The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence

by A. T. Mahan

Brief Tenure—Nine Months—of Philadelphia by British [55]

The general Failure of the British Campaign determined by Howe's move to the Chesapeake [55]

General Results of the Campaign [56]

Part played by the British Navy. Analogous to that in Spain, 1808-1812, and in many other instances [57]

CHAPTER IV

WAR BEGINS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. BRITISH EVACUATE PHILADELPHIA. NAVAL OPERATIONS OF D'ESTAING AND HOWE ABOUT NEW YORK, NARRAGANSETT BAY, AND BOSTON. COMPLETE SUCCESS OF LORD HOWE. AMERICAN DISAPPOINTMENT IN D'ESTAING. LORD HOWE RETURNS TO ENGLAND
1778

France recognizes the Independence of the United States, and makes with them a defensive Alliance [58]

A French Fleet sails for America under Comte d'Estaing [59]

Unprepared condition of the British Navy [59]

Admiral Byron sails with a Reinforcement for America [59]