| [CHAPTER XII] |
| Events on the Continent, 1798-1800. |
| Disorders of France under the Directory.—Disastrous War of the Second Coalition.—Establishment of the Consulate.—Bonaparte Overthrows Austria and Frames against Great Britain the Armed Neutrality of 1800.—Peace of Lunéville with Austria. |
| Page |
| [Hostilities of Naples against the French] | 1 |
| [Disastrous defeat of the Neapolitans] | 2 |
| [The French enter Naples] | 2 |
| [Piedmont annexed to France] | 2 |
| [Beginning of the war of the Second Coalition] | 3 |
| [Reverses of the French in Germany and Italy] | 3 |
| [Masséna falls back in Switzerland] | 4 |
| [Further French disasters in Italy] | 5 |
| [The French evacuate southern Italy] | 6 |
| [Battle of the Trebia won by Suwarrow] | 6 |
| [Loss of northern Italy by the French] | 7 |
| [The French defeated at the battle of Novi by Suwarrow] | 8 |
| [Change in the plans of the Coalition] | 8 |
| [Masséna defeats the allies at the battle of Zurich] | 9 |
| [Disastrous march of Suwarrow into Switzerland] | 9 |
| [Failure of the Anglo-Russian expedition against Holland] | 10 |
| [Loss of Bonaparte's conquests in Italy and of the Ionian Islands] | 10 |
| [Internal disorders of France] | 11 |
| [Bonaparte's return, and the revolution of Brumaire 18] | 15 |
| [Bonaparte's measures to restore order] | 15 |
| [His advances toward Great Britain and Austria to obtain peace] | 16 |
| [Reasons of the two governments for refusing] | 17 |
| [Prosperity of Great Britain] | 17 |
| [Russia abandons the coalition] | 19 |
| [Forces of France and Austria in 1800] | 19 |
| [Bonaparte's plan of campaign] | 20 |
| [Opening of the campaign in Italy] | 21 |
| [Masséna shut up in Genoa] | 21 |
| [Moreau's advance into Germany] | 21 |
| [Bonaparte crosses the Saint Bernard] | 22 |
| [Battle of Marengo, and armistice following it] | 23 |
| [Armistice in Germany] | 24 |
| [Diplomatic negotiations] | 25 |
| [Bonaparte's colonial and maritime anxieties] | 25 |
| [The Czar Paul I.'s hostility to Great Britain] | 26 |
| [Dispute between England and Denmark concerning neutral rights] | 26 |
| [Effect of this upon Bonaparte's plans] | 27 |
| [Policy of Russia and Prussia] | 28 |
| [Bonaparte undertakes to form a coalition against Great Britain] | 29 |
| [Factors in the question] | 29 |
| [Vacillations of Prussia] | 31 |
| [Bonaparte's advances to Russia] | 32 |
| [Hostile action of Paul I. toward Great Britain] | 33 |
| [His pretensions to Malta] | 33 |
| [Negotiations for a maritime truce] | 34 |
| [Their failure] | 35 |
| [Action of Prussia against Great Britain] | 35 |
| [Armed Neutrality of 1800] | 36 |
| [Its claims] | 37 |
| [Renewal of hostilities between Austria and France] | 38 |
| [Defeat of Austria at the battle of Hohenlinden] | 38 |
| [Peace of Lunéville] | 39 |
| [Terms of the treaty] | 40 |
| [CHAPTER XIII] |
| Events of 1801. |
| British Expedition to the Baltic.—Battle of Copenhagen.—Bonaparte's futile Attempts to contest Control of the Sea.—His Continental Policy.—Preliminaries of Peace with Great Britain, October, 1801.—Influence of Sea Power, so far, on the Course of the Revolution. |
| [Isolation of Great Britain in Europe, in 1801] | 41 |
| [Expedition to the Baltic planned] | 41 |
| [Instructions to Sir Hyde Parker, commander-in-chief] | 42 |
| [Nelson second in command] | 42 |
| [The fleet sails] | 42 |
| [Nelson's plan of operations] | 43 |
| [The military situation, strategic and tactical] | 44 |
| [Characteristics of Nelson's military genius] | 45 |
| [Denmark's relation to the league of the northern States] | 46 |
| [Half measures of Sir Hyde Parker] | 47 |
| [Nelson advances against Copenhagen] | 47 |
| [Battle of Copenhagen] | 48 |
| [Results of the battle] | 51 |
| [Nelson's negotiations with the Danish government] | 51 |
| [Armistice concluded with Denmark] | 51 |
| [Assassination of the Czar Paul I.] | 51 |
| [Merits of Nelson's conduct in the Baltic] | 52 |
| [British embargo upon merchant ships of the Baltic powers] | 53 |
| [Resulting retaliatory action of Prussia] | 54 |
| [Inherent weakness of the Northern League] | 55 |
| [Conciliatory action of the new Czar] | 55 |
| [Sir Hyde Parker relieved from command] | 56 |
| [Nelson takes the British fleet to Revel] | 56 |
| [His action rebuked by the Czar] | 57 |
| [Convention between Great Britain and Russia] | 57 |
| [Dissolution of the Armed Neutrality] | 57 |
| [Nature of the claims maintained by it] | 58 |
| [Bonaparte's proceedings in the Italian and Spanish peninsulas] | 59 |
| [Failure of his maritime projects for the relief of Malta and Egypt] | 60 |
| [His attempt to collect a naval force in Cadiz] | 63 |
| [Naval battle of Algesiras, and its consequences] | 64 |
| [Strategic significance of these events] | 65 |
| [Cession of Louisiana by Spain to France] | 67 |
| [Bonaparte's intended occupation of Portugal frustrated] | 67 |
| [His diplomatic dilemma in the summer of 1801] | 68 |
| [Coolness towards him of Russia and Prussia] | 69 |
| [Triumphant influence of the British Sea Power] | 69 |
| [Preliminaries of Peace between Great Britain and France] | 70 |
| [Terms of the preliminaries signed at London, October, 1801] | 71 |
| [Cessation of hostilities] | 72 |
| [Criticism of the terms by the British Opposition] | 72 |
| [Influence of Sea Power upon the course of the Revolution] | 74 |
| [Pitt's opinions] | 75 |
| [CHAPTER XIV] |
| Outline of Events from the Signature of the Preliminaries to the Rupture of the Peace of Amiens. |
| [Unstable character of the settlement of 1801] | 76 |
| [Treaties with Turkey and Portugal contracted secretly by France] | 77 |
| [Impression produced in Great Britain by these and by the cession of Louisiana] | 78 |
| [Expedition sent to Haïti by Bonaparte] | 78 |
| [Delays in negotiating the definitive treaty] | 79 |
| [Bonaparte accepts the presidency of the Cisalpine Republic] | 80 |
| [Effect produced in Great Britain by this step] | 80 |
| [Signature of the Peace of Amiens, March 25, 1802] | 81 |
| [Provisions concerning Malta] | 81 |
| [Illusive effects caused by Bonaparte's system of secret treaties] | 82 |
| [Annihilation of the Sea Power of France] | 83 |
| [Bonaparte proclaimed First Consul for life] | 83 |
| [Action of Bonaparte in the German indemnities] | 84 |
| [Injury to Austria and annoyance of Great Britain] | 85 |
| [Bonaparte's reclamations against the British press] | 85 |
| [Piedmont and Elba formally incorporated with France] | 85 |
| [The Valais wrested from Switzerland for military reasons] | 86 |
| [Bonaparte's armed intervention in Switzerland, 1802] | 87 |
| [Emotion of Europe and remonstrance of Great Britain] | 88 |
| [The British ministry countermands restitution of captured colonies] | 89 |
| [Bonaparte's wrath at the British remonstrance] | 89 |
| [Strained relations between the two States] | 90 |
| [Bonaparte demands the evacuation of Egypt and Malta] | 91 |
| [Attitude of the British ministry concerning Malta] | 91 |
| [Causes of the delay in evacuating it] | 92 |
| [Importance of Malta] | 92 |
| [Broad ground now taken by the ministry] | 93 |
| [Publication of Sébastiani's report, January, 1803] | 93 |
| [Its effect in Great Britain] | 94 |
| [Disasters of the French in Haïti] | 94 |
| [Bonaparte's preponderant interest in Malta and the East] | 95 |
| [High tone now assumed by the British ministry] | 96 |
| [Additional provocation given by Bonaparte] | 96 |
| [Ominous proceedings of the ministry] | 97 |
| [The British ultimatum] | 98 |
| [Great Britain declares war, May 16, 1803] | 98 |
| [Universal character of the strife thus renewed] | 98 |
| [Unanimity of feeling in Great Britain] | 99 |
| [Pitt's forecast of the nature of the struggle] | 100 |
| [CHAPTER XV] |
| The Trafalgar Campaign to the Spanish Declaration of War. May, 1803—December, 1804. |
| Preparations for the Invasion of England.—The Great Flotilla.—Napoleon's Military and Naval Combinations, and British Naval Strategy.—Essential Unity of Napoleon's Purpose.—Causes of Spanish War. |
| [Preparations of the two States] | 101 |
| [Cession of Louisiana to the United States] | 104 |
| [Effect of the British Sea Power upon this measure] | 105 |
| [Resources of Great Britain and France as affected by their social systems] | 105 |
| [Offensive and defensive gain to Great Britain by forcing the war] | 106 |
| [Inconvenience to Bonaparte from the premature outbreak] | 107 |
| [Exhaustion of France under the pressure of Sea Power] | 108 |
| [Bonaparte's resolution to invade Great Britain] | 109 |
| [Seizure by him of Hanover and of the Heel of Italy] | 109 |
| [Object of these measures] | 110 |
| [Offence and injury to Prussia by occupation of Hanover] | 110 |
| [French troops quartered on Holland, Hanover, and Naples] | 111 |
| [Bonaparte's plans for the invasion of England] | 111 |
| [His naval combinations to that end] | 112 |
| [Building of the great flotilla] | 113 |
| [Its points of concentration described] | 114 |
| [Difficulties of the undertaking] | 115 |
| [Certainty of Napoleon's purpose] | 116 |
| [Interesting character of this historical crisis] | 117 |
| [Strategic effect of the British blockading squadrons] | 118 |
| [Strategic dispositions in the British Channel] | 119 |
| [Security felt by British naval officers] | 120 |
| [St. Vincent's opposition to small gun-vessels] | 121 |
| [The Sea Fencibles] | 121 |
| [Deterioration of naval material under St. Vincent's administration] | 122 |
| [Effects upon the Channel and Mediterranean ships] | 123 |
| [Embarrassment caused to Nelson] | 124 |
| [Bonaparte's naval combination hinges upon Nelson's perplexities] | 124 |
| [Details of his first plan] | 125 |
| [Merits of St. Vincent's general strategic dispositions] | 126 |
| [Nelson's uncertainties as to the French purposes] | 127 |
| [His certainty as to his own course] | 127 |
| [Embarrassment caused by the condition of his ships] | 128 |
| [Delays encountered by Napoleon] | 129 |
| [Death of the commander of the Toulon fleet] | 130 |
| [Villeneuve appointed to succeed him] | 130 |
| [Change of detail in Napoleon's naval combination] | 131 |
| [Significance of this new combination] | 132 |
| [War begins between Great Britain and Spain] | 133 |
| [Train of causes which led to this outbreak] | 133 |
| [Detention of the Spanish treasure-ships] | 137 |
| [CHAPTER XVI] |
| The Trafalgar Campaign—Concluded. January—October, 1805. |
| Successive Modifications of Napoleon's Plan.—Narrative of Naval Movements.—Final Failure of Napoleon's Naval Combinations.—War with Austria, and Battle of Austerlitz.—Battle of Trafalgar.—Vital Change imposed upon Napoleon's Policy by the Result of the Naval Campaign. |
| [Napoleon has direction of both Spanish and French fleets] | 140 |
| [His lack of familiarity with maritime difficulties] | 141 |
| [Instructions to the Rochefort and Toulon admirals] | 142 |
| [The Rochefort squadron puts to sea] | 142 |
| [Delay, and final departure, of the Toulon fleet] | 143 |
| [Nelson's movements] | 143 |
| [He takes his fleet to Alexandria] | 144 |
| [The Toulon ships being crippled in a gale, Villeneuve returns to Toulon] | 144 |
| [Napoleon's plans again modified by this delay] | 146 |
| [Stations of the British and Allied fleets in March, 1805] | 147 |
| [Napoleon's new instructions to his admirals] | 149 |
| [Return of Nelson to Toulon, and his subsequent movements] | 150 |
| [Second Sailing of Villeneuve] | 151 |
| [Joined by a Spanish division at Cadiz, and reaches Martinique] | 151 |
| [Nelson's uncertainties and head winds] | 152 |
| [He reaches Gibraltar, and follows Villeneuve to West Indies] | 152 |
| [Napoleon goes to Italy] | 153 |
| [His naval measures and surmises] | 154 |
| [Nelson's sound strategy and sagacity] | 156 |
| [Miscalculations of Napoleon] | 157 |
| [The measures of the British Admiralty] | 159 |
| [Nelson in the West Indies] | 161 |
| [Divergent directions taken by the hostile fleets] | 161 |
| [Villeneuve returns to Europe] | 162 |
| [Nelson penetrates his intention and sails in pursuit] | 163 |
| [Napoleon sends to Ferrol instructions for Villeneuve] | 164 |
| [Napoleon's efforts to distract the British navy] | 165 |
| [The British resist the diversions raised for them] | 166 |
| [Villeneuve sighted at sea by a dispatch ship from Nelson] | 167 |
| [The news brought to London] | 168 |
| [Energetic and skilful measures of the Admiralty] | 168 |
| [Villeneuve intercepted by Calder off Cape Finisterre] | 169 |
| [Nelson reaches Gibraltar] | 169 |
| [Napoleon misled by the rapidity of the British action] | 170 |
| [Napoleon goes to Boulogne to await Villeneuve] | 171 |
| [The engagement between Calder and Villeneuve] | 171 |
| [Subsequent mistakes of the British admiral] | 172 |
| [Villeneuve puts into Vigo, and reaches Coruña] | 173 |
| [Calder joins Cornwallis off Brest] | 174 |
| [Nelson also joins Cornwallis from Gibraltar] | 174 |
| [Strategic advantage now in the hands of the British] | 175 |
| [Cornwallis divides his fleet and destroys his advantage] | 176 |
| [Imminent hostilities on the Continent] | 176 |
| [The Third Coalition formed] | 177 |
| [Urgent orders from Napoleon to Villeneuve] | 178 |
| [Napoleon's decision as to his own movements] | 179 |
| [Villeneuve sails from Coruña for Brest] | 179 |
| [He abandons his purpose and enters Cadiz] | 180 |
| [The allied fleets blockaded in Cadiz by Collingwood] | 181 |
| [Napoleon's campaign of 1805 in Germany] | 181 |
| [Battle of Austerlitz and peace of Presburg] | 182 |
| [Fate of the great flotilla] | 182 |
| [Discussion of the chances of Napoleon's project of invasion] | 182 |
| [Necessity of making the attempt] | 184 |
| [Napoleon's orders to Villeneuve in Cadiz] | 185 |
| [Nelson takes command off Cadiz] | 186 |
| [The combined fleets put to sea] | 187 |
| [Nelson's tactics at Trafalgar discussed] | 188 |
| [Battle of Trafalgar] | 190 |
| [Death of Nelson] | 192 |
| [Nautical disasters succeeding the battle] | 194 |
| [Immediate results of the battle] | 195 |
| [Subsequent fate of the French ships in Cadiz] | 195 |
| [Momentous consequences flowing from the battle of Trafalgar] | 196 |
| [Commerce-destroying henceforth the sole resource of Napoleon] | 197 |
| [CHAPTER XVII] |
| The Warfare against Commerce during the French Revolution and Empire, to the Berlin Decree. 1793-1806. |
| [Characteristics of the Warfare against Commerce] | 199 |
| [Measures of France and of Great Britain] | 200 |
| [Conduct of Napoleon and of the ministry contrasted] | 201 |
| [Identity of the methods of the Republic and of the Emperor] | 202 |
| [Primary measures of the belligerents] | 203 |
| [Twofold system of Great Britain for the protection of trade] | 204 |
| [Seamen a part of the military strength of a nation] | 205 |
| [The British Convoy Act] | 205 |
| [Results to France of her dependence upon commerce-destroying] | 206 |
| [Activity of French cruisers] | 207 |
| [Amount and distribution of British trade] | 207 |
| [Character of French Channel privateers] | 208 |
| [Indifferent efficiency of many British cruisers] | 210 |
| [French privateering in the Atlantic] | 210 |
| [French privateering in the West Indies] | 211 |
| [Its piratical character, arising from remoteness from Europe] | 213 |
| [Size and force of British East India ships] | 214 |
| [Consequent character of French privateering in Indian seas] | 215 |
| [Efficient protection of British trade in India] | 216 |
| [Advantages of the convoy system] | 217 |
| [Destruction of French commerce by British control of the sea] | 218 |
| [Numbers of British captures] | 219 |
| [The French flag swept from the sea] | 219 |
| [Annihilation of French commerce except the coasting trade] | 220 |
| [Discussion of the number and value of British vessels captured] | 221 |
| [Deductions as to the losses of Great Britain] | 226 |
| [Swelling prosperity of the country] | 227 |
| [Support to British trade contributed by neutral shipping] | 228 |
| [Conclusions thence drawn by the French government] | 230 |
| [Effect of the appearance of the United States as neutral carriers] | 231 |
| [Rapid increase of American merchant shipping] | 232 |
| [Other neutral carriers] | 233 |
| [Attitude taken by Russia in 1793] | 233 |
| [Severe restrictions on neutrals imposed by Great Britain] | 234 |
| [Rule of 1756] | 234 |
| [Seizures of American ships in West Indies, 1793] | 236 |
| [Jay's Mission to Great Britain, 1794] | 237 |
| [Terms of treaty concluded by him] | 238 |
| [Indignation of French government] | 239 |
| [Effect of Jay's treaty upon American relations with Great Britain] | 240 |
| [Gradual shaping of British commercial war policy] | 242 |
| [Vacillating action of French government towards neutrals] | 242 |
| [France breaks off relations with the United States] | 244 |
| [French aggressions upon neutrals after 1796] | 244 |
| [Embargo upon American vessels in 1793] | 246 |
| [Growing exasperation between France and the United States] | 246 |
| [Effect of Bonaparte's successes upon French foreign policy] | 247 |
| [Early attempts to stifle British trade] | 248 |
| [Determination to arrest neutral trade with Great Britain] | 249 |
| [Law of January 18, 1798] | 250 |
| [Modification of channels of British trade caused by the war] | 250 |
| [Policy of Pitt in seeking to dominate the Caribbean Sea] | 252 |
| [Carriage of tropical produce by neutrals] | 253 |
| [Course of trade in Europe, 1793-1798] | 254 |
| [Effects of the law of January 18, 1798] | 254 |
| [Discussion in the Conseil des Anciens, January, 1799] | 255 |
| [Measures of the United States caused by the law of January 18] | 258 |
| [Quasi war of 1798 with France] | 258 |
| [French reverses in 1799] | 259 |
| [French successes in 1800] | 260 |
| [Questions involved in the Armed Neutrality of 1800] | 260 |
| [Opinions of Pitt and of Fox on the disputed points] | 261 |
| [British conventions with the neutral Baltic States, 1801] | 261 |
| [Concession of the Rule of 1756 by Russia] | 262 |
| [Lessons as to belligerent interest in neutral trade, afforded by the war between Great Britain and France, 1793-1801] | 262 |
| [Further lesson afforded by the short peace of Amiens, 1801-1803] | 265 |
| [Renewal of war, May, 1803] | 265 |
| [Bonaparte's measures against British trade, 1803-1805] | 265 |
| [Threatened injury to British commerce by neutral carriers] | 266 |
| [Extent of American trade with colonies of enemies to Great Britain] | 267 |
| [Pitt's commercial measures upon resuming power in 1804] | 267 |
| [Methods of American trade between belligerent countries and their colonies] | 268 |
| [Condemnation of American ships in British prize courts, 1804] | 269 |
| [Death of Pitt. Fox becomes Foreign Minister, 1806] | 269 |
| [Fox's desire to conciliate the United States] | 269 |
| [Order in Council of May 16, 1806, substituted for Rule of 1756] | 269 |
| [Character of the blockade of French coast thus imposed] | 270 |
| [Intention of the new measure, and its consequences] | 270 |
| [Death of Fox, September, 1806] | 270 |
| [War between France and Prussia] | 270 |
| [Napoleon enters Berlin and issues the Berlin Decree] | 271 |
| [Object of the decree] | 271 |
| [CHAPTER XVIII.] |
| The Warfare against Commerce, 1806-1812. |
| The Berlin and Milan Decrees of Napoleon, 1806 and 1807.—The British Orders in Council, 1807-1809.—Analysis of the Policy of these Measures of the two Belligerents.—Outline of Contemporary Leading Events. |
| [Object of, and pretext for, the Berlin Decree] | 272 |
| [Terms of the Decree] | 272 |
| [Napoleon's winter campaign against Russia, 1806-1807] | 273 |
| [The Decree remains inoperative] | 274 |
| [Battle of Friedland and conventions of Tilsit, June-July, 1807] | 274 |
| [British retaliatory Order in Council, January, 1807] | 275 |
| [Its terms and object] | 275 |
| [Effect upon American traders] | 276 |
| [Napoleon's designs upon Denmark and Portugal] | 276 |
| [Prompt action of the British ministry] | 277 |
| [Portuguese court withdraws to Brazil] | 277 |
| [General exclusion of British goods from the Continent] | 278 |
| [Attitude of Napoleon towards the United States] | 279 |
| [Nature of the questions confronting Napoleon] | 280 |
| [Jealousy of Great Britain towards neutral trade] | 281 |
| [Momentous decision of Napoleon as to the scope of the Berlin Decree] | 281 |
| [Effect of this decision in Great Britain] | 282 |
| [Embargo Act of the United States, 1807] | 282 |
| [Succeeded by Non-Intercourse Act, 1809] | 283 |
| [British Orders in Council of November, 1807] | 283 |
| [Object of these orders] | 285 |
| [Summary of their requirements] | 286 |
| [Their effect upon neutrals] | 287 |
| [The effect upon the continental nations] | 288 |
| [Essential features of the opposing British and French policies] | 289 |
| [Napoleon's Milan Decree] | 290 |
| [Duration of the two policies] | 291 |
| [Napoleon's usurpation in Spain] | 291 |
| [The Bayonne and Rambouillet Decrees] | 292 |
| [The Spanish revolt and French disasters] | 292 |
| [Battle of Vimiero and French evacuation of Portugal] | 292 |
| [Conventions of Erfurt and war between Russia and Sweden] | 293 |
| [The British navy in the Baltic] | 294 |
| [Letter of Napoleon and the Czar to the King of Great Britain] | 294 |
| [Napoleon in the Spanish Peninsula] | 295 |
| [Diversion made by Sir John Moore] | 296 |
| [Opening of the year 1809] | 296 |
| [Austria's preparations for war] | 297 |
| [State of the commercial warfare in 1809] | 298 |
| [Evasion of Napoleon's decrees by the Dutch] | 299 |
| [Consequent measures of Napoleon] | 300 |
| [Passive resistance of the Continent to the decrees] | 301 |
| [British seizure of Heligoland] | 302 |
| [Conditions in the Baltic] | 303 |
| [General conditions of British trade, 1806-1809] | 304 |
| [The License System] | 307 |
| [Origin of "neutralization"] | 309 |
| [Its effect upon the action of British cruisers] | 310 |
| [Workings of the License System] | 311 |
| [British Order in Council of April, 1809] | 313 |
| [War between Austria and France] | 314 |
| [Wellesley's operations in the Peninsula] | 315 |
| [Battles of Essling and Wagram] | 316 |
| [Sweden forced to join in the Continental System] | 316 |
| [Napoleon's urgent attempts to enforce the System] | 317 |
| [Conditions in the Peninsula] | 318 |
| [Northern Germany occupied by French troops] | 319 |
| [Holland united to the Empire] | 321 |
| [Napoleon's demands upon Prussia and Sweden] | 322 |
| [Extensive seizure of ships with British goods] | 323 |
| [Napoleon's Customs Decree of August 5, 1810] | 324 |
| [Universal application of this decree] | 325 |
| [Napoleon's fiscal measures and license system] | 326 |
| [Decree of October 19, 1810, to burn British manufactured goods] | 327 |
| [Uneasiness of Russia] | 329 |
| [Napoleon's annexation of Oldenburg and the Hanse towns] | 330 |
| [Commercial distress in Great Britain] | 331 |
| [Embarrassment and suffering in France] | 333 |
| [Napoleon's financial expedients] | 337 |
| [Credit of France and of Great Britain] | 338 |
| [Internal condition of France and of England] | 340 |
| [The conscription in France] | 342 |
| [Exhaustion of the two nations] | 343 |
| [Difficulties between France and Russia] | 344 |
| [Admiral Saumarez in the Baltic] | 346 |
| [Understanding between Sweden, Russia, and Great Britain] | 347 |
| [Affairs in the Spanish Peninsula] | 348 |
| [Fall of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz] | 349 |
| [Discontent and misery in France] | 350 |
| [Russian treaties with Sweden and Turkey] | 350 |
| [Napoleon invades Russia] | 351 |
| [Revocation of the British Orders in Council] | 351 |
| [The United States declare war against Great Britain] | 351 |
| [Analysis of the British and French measures] | 351 |
| [CHAPTER XIX.] |
| Summary.—The Function of Sea Power and the Policy of Great Britain in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. |
| [Great Britain's unpreparedness for war in 1792] | 358 |
| [Spirit and aims of the French leaders] | 359 |
| [Decree of the National Convention, November 19, 1792] | 361 |
| [Significance of this step] | 362 |
| [Annexation of Belgium, and opening of the Scheldt] | 362 |
| [Interest of Great Britain in the Netherlands] | 363 |
| [British preparations for war] | 363 |
| [Consistency of Pitt's course] | 364 |
| [Convention's decree of December 15, 1792] | 367 |
| [Aggressive spirit of the French Revolution] | 368 |
| [Misconception of its strength by European statesmen] | 370 |
| [Conservative temper of the British nation] | 371 |
| [Irrepressible conflict between the two forces] | 372 |
| [Twofold aspect of Sea Power] | 372 |
| [Origin and character of the British Sea Power] | 373 |
| [Annihilation of French, Dutch, and Spanish navigation] | 375 |
| [Consequent opportunities for neutral carriers] | 376 |
| [Restrictions imposed upon these by Great Britain] | 377 |
| [Rise of prices on the continent of Europe] | 377 |
| [Great Britain becomes the depot for supplying the Continent] | 378 |
| [Direct and indirect effects upon British prosperity] | 380 |
| [Strength of Great Britain dependent upon Sea Power] | 381 |
| [Use of Sea Power made by the ministry] | 382 |
| ["Security" the avowed object of the war] | 383 |
| [The war, therefore, avowedly defensive] | 384 |
| [British treaty obligations to Holland] | 384 |
| [Relation of Great Britain to the general struggle] | 385 |
| [Two resources arising from Sea Power] | 386 |
| [Great land operations inexpedient for Great Britain] | 386 |
| [Characteristics of the Seven Years' War] | 387 |
| [Contrasts between the elder and the younger Pitt] | 387 |
| [Pitt's war policy not simply a military question] | 391 |
| [General direction given by him to the national effort] | 392 |
| [Justification of his colonial enterprises] | 393 |
| [Unprecedented naval development and commercial prosperity secured by him] | 394 |
| [Importance of these results] | 394 |
| [Exhaustion of France caused by Pitt's measures] | 395 |
| [Bonaparte's opinion as to the influence of Sea Power] | 396 |
| [Ruinous results to France of the measures to destroy British commerce] | 396 |
| [Napoleon forced to these steps by Pitt's policy] | 397 |
| [Identity of spirit in the Republic and in Napoleon] | 398 |
| [France forced into the battle-field of Great Britain's choosing] | 400 |
| [Strain of the Continental System upon Europe] | 401 |
| [Revolt from it of Spain and Russia] | 401 |
| [Effect of these movements] | 402 |
| [Napoleon submits to divide his forces] | 402 |
| [General correctness of Pitt's war policy] | 402 |
| [The criticisms on the campaign of 1793 considered] | 403 |
| [Peculiar character of the Revolutionary War] | 403 |
| [Dependence of statesmen upon military advice] | 404 |
| [Peculiar merit of Pitt] | 404 |
| [His death] | 405 |
| [His policy pursued by his successors] | 405 |
| [Exhaustion the only check upon a great national movement] | 406 |
| [France revived by Bonaparte in 1796 and 1799] | 407 |
| [He unites the nation in a renewed forward movement] | 407 |
| [Bonaparte the incarnation of the Revolution] | 408 |
| [Combination of powers in Napoleon's hands] | 408 |
| [His career dependent upon the staying power of France] | 408 |
| [Effect of Great Britain upon French endurance] | 409 |
| [Function of Great Britain in the Napoleonic wars] | 411 |
| [Accuracy of Pitt's forecast] | 411 |
| [Result postponed only by Bonaparte's genius] | 411 |
|
| [INDEX] | 413 |