[23] The recent development of rapid-firing and machine guns, with the great increase of their calibre and consequent range and penetration, reproduces this same step in the cycle of progress.
[24] Gougeard: Marine de Guerre.
[25] Vol. lxxxii. p. 137.
[26] Mémoires du Cte. de Guiche. À Londres, chez P. Changuion. 1743 pp. 234-264.
[27] See Map of English Channel and North Sea, page 107.
[28] Plate I., June 11, 1666, Fig. 1. V, van; C, centre; R, rear: in this part of the action the Dutch order was inverted, so that the actual van was the proper rear. The great number of ships engaged in the fleet actions of these Anglo-Dutch wars make it impossible to represent each ship and at the same time preserve clearness in the plans. Each figure of a ship therefore represents a group more or less numerous.
[29] Campbell: Lives of the Admirals.
[30] Plate I., June 12, Fig. 1, V, C, R.
[31] Plate II., June 14, Fig. 1, E, D.
[32] Fig. 1, V, C, R. This result was probably due simply to the greater weatherliness of the English ships. It would perhaps be more accurate to say that the Dutch had sagged to leeward so that they drifted through the English line.