes war against Spain, [313];
- resigns his office, [313];
- his plans adopted by successors, [314], [317];
- opposes the peace of Paris, [322];
- effect of his policy on the history of England, [326].
- Napoleon I.,
- commands British fleet in India and fights three battles with French fleet, [307-310];
- commands fleet in combined expedition against Havana, [314], [315].
- Naval Policy,
- lost to Spain frequently through maritime weakness, [42], [215], [541];
- ceded to England in 1713, [62], [219];
- strategic importance of, [62], [220], [393], [515];
- French expedition against, [285];
- Byng defeated in his attempt to relieve, [286-288];
- surrender of, to France, [291];
- Pitt's offer to exchange Gibraltar for, [298];
- restored to England at peace of 1763, [322];
- taken from England in 1782, [407], [409];
- ceded to Spain in 1783, [540];
- again taken by England, [541].
- Naval Tactics,
- decay in sea power and wealth, [52];
- cedes Bombay and Tangiers to England, [104];
- dependence on England, [105], [208], [315], [320], [321];
- Methuen treaty, [206];
- alliance with England and Holland, 1704, [208];
- advantage of, to England, [208], [213-215], [220], [228];
- French and Spaniards invade, [315], [316], [321];
- England repels the invasion, [316];
- benevolent neutrality of colonial ports to England, [520], [521].
- Navies, condition of:
- Nelson, Horatio, afterward Lord, British Admiral,
- occupied by the English in the American Revolution, [346];
- attack upon by French and Americans, [361-364];
- English evacuate, [376], [530];
- French occupy, [382], [394];
- French position in, [394];
- strategic value of, [519], [529], [530] (note).
- Nile, Battle of the,
- Opdam, Dutch Admiral,
- commands squadron in reduction of Martinique, [314];
- commander-in-chief in West Indies, [377];
- takes or disperses a Spanish squadron, [377], [404], [500] (and note);
- personal and military character, [377], [378], [380], [397], [498-500];
- actions with De Guichen, [378-381];
- divides his fleet and goes to New York, [382];
- seizes Dutch West India islands, [382];
- sends Hood with fourteen ships to New York, and returns to England, [389];
- returns to West Indies, [479];
- sails in chase of De Grasse, [480];
- action of April 9, 1782, [481-483];
- battle of April 12, 1782, [485-490];
- criticism upon his tactics, [490-493];
- criticism upon his failure to pursue the beaten enemy, [496], [497];
- his successes, [500];
- rewards and death, [503];
- opinion as to evacuation of Rhode Island, [530] (note).
- Orleans, Philippe d',
- relieves Londonderry, [180];
- burns French ships at Cape La Hougue, [190];
- unsuccessful expedition against Cadiz, [207];
- destroys the galleons at Vigo Bay, [207];
- takes Gibraltar, [210];
- commands at the battle of Malaga, [211].
- at Four Days' Battle, [124], [125];
- commands English fleet at battles of Schoneveldt and of the Texel, [151], [152].
- Peace:
- commands allied English and Dutch fleets in 1691, [187];
- at battle of La Hougue, [189].
- Philip, Duke of Anjou, afterward Philip V. of Spain,
- greatest naval officer of seventeenth century, [117];
- commands at battle of the Four Days, [117-126];
- badly supported by his officers, [122], [126], [127];
- tactics of, [130], [144-148], [152], [157], [161], [164];
- destroys English shipping in the Thames, [132];
- strategy of, [144], [151], [152];
- commands at the battles of Solebay, [146],
- military character, [157];
- sent to Mediterranean with inadequate force, [160];
- commands at battle of Stromboli, [160-162];
- killed at battle of Agosta, [166].
- Physical Conformation,
- a history of conflicts, [1];
- elements of, [25].
- Affected by geographical position of countries, [29-35];
- by physical conformation, [35-42];
- by extent of territory, [42-44];
- by number of population, [44-50];
- by national character, [50-58];
- by policy of government, [58].
- Policy of England as to, [58-67];
- policy of Holland, [67-69];
- of France, [69-81].
- Influence of colonies on, [82] (see also Colonies);
- weakness of the United States in, [83];
- dependent upon commerce, [87], [225] (see also Commerce);
- strategic bearing, [88] (see also Strategy);
- policy of Richelieu, [93];
- Spanish, in 1660, [94];
- Dutch, in 1660, [95];
- English, in 1860, [101];
- mistakes of Louis XIV., [104];
- Colbert's measures, [70], [105];
- effects of commerce-destroying on, [132], [179], [193], [229], [317], [344], [400], [408] (note), [539].
- (See also Commerce-destroying.)
- Influence of, upon Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, [10];
- upon Second Punic War, [14];
- upon Third Anglo-Dutch War, [148], [154];
- upon English Revolution, [177], [178], [180], [181], [191], [197];
- upon France, [198], [199];
- upon War of Spanish Succession, [203], [206], [209], [213], [214], [223-229];
- upon Alberoni's ambitions, [237], [239];
- upon Peter the Great, [239];
- in India, [243], [258], [273-278], [306], [309], [310], [316], [328], [349], [424], [428], [445], [452], [459-464], [466], [513], [520], [521];
- upon War of Austrian Succession, [263], [264], [279], [280];
- upon Seven Years' War, [291], [293-295], [304], [311], [314-317];
- upon Portugal, [320], [321];
- at Peace of Paris, [321];
- in remote and disordered countries, [324-326];
- upon British policy since 1763, [326-328].
- Washington's opinions as to, [397-400];
- American Revolution, [347], [468];
- influence of, upon conditions of peace, 1783, [498].
- Pitt, William,
- geographical position, [32];
- results of maritime weakness of, [41], [42], [193], [313-317], [327], [345], [346], [541];
- dependence of finances upon treasure-ships, [41], [244], [313], [346], [539];
- effect of national character upon sea power, [50-52], [54];
- unity of aim with Austria, [91], [92];
- policy of Richelieu toward, [93];
- condition of, in 1660, [94], [95];
- condition of navy, in 1660, [94];
- aggressions of Louis XIV. on, [104], [139];
- failure of the Austrian line of kings, [140], [201], [202];
- alliance with Holland and Germany against France, [158];
- revolt of Sicily against, [159];
- territory lost at Peace of Nimeguen, [168];
- joins League of Augsburg, [176];
- dependence upon Dutch and English fleets, [193];
- possessions in year 1700, [201];
- throne of, bequeathed to Philip, Duke of Anjou, [202];
- war of the succession, [201-231];
- Bourbon line of kings established, [219];
- losses of territory at peace of 1713, [219];
- Alberoni's ministry in, [233-239];
- grievances against England, 1720-1739, [240], [241], [244-251];
- conquers the Two Sicilies in War of Polish Succession, [248];
- Family Compact with France, [248], [311], [313];
- war with England, [250];
- possessions in 1739, [256];
- Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, [278];
- lack of results from war with England, [278];
- enters Seven Years' War as the ally of France against England, [313];
- loss of colonies and treasures, [314-317];
- loss of possessions by Peace of Paris, 1763, [321], [322];
- political relations with France, [333];
- dispute with England over Falkland Islands, [335];
- objects in the war of 1779-1782, [347], [348], [509], [510], [513];
- rupture with England and alliance with France, [401];
- inefficiency of navy, [402] (and note), [407-409], [411], [412], [506], [527];
- policy in war of 1779, [517] (note), [535-538];
- territorial gains by peace of 1783.
- (See also Colonies, Commerce, Naval Policy.)
- Pocock, British Admiral,
- taken by English, [314];
- ceded to France at Peace of Paris, [321];
- strong harbor and strategic position, [348], [366], [377], [393], [415], [513], [516], [518], [523];
- taken by Admiral Barrington, [348], [365], [366], [512], [531] (note);
- Rodney watches De Grasse from, [479], [480];
- an advanced strategic position, [518], [528];
- restored to France at peace of 1783, [540].
- Port Mahon and Minorca,
- permanence of its principles, [7-9], [88], [89];
- illustrations, [10-22];
- definition of naval, [22];
- Trafalgar campaign, [23] (note);
- bearing of geographical position on, [29-33];
- Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, [33-35];
- bearing of physical conformation of coast on, [35-42];
- blockade of coast of Confederate States, [43], [44];
- value of commerce-destroying (see Commerce-destroying);
- word "defence" two distinct ideas, [87] (note);
- naval, of the British, [6], [9], [22], [24], [30], [118], [125], [136], [143], [182], [206], [208], [210], [212], [224], [229], [239], [260], [269], [284], [285], [296], [314-317], [320], [326-328], [339], [342], [343], [363], [375], [376], [385], [390-397], [412-417], [428-430], [468], [523-535];
- naval, of the Dutch, [144], [145], [151], [154];
- naval, of the French, [6], [12], [23] (note), [179-181], [191], [347], [371-374], [383], [388], [392], [401], [433], [459], [460], [476], [483], [535-539];
- features of War of Spanish Succession, [201-206];
- silent action of sea power, [209];
- general military situation, in 1740, [255];
- England in Seven Years' War, [296];
- mutual dependence of seaports and fleets, [31], [83], [132], [212], [329], [430], [453], [529];
- value of colonies, [27], [28], [65], [83], [135], [136], [510], [511];
- importance of coal, [31], [329] (note), [540] (note);
- military situation in America in 1777, [341-343];
- general strategic situation in 1778, [347-349];
- British difficulties in American Revolution, [392-397], [412-419], [522-533];
- Suffren's naval, [424], [425], [433], [450], [465];
- situation in India, [349], [428-430];
- Hood's naval, [476];
- Rodney's naval, [381], [392], [496-498], [523];
- influence of trade-winds and monsoons, [315], [458], [517], [518];
- elements essential to all naval wars, [514];
- difficulty of procuring information at sea, [521];
- general discussion of war of 1778, [505-540].
- (See also Naval Policy and Sea Power.)
- Portugal,
- criticism on D'Estaing's conduct at Sta. Lucia, [366], [426], [478];
- commands leading French ship in D'Estaing's battle off Grenada, [371];
- criticism on D'Estaing's conduct in the battle, [371];
- sails from Brest in company with De Grasse's fleet, [383], [421];
- parts company, off the Azores, for India, [383], [407], [421];
- orders to secure Cape of Good Hope, [421];
- action, with British squadron at the Cape Verde Islands, [422], [423];
- military discussion of his conduct, [423-425];
- arrival in India, [427];
- lack of seaports on which to base operations, [349], [429];
- first battle with squadron of Sir Edward Hughes, [430-432];
- tactics in the action, [432-435];
- estimate of the strategic situation in India, [424], [433], [444], [445], [464], [466];
- second battle with Hughes, [437-439];
- tactics in it, [439-441];
- strategic action, [443], [445], [446], [450-453], [458-460], [462-464], [466], [522];
- military character, [445], [446], [450], [456], [465], [466];
- third battle with Hughes, [446-448];
- takes Trincomalee, [450];
- activity of, [450], [451], [456], [462], [466];
- fourth battle with Hughes, [453-456];
- wreck of two of squadron, [457];
- goes to Sumatra, [460];
- returns to Trincomalee, [461];
- relieves Cuddalore besieged by the English, [462];
- fifth battle with Hughes, [463];
- conclusion of peace, [464];
- return to France, [465];
- rewards, [465];
- later career and death, [466].
- commands at the battle of Beachy Head, [181];
- sluggish pursuit of the enemy, [184];
- military character, [185];
- celebrated cruise in 1691, [187];
- commands at battle of La Hougue, [189];
- tactics and brilliant defence at La Hougue, [190];
- destruction of French ships, [190];
- supports the army in Catalonia, [193];
- destroys or disperses a great English convoy, [194];
- death, [210].
- Ramatuelle,
- Rhode Island,
- in Ceylon, Dutch influence in, [97];
- passes into the hands of the English, [349], [428];
- effect upon the contest in India, [349], [427] (note), [429], [430] (note), [433], [437], [442], [451], [453], [458], [462];
- strategic value of, [428], [429], [436], [444], [451], [458], [518], [519], [520];
- taken by Suffren, [450];
- restored to Holland at peace of 1783, [540].
- Richelieu, Cardinal,
- acquired by Austria, [239];
- foundation of Bourbon Kingdom of, [248];
- forced by British fleet to withdraw troops from Spanish army, [264], [304].
- Rochambeau, French General,
- Rodney, Sir George B., afterward Lord, British Admiral,
- takes Porto Bello, is repulsed from Cartagena and Santiago de Cuba, [261].
- Rooke, Sir George, British Admiral,
- Rupert, Prince,
- prime minister of England, [239], [241];
- peace policy of, [241], [243], [244];
- naval demonstrations, [244];
- struggle with the war party in England, [247], [249], [250];
- neutrality causes Austria to lose the two Sicilies, [248];
- forced into war with Spain, [250];
- accord with Fleuri, [241], [243], [244];
- confidence betrayed by Fleuri, [248];
- driven from office, [253], [262];
- death, [253].
- Russell, British Admiral,
- influence of sea power upon, [13-21].
- Ruyter, Dutch Admiral,
- American Revolution, [341]—397;
- Anglo-Dutch, second, [107-132];
- Anglo-Dutch, third, England in alliance with France, [144-158];
- Austrian Succession, [262-277];
- France against Holland, Germany, and Spain, 1674-1678, [158-168];
- Great Britain against Spain, [250-277];
- League of Augsburg, [176-197];
- Maritime war of 1778, [350-540];
- Polish Succession, [247];
- Russia and Sweden, [231];
- Seven Years', [291-321];
- Spanish Succession, 1702-1713, [205-218].
- at Pittsburg and in Braddock's expedition, [284];
- opinion as to the line of the Hudson, [342] (note);
- comments on D'Estaing's cruise, [364] (note);
- despatches to De Grasse, [384];
- meeting with Rochambeau, [387];
- result of their deliberations, [388];
- marches from New York to Virginia, [389];
- opinions as to the influence of sea power on the American Revolution, [397-400].
- Sea Power,
- naval policy of, [68], [192];
- becomes ruler of Holland, [150];
- general policy, [68], [167], [168], [174], [176], [177], [191], [202-204], [207];
- expedition to England, [178];
- becomes King of England, [61], [178];
- difficulties of his position, [179];
- goes to Ireland, [181];
- wins the battle of the Boyne, [188];
- dies, [205].
- Spain,
- Sta. Lucia, West India Island,
- Strategy,
- Suffren, French Admiral,
- Tourville, French Admiral,
- Trafalgar, Battle of,
- Trincomalee,
- Two Sicilies, the,
- United Provinces. See Holland.
- Vernon, British Admiral,
- Villeneuve, French Admiral, Trafalgar,
- Walpole, Sir Robert,
- War, Second Punic,
- Wars,
- Washington, George,
- William III.,
Typographical errors corrected in text: